贵州喀斯特地区辣椒镉的累积特性及土壤风险阈值研究

辣椒(Capsicum annuum L.)是我国西南喀斯特重金属地质高背景区的特色农作物, 属茄科, 具有一定镉(Cadmium)富集能力。为明确贵州主产区辣椒Cd的富集状况, 探究辣椒质量安全的土壤风险阈值, 保障农产品安全生产。采集贵州省9个县区辣椒及土壤样品105组, 利用ICP-MS检测Cd含量, 研究土壤Cd分布, 辣椒富集系数, 并根据土壤pH建立回归模型推导基于辣椒质量安全的土壤Cd风险阈值。结果表明, 有4个研究区土壤均值超过贵州省土壤Cd背景值(0.659 mg·kg-1), 超出率分别是: WS(25.8%)、HZ(42.2%)、LD(146%)、WN(439%); 18.1%的辣椒超过国家食品安全Cd限值标准(GB2762—2017, 0.05 mg·kg-1), 点位超标率为LD(20.8%)、TZ(7.69%)和WN(100%); 辣椒Cd的生物富集系数(BCF)范围是0.019至0.108, 均值0.046。由回归模型推算出酸性土(pH<6.5)、中性土(6.5≤pH≤7.5)、石灰性土(pH>7.5)中Cd风险阈值分别为1.00、1.26和2.50 mg·kg-1, 分别为国家农用地土壤污染风险筛选值(GB15618—2018)的3.33、4.21、4.17倍, 阈值准确率达91.1%; 有效态Cd风险阈值为0.071、0.017和0.005 mg·kg-1, 阈值准确率达86.1%。地质高背景区农田土壤Cd超标严重, 但辣椒的生物富集系数相对较低, 基于辣椒质量安全的土壤Cd风险阈值远高于国家标准。     

石门雄黄矿周边地区土壤砷分布及农产品健康风险评估

对石门雄黄矿区周边土壤和作物进行了系统研究.结果表明:矿区表层(0～20cm)土壤砷含量平均为99.51mg·kg-1,比湖南省土壤砷含量背景值高出5.34倍,为当地普通农田土壤的9.70倍;矿区水田和旱地表层土壤砷含量分别为43.51和115.1mg·kg-1,分别超出国家土壤环境质量II级标准0.45和1.87倍,相应的表层土壤样本超标率分别为62.5%和50.0%;矿区粮食作物、蔬菜和水果可食部位砷含量分别为0.16、0.06、0.01mg·kg-1,作物样本超标比例由高至低的顺序为粮食作物蔬菜水果,其中以稻米、红薯中砷含量超标较严重,稻米砷含量最高达0.84mg·kg-1,超过国家食品质量标准4.6倍,样本超标率达62.5%.土壤砷含量与作物砷含量呈极显著正相关(P0.01),当地居民通过食用矿区农产品进入人体的平均日摄取砷量为6.416μg·kg-1·d-1,远高于WHO的推荐标准,相应人群健康风险指数为21.39,是对照区的15.39倍.     

大花萱草对镉的耐性及积累特性

通过盆栽试验研究了大花萱草对镉(Cd)的耐性及积累特性。结果表明:Cd浓度为0.5mg·kg-1时刺激大花萱草的生长,大于5mg·kg-1时抑制大花萱草生长,Cd浓度小于5mg·kg-1时延长了大花萱草的绿期和花期;随着Cd浓度的增大,大花萱草根系活力、叶绿素含量和含水量逐渐降低,游离脯氨酸和可溶性糖含量先升高后降低,细胞膜透性逐渐升高;Cd在大花萱草体内分布为根系>地上部分,随着Cd浓度的增大,大花萱草根系和地上部分Cd含量逐渐升高、富集系数和转运系数逐渐降低;Cd浓度为20mg·kg-1时大花萱草对Cd的积累量最大,为1.489mg·株-1。综合分析大花萱草的生长、生理变化及富集Cd的能力,大花萱草适用于浓度小于1mg·kg-1的Cd污染土壤的修复。     

乐安河—鄱阳湖湿地植物群落特征及其优势植物对重金属Cu、Pb、Cd的富集

选择乐安河—鄱阳湖湿地典型植物群落,采用重要值方法评价各样点植物群落特征并筛选出典型优势植物,通过室内理化测试分析不同生境中优势植物植株及其根区土壤中重金属Cu、Pb、Cd的含量;采用生物富集系数(BCF)方法评价不同优势植物对重金属Cu、Pb、Cd的富集特性。结果表明:研究区湿地植物以草本为主,在各样点共发现124种物种,包括蕨类植物2科2属2种,种子植物40科97属122种,并从中筛选出羊蹄、红蓼、鼠曲草、紫云英、苎麻等5种富集能力较强的优势植物;植物根区土壤中的Cu、Cd含量均超过土壤环境质量三级标准,而且Cu、Cd的最高含量分别为824.03、5.03 mg·kg-1;不同优势植物对Cu、Pb、Cd等3种重金属元素中的1种或2种表现出较强的富集能力,其中优势物种红蓼对Cu具有较强的富集能力,含Cu量最高为148.80 mg·kg-1,另一种优势物种鼠曲草对三种元素的生物富集系数均较高,且对Cd的最高富集含量为15.17 mg·kg-1,对Cd的生物富集系数最高值为19.14,高于其他植物10倍以上,鼠曲草对重金属Cd具有富集植物的基本特征,且对Cu和Cd具有共富集特征并具有较高的耐性,紫云英、羊蹄等对Cd的富集能力也较强。上述5种优势植物种群对鄱阳湖湿地Cu、Pb、Cd等重金属污染物的生态修复具有一定参考价值,可作为鄱阳湖湿地重金属污染修复植物的选择对象。     

农田环境空间异质性及农作物生产安全风险评价方法研究—以蔬菜生产为例

对贵州省遵义县有代表性的蔬菜地土壤重金属进行了研究和示范性评价.采用Kriging方法估计了目标地块中Cd和Pb的分布,结果显示它们存在较大的空间异质性.土壤重金属危害人体健康主要是通过食用富集重金属的农产品而产生的.为了正确地估计这种土壤重金属危害人体健康的方式,需要将蔬菜对重金属的富集规律和食品安全标准相结合建立评价模型.据此,构建了单因子和多因子评价模型和风险模型.根据实验数据(徐明飞等,2008)建立了9个蔬菜品种对Cd、Pb富集的模型,用该模型与无公害蔬菜产品标准相结合对目标地进行了评价.评价结果表明:在目标地块上生产的黄瓜、长瓜、丝瓜、番茄、萝卜和莴笋产品是安全的,即无风险(p=0);Cd对辣椒产品风险很小(p=0.0023);Cd对茄子产品有一定风险(p=0.4145),而Pb对两者均无风险(p=0);Cd和Pb对青菜产品有巨大风险(p=0.9821或p=0.96961).     

水培条件下四种植物对Cd、Pb富集特征

利用水培方法测定了不同浓度下向日葵、蓖麻、紫花苜蓿及芥菜的生物量和植物体内重金属Cd、Pb含量,分析了植物对重金属的富集特征。结果表明:经过5周培养后,4种植物根部与地上部对重金属的富集量随着浓度的增加而增加,Cd浓度为20mg·L-1时,向日葵的根部Cd含量最高,达到237.86mg·kg-1,地上部Cd含量为89.48mg·kg-1;而Pb浓度为200mg·L-1时,芥菜根部对Pb的吸收量较高,达到597.22mg·kg-1,地上部Pb含量最高的则出现在向日葵处理Pb100mg·L-1中,为318.33mg·kg-1。4种植物对Cd、Pb的富集系数随重金属浓度的增加而减小;根部及地上部富集系数与生物量和重金属浓度呈现出一定的相关性;另外,在Cd、Pb复合处理中,一种重金属的存在会在不同程度上影响植物对另一种重金属的吸收。通过比较4种植物根部与地上部的生物量和对Cd、Pb富集特征,认为相对于其他3种植物向日葵对Cd、Pb具有较强的吸收潜力,并可以作为Cd、Pb污染土壤植物修复的备选植物。     

广西大岩洞洞穴动物体与环境中重金属含量关系

2007年7月,通过对广西大岩洞洞内软体动物、节肢动物和脊索动物的调查,共获标本3324号,隶属26科30属50种。其中,斑灶马、螺类、蜘蛛、两栖类4类动物类群3052号,隶属42种;同时测定了所采集的水样、土样及4类受测动物体内重金属Fe、Mn、Cu、Cd、Pb、Hg、As的含量,计算了水、土样中重金属在动物体内的富集系数。结果表明:水、土壤中Mn含量最高,水样6.75mg·L-1,土样2112mg·kg-1,4个类群中斑灶马、螺类与两栖类Mn含量最高,分别为45.3、858和254mg·kg-1,蜘蛛体内Cu含量最高达79mg·kg-1;几种受试动物(或类群)除斑灶马对水中Fe含量富集系数1000外,其余均对水中所测重金属富集系数1000;几种受试动物(或类群)都对土壤中Pb、Cd、Hg有富集作用,富集系数1;同种动物类群对不同重金属的富集系数不同,不同类群动物对同一重金属的富集也有差异。相关性分析表明,动物体内重金属的积累量与环境中重金属的含量呈正相关,洞穴动物对重金属的残留与富集,除了元素之间产生的协同、拮抗等复杂作用对重金属的影响外,还与洞穴土壤和洞穴水中重金属的含量密切相关。     

土壤类型与作物基因型对花生籽实镉积累的影响

以花生主产区的棕壤和潮土为供试土壤,以种植面积最大的白沙1016、花育22和湛油27基因型花生(Arachis hypogaea)为供试作物,采用不添加Cd(对照)和添加Cd(1.5 mg· kg-1)处理进行盆栽试验,研究土壤类型和作物基因型对花生籽实Cd积累的影响.结果表明:两种土壤对照处理的3种基因型花生籽实Cd含量均低于国家食品安全标准,而Cd处理下均高于食品安全标准.同种土壤Cd处理3种基因型花生籽实Cd含量显著高于对照,不同基因型间表现为湛油27＞白沙1016＞花育22,棕壤花生籽实Cd含量及总量均高于潮土.对照处理3种基因型花生籽实Cd生物富集系数均大于1.0,Cd处理下多小于1.0,表明花生籽实对土壤中Cd的累积能力较强,土壤Cd含量进一步增加时,其生物富集能力降低.     

扫帚菜-白菜轮作对白菜镉吸收的影响

通过盆栽和大田试验研究扫帚菜Kochia scoparia对土壤中镉(Cd)的富集效率,并利用盆栽试验将其与4个白菜品种进行轮作试验,验证扫帚菜对土壤Cd污染的修复效果。结果表明,扫帚菜各部位富集能力表现为叶>根>茎,富集系数分别为15.07、5.44和2.96;种植扫帚菜后土壤总Cd降低6.02%-13.60%;土壤脲酶和酸性磷酸酶活性也有所提高。盆栽轮作结果表明,扫帚菜-白菜轮作系统中白菜地上部Cd含量与未轮作的对照组相比平均降低17.21%,生物量有略微增加,地上部对Cd的转运系数无明显变化。结果显示,通过扫帚菜与白菜轮作不仅可以增加白菜产量,而且可以有效降低白菜可食部Cd含量,实现边生产边治理的绿色农业理念。     

铜尾矿区土壤与凤丹植株重金属富集研究

对安徽铜陵铜尾矿区凤丹种植地的土壤和凤丹中重金属污染状况进行了研究.结果表明,尾矿库区种植地极端贫瘠,有机质含量仅1.1～3.4g·kg^-1,而土壤Cu、Cd、Pb、Zn含量皆高于对照土壤,其中Cu含量达587.43～1176.44mg·kg^-1,Cd含量达3.08～5.16mg·kg^-1,约达国家土壤二级标准的10倍.凤丹各部位的Cu、Cd和Pb含量均超过了药用植物的限量标准,尤其是根皮部位Cu含量达31.50～64.00mg·kg^-1,Cd含量达0.98～1.45mg·kg^-1,超出标准1.6～3.6倍,表明种植地和凤丹都受到严重污染.凤丹不同部位中的Zn、Cd、Pb和Cu分别以茎、叶、叶和根皮中的含量最高.凤丹对Cd、Zn的富集比Cu和Pb高,但在根皮中的富集系数均较小.     

土壤质量及其评价

保持和提高土壤质量是实现农业可持续发展的基础,为此,必须清楚土壤质量的概念以及土壤质量的评价方法,本文综述了土壤质量的概念及其研究进展,土壤质量评价要以土壤的功能为基础,不同土壤的评价应采用不同的标准,土壤质量的评价是相对的而不是绝对的,介绍了国际上几种常用的土壤质量评价的方法,并对耕地土壤质量评价的指标选择进行了探讨。     

海南岛土壤质量的指标与量化表达研究

在海南岛SOTER数据库基础上,结合联合国有关原则与规定,选择表征土壤质量的若干指标项目组成体系,在GIS环境中对图斑的土壤质量进行评价,并将评价等级指数与空间数据库相连,根据用户需求将土壤质量的评价结构输出,结果得到当地有关专家的认可,建议通过当地实践结果,对模型进行了必要的修订（适当修改评价指标及量化标准）,使之更趋完善。     

Developing pedotransfer functions to estimate the S-index for indicating soil quality

Indicating soil quality usually requires many soil properties of which the measurements are time consuming. Therefore, it is desirable to developing simple and effective indices for reflecting soil quality based on soil properties that can be readily obtained. The soil physical quality index, S-index, derived from the slope at the inflection point of the water retention curve (particularly the Van-Genuchten equation), is a comprehensive index for indicating soil properties. By comparing the S-index with a widely used soil quality index (SQI), this study used 298 samples to determine soil chemical and physical properties for calculating SQI, and found that the correlation coefficient between the S-index and SQI was 0.88, indicating that the S-index can represent soil quality well. An artificial neural network (ANN) model and a linear regression (LR) model were proposed for estimating S-index. Results showed that the ANN model was better than LR model in estimating S-index. Particularly, the ANN model with the soil bulk density and soil organic carbon (scenario A1) as inputs, had the highest R² of 0.807, while the LR model get the highest R² (predicted v.s. observed) of 0.75 with the combination of soil organic carbon, soil bulk density, total nitrogen and available nitrogen. This study is helpful for extending the applications of S-index.     

Selecting biological indicators for monitoring soils: A framework for balancing scientific and technical opinion to assist policy development

Soils are one of the most important features of the natural capital of terrestrial ecosystems. There is a strong and increasing policy requirement for effective monitoring of soils at local, regional and national-scales. However, it remains unclear which properties of soils are most appropriately monitored. This is partly due to the wide range of goods and services that soils provide, but also their inherent chemical, physical and biological complexity. Given that the biota plays such fundamental roles in the majority of ecosystem services provided by soils, biological properties are logical candidates as effective indicators, to complement soil physico-chemical properties. A plethora of biological methods have been suggested as indicators for monitoring soils but few are used in national-scale monitoring or are published as international standards. A framework for selecting ecologically relevant biological indicators of soil quality, for national-scale soil monitoring, that cover the range of functions and services of soil was devised. The literature was surveyed to identify 183 candidate biological indicators which were then scored by experts and stakeholders against a wide range of scientific and technical criteria. The framework used the scores and weightings to then rank, prioritise and select the indicators. This semi-objective approach using a “logical sieve” allowed repeated iterations to take account of end-user requirements and expert opinion. A ranked list of 21 indicators was produced that covered a range of genotypic-, phenotypic- and functional-based indicators for different trophic groups. Four of these were not deemed sufficiently robust for ready deployment in a national-scale monitoring scheme without further methodological development. The suite of indicators identified offers the strongest potential candidates for deployment in national-scale soil monitoring schemes. However, standard operating procedures, their inherent sensitivity, ability to discriminate between soil:land use combinations, ecological interpretation all need to be confirmed. The power of the approach adopted here is that it provides a clear record and audit trail on the decision-making process, enables different priorities to be set contingent on the nature of the desired monitoring, and can direct and allow the inclusion of further methods or indicators into the framework.     

Soil textural class plays a major role in evaluating the effects of land use on soil quality indicators

Inappropriate land use that negatively affects ecological processes and soil quality is generally considered to be the primary cause of soil degradation in tropical agroecosystems. We hypothesized that in addition to land use, soil textural class also has an important effect on ecological processes and soil quality. To test our hypothesis, effects of land use change on soil organic fractions as well as microbial and biochemical indicators were quantified for clayey and sandy-clay-loam soils within the native Cerrado biome, pasture (Brachiaria brizantha) and sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum) agroecosystems in southwestern Brazil (Minas Gerais state). Labile carbon, humic substances, soil microbial respiration (SMR), microbial biomass carbon (MBC), metabolic quotient (qCO₂), hydrolysis of fluorescein diacetate (FDA), beta-glucosidase, urease, phosphatase and arylsulphatase activities were measured for each sample. Labile carbon concentrations were not affected by land use but were lower in sandy-clay-loam soil than clayey soil. Humic substances were at the highest concentrations in the native Cerrado and the lowest in sugarcane agroecosystems. Sandy-clay-loam soil had lower humic acid concentrations than clayey soil. Soil microbial indicators (SMR, MBC and FDA) showed lower values in pasture and sugarcane agroecosystems than in the native Cerrado. FDA was a more sensitive microbial indicator than SMR and MBC for detecting land use and textural class differences. The qCO₂ indices were greater in sugarcane systems than in either pasture or native Cerrado systems. The activity of exocellular hydrolytic enzymes, such as beta-glucosidase, urease, phosphatase and arylsulphatase, was smaller in sugarcane and pasture agroecosystems than in native Cerrado ecosystems. Within the same land use, the activity of these enzymes was always greater in clayey soil than in sandy-clay-loam soil, indicating a higher impact of land uses on enzyme activities in clayey soils. Results for the measured indicators support the hypothesis that soil textural class plays a major role in assessing differences between land use systems in the Brazilian Cerrado biome.     

不同人工林生态系统林地土壤质量评价

利用定位研究方法,综合比较了第2代连栽杉木纯林、杉木与阔叶树混交林以及阔叶纯林3种人工林生态系统对林地土壤质量的影响.结果表明,与连栽杉木纯林相比,在杉阔混交和阔叶树轮栽两种经营模式下,土壤养分含量增加,物理性状改善,土壤生物活性提高.利用土壤质量评价体系在对土壤功能评价的基础上,直观评价了3种经营模式的土壤质量状况.在研究区内,杉木与阔叶树混交以及阔叶树轮栽的水分有效性、养分有效性和根系适宜性以及最终的土壤质量指数均处于中等水平,而连栽杉木林的水分有效性、养分有效性和根系适宜性较差,土壤质量指数处于较低水平.总有机C、阳离子交换量和微生物生物量C与其它土壤理化性质和生物学性质之间明显相关,可将其作为研究区土壤质量的指示指标;土壤微生物生物量C、N、P与土壤总有机C、土壤全N、土壤全P含量之间也存在较好的相关性.     

Soil quality assessment of coastal wetlands in the Yellow River Delta of China based on the minimum data set

Little information is available to assess the dynamic changes in wetland soil quality in coastal regions, though it is essential for wetland conservation and management. Soil samples were collected in Suaeda salsa wetlands (SWs), Tamarix chinensis wetlands (TWs), Suaeda salsa–Tamarix chinensis wetlands (STWs), freshwater Phragmites australis wetlands (FPWs) and saltwater Phragmites australis wetlands (SPWs) in three sampling periods (i.e., summer and autumn of 2007 and spring of 2008). According to the flooding characteristics of these wetlands, the study area could be grouped into three sub-regions: short-term flooding region (STFR), seasonal flooding region (SFR) and tidal flooding region (TFR). Soil quality was evaluated using the soil quality index (SQI), which was calculated using the selected minimum data set (MDS) based on principal components analysis (PCA). Our results showed that soil salt content (SSC), total carbon (TC), magnesium (Mg), nitrate nitrogen (NO₃⁻-N) and total sulfur (TS) consisted of a MDS among 13 soil properties. The SQI values varied from 0.18 to 0.66 for all soil samples, of which the highest and lowest SQI values were observed in TFR. The average SQI values were significantly higher in summer (0.50 ± 0.13) than in spring (0.37 ± 0.13) and autumn (0.36 ± 0.11) in the whole study area (p < 0.05). The average SQI values followed the order STFR (0.44 ± 0.12) > TFR (0.41 ± 0.15) > SFR (0.35 ± 0.09) although no significant differences were observed among the three regions (p > 0.05). SPWs and SWs soils showed higher SQI values (0.50 ± 0.10 and 0.47 ± 0.15, respectively) than TWs (0.30 ± 0.08) soils (p < 0.05). The SSC was the dominant factor of soil quality with its proportion of 34.1% contributing to the SQI values, followed by TC (24.5%) and Mg (24.1%). Correlation analysis also showed that SQI values were significantly negatively correlated with SSC. SSC might be a characteristic indicator of wetland soil quality assessment in coastal regions. The findings of this study showed that the SQI based on MDS is a powerful tool for wetland soil quality assessment.     

不同人工林生态系统林地土壤质量评价

利用定位研究方法,综合比较了第2代连栽杉木纯林、杉木与阔叶树混交林以及阔叶纯林3种人工林生态系统对林地土壤质量的影响．结果表明,与连栽杉木纯林相比,在杉阔混交和阔叶树轮栽两种经营模式下,土壤养分含量增加,物理性状改善,土壤生物活性提高．利用土壤质量评价体系在对土壤功能评价的基础上,直观评价了3种经营模式的土壤质量状况．在研究区内,杉木与阔叶树混交以及阔叶树轮栽的水分有效性、养分有效性和根系适宜性以及最终的土壤质量指数均处于中等水平,而连栽杉木林的水分有效性、养分有效性和根系适宜性较差,土壤质量指数处于较低水平．总有机C、阳离子交换量和微生物生物量C与其它土壤理化性质和生物学性质之间明显相关,可将其作为研究区土壤质量的指示指标;土壤微生物生物量C、N、P与土壤总有机C、土壤全N、土壤全P含量之间也存在较好的相关性。     

广州地区19个引进龙眼品种果实品质的评价与分类

对广州地区引进的19个龙眼(Dimocarps longan)品种的果实品质进行了评价与分类研究。结果表明：在表观性状方面,除品种间肉质、果形差异较大外,其它性状差异不大,部分性状之间具有一定的关联性;小果或薄皮的品种一般可溶性固形物含量较高,薄皮、厚肉或横扁的品种一般可食率较高。运用分层聚类的方法,依据各品质指标将品种划分为3类; 运用基于主成分分析的因子分析法,将8个品质指标用3个主成分来表示(累计贡献率达88.27%);确定简化后的品质评价指标为单果质量、果形指数、可食率和肉厚率,并依据因子得分和简化指标对19个品种进行聚类,两种聚类结果基本一致。     

Early warning indicators of changes in soil ecosystem functioning

In the last decades, soil is facing numerous environmental threats and climatic changes that are causing a rapid decline of soil fertility and biodiversity. Soil organic matter (SOM), has the most widely recognized influence on soil quality, but it hardly puts in evidence processes associated to the new soil threats, because of its insensitivity in assessing soil quality changes in the short-term. A series of chemical and biochemical analyses were carried out in agricultural and forestry soil ecosystems subjected to different threats, to identify the parameters that better evidence changes in soil characteristics in a short term, but the identification of basic universal indicators and the choice of the number of estimated measures are still under investigation and discussion. The main aim of this paper was to identify biochemical markers to be used routinely and applicable to different soil ecosystems, as early warning indicators of alteration in soil ecosystem functioning. The results obtained allowed to identify three indicators, microbial biomass (MBC), water soluble phenols (WSP), and fluorescein diacetate hydrolase (FDA), as effective tools in the evaluation of soil quality changes in the short term, showing also a threat-indicator specificity. MBC reflected changes mainly induced by abiotic stress, FDA displayed modification caused by climate, and WSP pointed out alteration due to the organic amendment.