龙眼果实品质评价理化指标体系的构建

为了解龙眼果实成熟品质的构成因素及其相互关系,构建科学的品质评价体系,本研究以30个龙眼品种为试材,观察、测定了43个品质相关的理化指标,综合运用多种统计方法,对果实不同类型品质进行评价,构建预测模型,提出综合品质类型可用的判别公式。结果表明,(1)筛选出构成龙眼果实表观性状、经济性状、内在品质和综合品质的公因子成分及其解释指标。(2)建立了4种类型品质的评价模型及其评价指标库,据此计算出的品质预测值与其因子分析综合评分均极显著相关,具有较好的预测效果。(3)依据综合品质评分将30个品种分成3类:低糖大果型、高糖中果型、高糖小果型,依据自然属性和应用价值2类评价指标,对分类结果分别进行了自身验证和交叉验证判别分析,结果表明都具有较高的判别准确率,价值评估方法基本能够满足自然分类和应用分类的共同需要。总之,龙眼果实综合品质评价指标包括果肉葡萄糖含量、可溶性固形物(TSS)含量、果肉流汁、肉厚率、果肉质地、可食率和单果重,达到7个指标全优可以作为龙眼新品种选育的一个重要目标。     

花生主要品质性状的主成分分析与综合评价

【目的】综合评价花生品种的主要品质性状,为花生品质育种和生产利用提供依据。【方法】利用DPSS软件对花生含油量、蛋白质、油酸、亚油酸、油亚比（O∕L）等主要品质性状进行主成分分析和聚类分析。【结果】主成分分析表明,将10个品质性状综合成为4个主成分因子,可以代表花生品质80.73﹪的原始数据信息量;聚类分析将51个花生品种划分为6类,各类别间品质和遗传距离有较大差距。【结论】利用主成分分析和聚类分析进行花生品质的综合评价,可以避免单一指标的片面性和不稳定性,对花生亲本的利用和品质育种提供重要的科学依据。     

小麦农艺性状与品质特性的多元分析与评价

估算96个小麦品种(系)的11个农艺性状和10个品质特性参数的主成分,并以主成分和欧氏距离为基础,分别作二维排序分析和聚类分析。农艺性状的前4个主成分反映了85.3450%的原始数据信息量;品质特性的前4个主成分代表了89.1483%的原始数据信息量。以96个材料的主成分得分绘制二维排序图,27个小麦品种(系)表现为矮秆、子粒和旗叶较大,丰产性较好、综合农艺性状优良;32个小麦品种(系)表现为铁、锌含量较高,加工品质较好、综合品质特性优良。在系统聚类图中,农艺性状和品质特性分别被聚成5类。综合农艺性状较好的材料主要集中在第Ⅲ类和第Ⅳ类;综合品质特性较好的材料主要集中在第Ⅰ类和第Ⅱ类。综合分析发现,同时兼顾丰产性较好且子粒铁、锌含量较高,品质特性较好的小麦品种(系)有:泰山9818、西农822、轮选719、杨-31、西安837和中育9383。将聚类分析和二维排序分析结合起来,能较好的对小麦的性状组成做出综合评价,鉴定和评价出优质、高产、综合性状优良的小麦品种(系),为小麦遗传育种提供优良的种质资源,为合理选配亲本提供参考。     

12种百合主要营养成分和活性成分的分析评价

为了探讨百合营养品质综合评价中的主要影响因子,选育赏药食兼用的新品种百合,本文比较研究测定了12个百合种/品种鳞茎的营养成分、活性物质和氨基酸组成,通过主成分分析法综合评价百合营养品质特征。结果表明,12个百合种/品种鳞茎以多酚和生物碱两个活性物质指标含量变异系数大,膳食纤维、氨基酸等指标含量差异相对较小。品质指标转化数据经主成分分析,被提取的前4个主成分累积方差贡献率达90. 229%,影响百合综合营养品质评价的次序依次为:功能因子、营养因子和碳水化合物因子。经综合评价,岷江百合、宜昌百合和‘塞拉达’营养品质评分最高,传统食用百合龙牙百合和兰州百合(平陆)营养品质也较好。该研究基于营养成分、活性物质和氨基酸组成3个方面对12个百合种/品种鳞茎进行了系统评价,为筛选新型赏药食兼用百合、充实和完善百合营养品质评价体系提供参考依据。     

云南高原粳稻品质特性分析

采用表型主成分及聚类分析法,对76个云南高原粳稻的11个品质性状进行了分析。结果表明,（1）直链淀粉含量的平均值达食用稻品种品质1级标准,糙米率、透明度、碱消值和胶稠度达2级标准,精米率达3级标准,其余品质性状的平均值均在3级以下。品种间变异最小的品质性状是糙米率和碱消值,变异最大的是垩白度,其次是垩白粒率。（2）稻米品质性状间存在复杂的相关关系。（3）在选出的6个影响云南稻米品质的主因子中,精米率、垩白粒率和垩白度因子对稻米品质的累积贡献率为49.6%。（4）76个云南粳稻聚为4类,其中第一类包括52个品种,表明遗传距离近,遗传基础狭窄。在今后的云南粳稻品质育种中,应降低垩白粒率和垩白度,提高精米率和整精米率,同时拓宽遗传基础。     

大蒜种质产量和品质性状主成分聚类分析与综合评价

以40个大蒜品种为供试材料,依据数值分类学的性状选择原则,分别于大蒜生长期和采收后进行农艺性状指标的采集。估算40个大蒜品种16个农艺性状及4个品质指标的主成分,并以前3个主成分和遗传相似性系数为基础,分别作二维散点图和系统聚类分析。40份大蒜品种前7个主成分累计贡献率达85%。根据品种性状主成分表现,评选出性状优良的大蒜品种共10个。在聚类图中,在0.14的遗传相似性水平上可以把40份品种分成4类,即由5份种质组成的类群Ⅰ;由28份种质聚成的类群Ⅱ;由改良蒜等4份种质组成的类群Ⅲ,及苏联蒜等3份种质组成的类群Ⅳ。全部种质的遗传相似性系数在0.07～0.64之间,很好地揭示了品种类群间存在的亲缘关系。     

基于生物量和养分累积量的花生品种生态适应性评价

为挖掘产量性状好、养分利用效率高、生态适应性广的优良花生品种,在冀中低平原和山前平原两个生态区分别测定了19个花生品种的16个生物量和养分累积量指标,通过主成分分析对不同品种在不同生态区的表现进行了综合评价.按照主成分对应特征值大于1的原则提取主成分,将16个主要性状指标综合成4个主成分,可代表花生生物量和养分利用性状85%左右的原始信息量.结果表明： 不同花生品种在不同生态区域的产量和养分利用效率存在较大差异.根据生态适应性将19个花生品种分为2类,生态适应性广的品种又分为产量水平和养分利用效率高、中、低3类,其中豫花9719、冀花0212-4、潍花10号、豫花15号、濮花28号和冀花10号为生态适应性广、养分利用效率高、产量水平也较高的品种.     

贵州地方梨种质果实品质性状多样性分析

为探讨贵州地方梨(Pyrus spp.)资源的遗传多样性,对贵州34份梨典型资源的12个果实品质性状指标进行分析。结果表明:除可食率外,地方梨种质资源间的果实品质性状指标均存在极显著差异,表明贵州的梨种质资源具有丰富的遗传多样性。主成分分析结果表明,前5个主成分的累积贡献率可达到85.52%,表明各性状的贡献率较分散,累积贡献率增长不明显,同时也表明贵州梨资源果实的品质性状变异存在多向性。Q型聚类分析结果表明,海子梨-3和葫芦梨各自聚为一类,显示出它们果实品质上的独特性。这些为贵州梨种质资源的开发利用和品种选育奠定了基础。     

基于表型性状的陆地棉种质资源遗传多样性分析

通过田间性状观测、室内考种分析及纤维品质检测,对来自我国各棉区及国外各类型的429份陆地棉优异种质进行连续2年2点15个表型性状的鉴定及综合评价。结果表明:15个表型性状中始节高、单株铃数和果枝始节位的变异系数最大;各性状的平均遗传多样性指数较高为2.02;主成分分析确立了3类影响因子,表明陆地棉品种选育应集中在纤维品质优良(尤其纤维长度和比强度要高)、高衣分和株铃数多的品种;聚类分析将所有材料分为10个类群,其中第Ⅰ类群占供试材料总数的76.9%,各类群间性状差异明显,聚类结果与材料的地理来源之间没有直接的关系。     

木耳栽培种质资源的数量分类研究

在木耳栽培种质资源农艺性状调查的基础上,应用数量分类学中的Q型聚类分析法对20个木耳菌株进行分类研究,并对14个农艺性状进行R型聚类分析和主成分分析。结果表明：Q型聚类将20个木耳菌株在欧氏距离6.29处依据子实体朵型性状分为簇生型菌株和菊花型菌株两大类群,菊花型类群在欧式距离4.79处依据生育期性状的原基发生类型划分为分散型和集中型两个亚群;R型聚类表明菌丝体性状（1个）、生育期性状（2个）、子实体性状（8个）等11个农艺性状间相关性较强;主成分分析中,发现子实体背面皱褶、耳片数、原基发生时间、子实体朵型、干耳背面颜色等5个性状是14个农艺性状的第1主成分,贡献率高达62.26%,把第1主成分命名为朵型-生育期构成因子,作为种质评价的指标。     

云南不同栽培区域油梨果实品质差异分析

以云南9个不同栽培区域‘哈斯’(Hass)油梨果实为试材,在同一条件下分别观测油梨果实主要内在与外观品质,分析云南不同栽培区域油梨果实主要品质差异,为探索云南油梨栽培适宜生态区域提供借鉴。结果表明：(1)油梨果实外观品质以单果重、种子重量、可食率变异系数较大,分别达到31.31%、38.09%和8.08%,并以LJ产区的油梨单果重和可食率最大;油梨果肉内在品质中以脂肪、可溶性蛋白、维生素C(Vc)含量变异系数较大,分别为37.57%、22.42%和17.89%,脂肪含量以BS产区最高,可溶性蛋白和Vc含量均以BN产区最高。(2)油梨果实Vc、总黄酮、脂肪含量以及单果果肉重、果实纵径等显著受到树龄和气候因子的综合影响。其中：树龄与脂肪、可溶性固形物、Vc、总黄酮含量呈正相关关系,与单果果肉重呈显著负相关关系;经度与脂肪、可溶性固形物、干物质、可溶性蛋白含量呈正相关关系;纬度与可溶性固形物、果肉密度、种子长度呈正相关关系,与Vc、总黄酮含量呈显著负相关关系;海拔与脂肪、可溶性固形物、Vc、总黄酮含量呈正相关关系;年平均气温与果肉密度、单果重、单果果肉重、果实纵径呈正相关关系;年平均降雨量与...     

Diospyros species in Thailand: Their distribution, fruit morphology and uses

Diospyros species distributed widely in Thailand were classified into four ecotypes, according to their habitat; constantly humid area, alternately dry and wet area, mountainous cool area and all area. Some of them inhabit near dwelling areas or in the paddy field in the village. The young fruit is covered with dense pubescence in most species. The size, shape, and color of mature fruit greatly vary greatly with the species. In most species, the mature fruit has a soft pulp and hard skin. The fruit of six species has been used for dying. Four species produce edible fruits, with color and flavor favorable for breeding of edibleDiospyros species. The fruit of some species contains some chemicals useful as fish poisoning or of medicines, although the active components have not yet been identified. The edible fruit contained many tannin cells, but the fruit used as fish poisoning and medicines had only a few.     

Are citrus species favorable hosts for the Mediterranean fruit fly? A demographic perspective

We studied, under laboratory conditions, demographic parameters of adult Mediterranean fruit flies, Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Tephritidae) (medfly), obtained from three sweet orange varieties, lemon, and bitter oranges. These data were combined with immature developmental rates and survival on the same hosts to estimate host‐specific population parameters. Pairs of newly emerged adults from each citrus variety were held individually in transparent plastic cages, and females were allowed to oviposit in either red domes (artificial, pre‐punctured plastic oviposition devices), or intact, whole citrus fruits. We found strong effects of larval host (citrus fruits) on adult longevity and fecundity. In all five citrus varieties, females did not manage to deposit eggs into fruit pulp. The proportion of eggs laid in either the flavedo or albedo area of the fruit peel differed depending on the citrus variety. In all cases except bitter oranges, females oviposited fewer eggs in citrus fruits than in the artificial oviposition substrates, suggesting that most citrus fruits cause a significant reduction in the reproductive potential of medflies. Negative correlations were found between fecundity and (a) the density of oil glands, and (b) the amount of essential oils in the flavedo area of citrus fruits. There was no correlation between fecundity and other fruit physical characteristics, such as resistance of fruit peel to pressure and thickness of the flavedo. Apparently, resistance of citrus fruits to medfly infestation is directly related to citrus essential oils. The intrinsic rate of increase (r) was higher in bitter oranges than in the three sweet orange varieties tested. A negative r was estimated for flies that developed and oviposited in lemons, indicating a tendency for population decrease in this host. The suitability of citrus fruits for medfly development and the practical implications of our findings for management of medflies in citrus orchards are discussed.     

Domestication Syndrome in Caimito (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Chrysophyllum cainito</Emphasis> L.): Fruit and Seed Characteristics

Domestication Syndrome in Caimito ( Chrysophyllum cainito L.): Fruit and Seed Characteristics: The process of domestication is understudied and poorly known for many tropical fruit tree crops. The star apple or caimito tree (Chrysophyllum cainito L., Sapotaceae) is cultivated throughout the New World tropics for its edible fruits. We studied this species in central Panama, where it grows wild in tropical moist forests and is also commonly cultivated in backyard gardens. Using fruits collected over two harvest seasons, we tested the hypothesis that cultivated individuals of C. cainito show distinctive fruit and seed characteristics associated with domestication relative to wild types. We found that cultivated fruits were significantly and substantially larger and allocated more to pulp and less to exocarp than wild fruits. The pulp of cultivated fruits was less acidic; also, the pulp had lower concentrations of phenolics and higher concentrations of sugar. The seeds were larger and more numerous and were less defended with phenolics in cultivated than in wild fruits. Discriminant Analysis showed that, among the many significant differences, fruit size and sugar concentration drove the great majority of the variance distinguishing wild from cultivated classes. Variance of pulp phenolics among individuals was significantly higher among wild trees than among cultivated trees, while variance of fruit mass and seed number was significantly higher among cultivated trees. Most traits showed strong correlations between years. Overall, we found a clear signature of a domestication syndrome in the fruits of cultivated caimito in Panama.     

Path analysis in fruits of the buriti (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Mauritia flexuosa</Emphasis> L. f) in populations from the Brazilian Middle North Region

The Mauritia flexuosa L.f. tree is of immense socioeconomic significance in the Brazilian Middle North Region for its manifold benefits, but mainly for its fruit. However, the potential of this species has still not been extensively studied. The objectives of this work were to study the phenotypic and genotypic correlations between the characteristics of the M. flexuosa fruits and to establish the direct and indirect effects of the secondary characteristics of the fruit on the pulp yield. Samples of ten fruits per genotype were gathered from four natural populations, from 240 different genotypes. These samples were assessed in terms of the fruit, almond and hull weights, equatorial and polar fruit diameters, and the fruit, almond and pulp, volumes, as well as the pulp yield. The genotypic correlations showed greater magnitude, higher than the phenotypic correlations, and both were significant and revealed equal signs. The indirect selection of the M. flexuosa genotypes with greater fruit weight and almond volume favored the increase in the pulp yield in this fruit species.     

应用柑橘异源四倍体杂种花粉生产瘪籽沙田柚果实

以3个柑橘异源四倍体体细胞杂种(即四倍体粗柠檬与哈姆林甜橙体细胞杂种,简称"HR";酸柚与粗柠檬体细胞杂种,简称"SR";墨西哥来檬与伏令夏甜橙体细胞杂种,简称"KV")为父本,分别与二倍体单胚性沙田柚进行有性杂交,在生产上获得瘪籽沙田柚果实,并对果实品质进行分析(以四季柚花粉亲本为对照)。结果表明:授予柑橘异源四倍体杂种花粉的果实种子败育十分明显,果实瘪籽率达41.4%～96.0%,与对照间的差异极显著(P0.01);但果实单果重、果肉重、果皮重、果皮厚和果形指数与对照间无显著性差异(P0.05);果实可溶性固形物、全糖、Vc和可滴定酸含量与对照也无明显变化,且较适合于瘪籽沙田柚果实生产的体细胞杂种是HR和SR。     

猕猴桃品种‘金桃’采收指标与果实软熟品质相关性研究

分别对河南省27个果园的中华猕猴桃（Actinidia chinensis Planch.）品种‘金桃’果实的5项采收生理指标及果实软熟时的8项品质性状进行测定,采用主成分分析法对果实软熟时的品质指标进行综合评分,并对果实的采收生理指标、果实软熟品质指标及综合分值间进行相关性分析。结果显示,采收时的生理指标（干物质、色度角、硬度和可溶性固形物）均与果实软熟品质综合分值间呈极显著相关,其中干物质相关系数最高,为0.437。干物质与体现果实软熟品质的关键指标（可溶性固形物、总糖和糖酸比）均呈极显著性相关。研究结果表明‘金桃’果实采收时,干物质含量是果实软熟时品质的重要评价指标,而可溶性固形物和色度角是评判采收期的辅助指标。     

5个番石榴品种果实食用品质和香气特征分析

为比较番石榴(Psidium guajava)不同品种果实的外观、营养价值和香气特征,采用国家标准方法,对5个番石榴品种(‘红宝石’、‘粉红蜜’、‘西瓜’、‘水蜜’、本地种)果实的外观和营养成分进行测定,采用顶空气质联用(HS-GC-MS)技术对5个品种果实的香气成分进行测定。结果表明,不同品种果实外观及营养成分差异明显。‘水蜜’的果形指数最低,果实扁圆形,种籽最少;大多数糖类物质(总糖、还原糖、蔗糖等)、糖酸比、总酚含量最高;果糖、VC和总黄酮含量位居第2;总酸、脂肪、粗纤维、灰分含量最低。主成分分析表明,‘水蜜’作为鲜食水果的食用品质最高。己醛和石竹烯是红肉型品种的特征风味物质,3-羟基-2-丁酮是白肉型品种的特征香气成分。     

基于树冠果实分布及性状差异的油茶采摘效率评价

以油茶(Camellia oleifera) 10个无性系为供试材料,分析比较无性系树冠内外果实产量、性状色泽和果实采摘特性差异,运用主成分分析法和聚类分析法进行综合评价。结果表明,长林4号和长林53号树冠内部单位面积产量和单株鲜果产量显著大于外部,长林3号、长林4号、鄂油81号、鄂油102号和鄂油151号树冠外部果实采摘效率显著大于内部;单株鲜果质量、单位面积产量和采摘效率以鄂油81号较高较快,分别达到9.88 kg、3.94 kg·m–2、7.96 g·s–1,其次为长林53号、长林4号、长林40号、鄂油102号和鄂油63号。运用主成分分析将17个指标归纳为4个主成分,各无性系综合排名为：鄂油81号>长林53号>长林4号>长林40号>鄂油102号>鄂油63号>长林23号>长林18号>长林3号>鄂油151号;聚类分析将10个无性系分为高产高效采收良种、低产低效采收良种和中优型良种3类。研究结果为油茶轻简化良种筛选提供依据。