细胞自噬基因Atg6在涡虫中枢神经系统再生中的功能研究

细胞自噬基因Atg6在细胞自噬过程中发挥重要作用,其功能缺陷影响神经发生。涡虫是研究中枢神经系统(central nervous system, CNS)再生的良好模型,其头部切除后1周就能再生出一个新的头部。因此,研究Atg6基因在涡虫CNS再生中的作用对探究自噬调控神经发生具有重要意义。本研究首次报道了日本三角涡虫(Dugesia japonica) Atg6基因(DjAtg6)的分子特征,并利用RNAi技术研究了其在涡虫CNS再生中作用。结果显示:DjAtg6 cDNA全长1366 bp,编码423个氨基酸。DjATG6含有ATG6/Beclin 1蛋白家族的Coil-Coil结构域和β折叠α螺旋自噬功能结构域。涡虫沿咽前咽后切割后,DjAtg6表达量显著增加,其转录本主要在新再生的脑神经节表达。RNAi-DjAtg6引起涡虫头部再生迟缓、脑神经结构偏小,并下调神经相关基因的表达。此外,本研究还发现,RNAi-DjAtg6不影响涡虫干细胞的增殖,但下调细胞迁移相关基因mmp1和mmp2的表达,且干扰mmp1和mmp2的表达影响涡虫头再生。因此,本研究结果表明,DjAtg6在涡虫CNS再生的组织重构中发挥重要作用,干扰DjAtg6影响涡虫CNS再生可能与细胞迁移有关,其详细的分子机制尚需进行深入研究。     

东亚三角涡虫DjPreb基因干扰载体的构建及干扰效果鉴定

以含有东亚三角涡虫DjPreb基因的pcDNA3-DjPreb重组质粒为模板,经PCR扩增目的片段,将其克隆到干扰载体L4440上,构建重组质粒L4440-DjPreb后转化入大肠杆菌HT115感受态细胞中,IPTG诱导表达dsRNA后喂食涡虫.显微观察喂食dsRNA后的涡虫在再生过程中的表型变化,Real-time PCR检测载体对涡虫DjPreb基因的表达抑制效果.试验结果显示DjPreb基因的RNA干扰表达载体构建成功,DjPreb基因RNA干扰后涡虫不能正常再生.Real-time PCR分析饲喂RNA干扰食物后DjPrcb mRNA的表达显著下降,进一步说明DjPreb在涡虫头尾的形成中发挥作用.     

p53同系物Djp53在涡虫胚基早期发育阶段的组织特异性表达及其在再生中的作用

为了探索东亚三角涡虫Djp53基因在涡虫组织中的表达和功能,利用整体原位杂交、RT-PCR技术,检测了涡虫Djp53基因在组织中的表达分布特点,结果表明,Djp53基因在再生1、3、5天的胚基中具有较强的阳性信号,且3天的表达量最高;而在再生7、10天和成虫的实质组织中表达较弱．RNA干扰后的RT-PCR检测显示,Djp53表达量显著下降,涡虫不能正常再生或出现眼点缺陷．由此推断,东亚三角涡虫Djp53基因在早期胚基发育阶段,通过调节多功能干细胞的迁移和增殖分化影响早期胚基的形成,是涡虫早期胚基发育必不可少的一个基因,并且在涡虫成体和再生后期对多功能干细胞的维持具有重要的作用.     

日本三角涡虫体内Djcullin1基因和Djtinp1基因的相互作用研究

Cullin1蛋白是细胞周期进展的重要参与者,也是泛素连接酶E3的重要骨架蛋白。TGF-β信号通路在涡虫再生中发挥着重要作用,其下游分子TGF-β诱导核蛋白(Tinp1)也参与日本三角涡虫Dugesia japonica再生。虽然cullin1基因和tinp1基因在涡虫体内均呈阳性表达,但二者之间的关系还不清楚。本研究采用RNA干扰技术(RNAi)敲减日本三角涡虫体内Djcullin1基因的表达,然后运用整体原位杂交及Western Blotting技术检测基因敲减后TGF-β信号通路相关分子在涡虫体内的表达。结果显示,敲减日本三角涡虫Djcullin1基因可明显增强TGF-β信号通路相关分子Smad2/3及Smad4的表达,Tinp1的表达也明显增强。这些数据表明,在日本三角涡虫体内敲减Djcullin1基因可负性调控TGF-β信号通路和Djtinp1基因的表达。同时,敲减涡虫Djtinp1基因可增强Djcullin1基因及蛋白的表达,以上结果说明,这2个基因之间存在互相调节作用,Djtinp1基因反作用于Djcullin1基因的原因未知。     

东亚三角涡虫Djtraf3基因的时空表达模式

肿瘤坏死因子受体相关因子3(TRAF3)作为TRAF家族的成员之一,通过介导TLRs信号通路,参与动物的免疫反应。通过构建东亚三角涡虫Djtraf3的cDNA文库获得Djtraf3基因并分析基因结构。结果发现,该最大开放阅读框为564bp,编码的蛋白质含187个氨基酸,含有1个TRAF结构域。进化分析表明,DjTRAF3和果蝇的TRAF3聚群,位于进化树的基部;整体原位杂交结果显示,在涡虫成体及不同再生阶段,Djtraf3在整个肠部表达。这些结果为进一步探究其功能提供了依据和方向。     

团头鲂(Megalobrama amblycephala)caspase3基因克隆及其在高温胁迫中的表达分析

采用RACE技术克隆获得团头鲂caspase3基因cDNA序列全长,并对该序列进行分析。结果显示,团头鲂caspase3基因全长为2 077 bp,开放阅读框长837 bp,5'非编码区长155 bp,3'非编码区长1 085 bp,命名为Ma Casp3。推测该基因编码278个氨基酸,预测分子量为30.92 ku,理论等电点为6.15。同源性和系统进化分析发现,Ma Casp3基因与斑马鱼(Danio rerio)caspase3氨基酸相似性最高,与其他节肢动物caspase3家族基因聚为一类。荧光定量RT-PCR结果显示,Ma Casp3基因在肝脏中的相对表达量最高,在肌肉中表达量最低。与常温对照组相比,高温胁迫7 d后该基因在团头鲂肝脏中的表达量显著升高,表明Ma Casp3基因可能参与团头鲂高温胁迫的应答并引发细胞凋亡级联反应。此外,高温胁迫7 d与胁迫前比较团头鲂幼鱼肝脏组织呈现肝细胞肿大、混浊变性、细胞核溶解、肝细胞空泡化现象,因此实际生产中应密切关注养殖水体水温变化以减少温度应激导致的组织损伤。     

盐穗木钾转运蛋白基因HcKUP12的克隆及在盐胁迫下的表达分析

利用RACE技术从盐生植物盐穗木(Halostachys caspica)中克隆获得了一个钾离子转运体基因,经BLAST同源比对发现该基因与拟南芥钾离子转运蛋白At KUP12基因最为相似,命名为Hc KUP12。Hc KUP12基因c DNA全长为2953 bp,含有2544 bp的阅读框、262 bp的5'-UTR和147 bp的3'-UTR,编码847个氨基酸,分子质量为93.31 k D,理论等电点为7.19。利用实时荧光定量RT-PCR分析了Hc KUP12基因在600 mmol/L Na Cl处理下胁迫24 h的表达模式,结果显示该基因在盐胁迫下表达量显著增加,至处理24 h时达到最高(为对照的225倍),初步推测其可能是与盐穗木耐盐相关的一个候选基因。     

东亚三角涡虫DjPLCβ4基因克隆及在胚胎发育中的组织特异性表达

磷脂酶C的β亚型(PLCβ)在突触传递和可塑性的调节中发挥着重要作用。东亚三角涡虫Dugesia japonica作为首次出现三胚层的两侧对称动物,是研究发育和进化的重要模式生物。为了研究DjPLCβ4基因在东亚三角涡虫胚胎发育不同阶段的表达,通过RT-PCR和RACE技术克隆并验证了DjPLCβ4 cDNA的功能与表达图谱。结果显示,DjPLCβ4基因全长3 245 bp,编码969个氨基酸。系统进化树显示,东亚三角涡虫与其他物种的PLCβ4亚型聚群,并位于两侧对称动物的基部,可能是PLCβ4的原始类型。通过整体原位杂交技术研究DjPLCβ4基因在胚胎中的时空表达,DjPLCβ4基因最开始表达于胚胎发育的第3阶段,阳性信号主要位于胚胎咽及胚带;随着发育,胚胎孵化出幼虫,DjPLCβ4基因主要表达于神经原基和中枢神经系统。综上所述,东亚三角涡虫DjPLCβ4基因参与胚胎神经原基的形成和分化。     

马氏珠母贝Caspase-3基因克隆和组织表达分析

半胱氨酸蛋白酶3 (Caspase-3)作为细胞凋亡通路中重要的效应蛋白,在细胞凋亡过程中发挥着重要作用.为初步探究马氏珠母贝Caspase-3(PmCaspase-3)的生物学功能,本研究利用cDNA末端快速扩增(RACE)技术克隆获得PmCaspase-3基因cDNA的全长序列并对其序列特征进行分析;同时利用实时荧光定量PCR (RT-qPCR)方法分析了PmCaspase-3基因mRNA在马氏珠母贝不同组织和不同发育时期的表达差异.结果 显示,PmCaspase-3基因cDNA全长为2233 bp,其中5'端非编码区长度为80 bp,3'端非编码长度为31 bp,开放阅读框长度为2088 bp,共编码695个氨基酸;生物信息学分析显示,PmCaspase-3含有Caspase家族特有的CASc结构域和半胱氨酸蛋白酶家族p20、p10活性位点以及多种磷酸化位点,经进化分析以及多序列比对可知与其他物种Caspase-3蛋白同源性较高.RT-qPCR结果表明,PmCaspase-3在肝胰腺中的表达量最高,在闭壳肌中的表达量最低;在发育过程中D型幼虫期和眼点期的表达量较高.     

Characterization and expression of <Emphasis Type="Italic">DjPreb</Emphasis> gene in the planarian <Emphasis Type="Italic">Dugesia japonica</Emphasis>

In this study, we report the expression and identification of a PREB-related gene from the planarian Dugesia japonica, DjPreb. The planarian DjPreb cDNA is comprised of 1101 bp and contains a 972 bp open reading frame corresponding to a deduced protein of 323 amino acids with a 69 bp 5’-UTR and a 60 bp 3’-UTR. Phylogenetic analysis shows that DjPreb is PREB/PREB-like members. We examined its spatial and temporal expression and distribution in both intact and regenerating planarians by Relative quantitative real-time PCR and Whole-mount in situ hybridization. The analysis indicates that DjPreb shows a gradient express with peak levels present in the anterior and posterior regions and progressively lower levels in central regions in intact and regenerating planarians. During regeneration the expression of DjPreb is upregulated. Strong expression of DjPreb is observed in the anterior and posterior blastemas. These results suggest that DjPreb may participate in head and tail formation.     

银鲫apelin基因的克隆、组织表达谱和摄食关系的初步研究

apelin是一种参与哺乳动物和鱼类摄食调控的重要神经肽。为了更好地研究apelin在银鲫(Carassius auratus gibelio)上的摄食调控作用,本试验采用RACE技术首次获得了银鲫apelin的cDNA全长序列,并通过实时荧光定量PCR(RT-PCR)技术检测了apelin基因在各组织的表达情况以及餐前餐后和禁食对其表达量的影响。结果显示银鲫apelin全长cDNA序列长度为1082 bp,其中5’非编码区(5’-UTR)的长度为114 bp,3’非编码区(3’-UTR)的长度为734 bp,开放阅读框(open reading frame,ORF)的长度为234 bp。银鲫apelin基因的ORF区编码77个氨基酸,前22个氨基酸为信号肽。apelin基因在银鲫21个组织中普遍表达,特别是在下丘脑中表达量最高。在餐前餐后的试验中,银鲫下丘脑apelin基因在餐后表达量显著下降(p<0.05);在禁食试验中,禁食组下丘脑apelin基因的表达量在第5天显著升高(p<0.05),第7天极显著升高(p<0.01),复投喂后,apelin基因的表达量在第9天、第11天、第14天极显著降低(p<0.01)。综上所述,apelin基因可能是银鲫的诱食因子,在其摄食调控起到一定的作用。     

Reconstruction of dopaminergic neural network and locomotion function in planarian regenerates

Planarian, an invertebrate flatworm, has a high capacity for regeneration when compared with other worms and animals. We show here for the first time that the reconstructed dopamine (DA) neural network regulates locomotion and behavior in planarian regenerates. The gene encoding tyrosine hydroxylase in the planarian Dugesia japonica (DjTH) was identified. DjTH protein was coexpressed with aromatic amino acid decarboxylase-like A (DjAADCA) in the planarian central nervous system (CNS). In addition, DjTH-knockdown planarians lost the ability to synthesize DA, but showed no change in 5-hydroxytryptamine synthesis. When the planarian body was amputated, DjTH-positive neurons were regenerated in the brain newly rebuilt from the tail piece at Day 3, and the DjTH-positive axonal and dendritic neural network in the CNS (dopaminergic tiara) was reconstructed at Days 5-7. At that time, autonomic locomotion and methamphetamine-induced hyperkinesia were also suppressed in DjTH-knockdown planarians. Planarian locomotion and behavior seem to be regulated in both cilia- and muscle-dependent manners. In DjTH-knockdown planarians, muscle-mediated locomotion and behavior were significantly attenuated. These results suggest that DA neurons play a key role in the muscle-mediated movement in planarians.     

人粒细胞集落刺激因子（hG－CSF）cDNA3′－UTR对其表达的影响

利用人粒细胞集落刺激因子（ｈＧ－ＣＳＦ）ｃＤＮＡ３′端非翻译区（３′－ＵＴＲ）中存在的ＤｒａⅠ酶切位点,通过部分酶切与完全酶切,删除３′－ＵＴＲ不同长度,构建了四种ｈＧ－ＣＳＦｃＤＮＡ瞬时重组表达质粒。转染ＣＯＳ－７细胞后,生物活性测定结果提示,ｈＧ－ＣＳＦｃＤＮＡ３′－ＵＴＲ对其表达起负调控作用,其关键性序列位于紧接终止密码子ＴＧＡ下游的６５ｂｐ范围内,３′－ＵＴＲ对ｈＧ－ＣＳＦｃＤＮＡ表达的影响与转录水平的差别有一定关系。     

Paracrine control of tissue regeneration and cell proliferation by Caspase-3

Executioner caspases such as Caspase-3 and Caspase-7 have long been recognised as the key proteases involved in cell demolition during apoptosis. Caspase activation also modulates signal transduction inside cells, through activation or inactivation of kinases, phosphatases and other signalling molecules. Interestingly, a series of recent studies have demonstrated that caspase activation may also influence signal transduction and gene expression changes in neighbouring cells that themselves did not activate caspases. This review describes the physiological relevance of paracrine Caspase-3 signalling for developmental processes, tissue homeostasis and tissue regeneration, and discusses the role of soluble factors and microparticles in mediating these paracrine activities. While non-cell autonomous control of tissue regeneration by Caspase-3 may represent an important process for maintaining tissue homeostasis, it may limit the efficiency of current cancer therapy by promoting cell proliferation in those cancer cells resistant to radio- or chemotherapy. We discuss recent evidence in support of such a role for Caspase-3, and discuss its therapeutic implication.     

小麦甲基转移酶基因TaDnMT2的克隆及特性分析

依赖于DNA甲基化的基因表达调控在植物生长发育过程中发挥重要功能,而DNA甲基转移酶是调节DNA甲基化模式的功能蛋白之一。本研究采用RACE技术克隆了小麦甲基转移酶基因TaDnMT2的包含完整编码区的cDNA序列,并系统分析了该基因的结构特征及其在小麦生长发育过程中的表达特性。结果表明,TaDnMT2的cDNA序列为1321bp（GenBank登录号：JN642641）,其中5′-和3′-UTR（非翻译区）分别为84和115bp、ORF（开放阅读框）1122bp;TaDnMT2编码的氨基酸序列包含2个S-腺苷甲硫氨酸结合域（I和X）、甲基转移酶活性位点（IV）、靶胞嘧啶结合位点（VI）、中和DNA骨架负电荷域（VIII）和靶位点识别区（IX）6个高度保守域,属于DNA甲基转移酶家族的DnMT2亚类;三维结构预测显示,TaDnMT2蛋白可以形成包括7个β-折叠和4个α-螺旋的特定空间结构。表达特性分析的结果表明,TaDnMT2基因在‘京841’小麦不同发育时期的叶中表达量均较高,且其在三叶龄期和五叶龄期的表达量受春化处理的影响;在种子发育过程中,该基因在授粉后5d的种子中表达量较高,随着种子发育进程的推进其表达水平呈逐渐下降趋势;在不同发育时期的根系中,TaDnMT2基因均具有较高水平的表达,且在分蘖期根系中的表达量最高。推断TaDnMT2基因可能在小麦生长发育过程中发挥重要功能。     

Position-specific and non-colinear expression of the planarian posterior (Abdominal-B-like) gene

Hox genes are pivotal molecules in the control of morphogenesis along the anterior-posterior (AP) axis in various bilaterians. Planarians are key animals for understanding the evolution of the bilaterian body plan. Furthermore, they are also known for their strong regeneration ability and are thought to use the Hox genes in the process of reconstruction of the AP axis. In the present paper, the identification and analysis of expression of two posterior (Abdominal-B-like) genes, DjAbd-Ba and DjAbd-Bb, is reported in the planarian Dugesia japonica. DjAbd-Ba is expressed in the entire tail region and its anterior boundary is the posterior pharyngeal region. In contrast, DjAbd-Bb is expressed in several types of cells throughout the body. During regeneration, the expression of DjAbd-Ba rapidly recovers a pattern similar to that in the normal worm. These findings suggest the possibility that DjAbd-Ba is involved in the specification of the tail region. The anterior boundary of the expression domain of the posterior gene DjAbd-Ba is anterior to the domains of the central genes Plox4-Dj and Plox5-Dj. These expression patterns of planarian Hox genes seem out of the rule of spatial colinearity and may reflect an ancestral feature of bilaterian Hox genes.     

Identification and origin of the germline stem cells as revealed by the expression of nanos-related gene in planarians

The planarian's remarkable regenerative ability is thought to be supported by the stem cells (neoblasts) found throughout its body. Here we report the identification of a subpopulation of neoblasts, which was revealed by the expression of the nanos-related gene of the planarian Dugesia japonica, termed Djnos. Djnos-expressing cells in the asexual planarian were distributed to the prospective ovary or testes forming region in the sexual planarian. During sexualization, Djnos-expressing cells produce germ cells, suggesting that in the asexual state these cells were kept as germline stem cells for the oogonia and spermatogonia. Interestingly, the germline stem cells were indistinguishable from the neoblasts by morphology and X-ray sensitivity and did not seem to contribute to the regeneration at all. Germline stem cells initially appear in the growing infant planarian, suggesting that germline stem cells are separated from somatic stem cells in the planarian. Thus, planarian neoblasts can be classified into two groups; somatic stem cells for regeneration and tissue renewal, and germline stem cells for production of germ cells during sexualization. However, Djnos-positive cells appeared in the newly formed trunk region from the head piece, suggesting that somatic stem cells can convert to germline stem cells.