盐胁迫对‘鄞红’葡萄光合特性及叶片细胞结构的影响

采用水培法,研究了不同浓度(0%、0.2%、0.4%、0.6%、0.8%)Na Cl处理对1年生‘鄞红’葡萄幼苗生长、光合特性及叶片细胞结构的影响,为盐碱地‘鄞红’葡萄的栽培提供参考。结果表明:低浓度盐分(Na Cl≤0.4%)对葡萄生长、叶绿素含量、叶片细胞结构、气体交换参数以及叶绿素荧光参数影响不显著。随着盐浓度增大,葡萄生长受到抑制,叶片表皮层、栅栏组织、海绵组织变厚,海绵组织和栅栏组织细胞间隙变大,栅栏组织细胞叶绿体肿胀,内含淀粉粒和嗜锇颗粒变大且增多;同时,叶绿素含量、净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Gs)、胞间CO2浓度(Ci)、蒸腾速率(Tr)、PSⅡ最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)、PSⅡ潜在活性(Fv/Fo)、光化学电子传递效率(ETR)、光化学猝灭系数q P以及栅栏组织/海绵组织比逐渐下降,非光化学猝灭系数q N逐渐上升;尤其在0.8%Na Cl浓度胁迫下,葡萄生长、叶绿素含量、叶片细胞结构、气体交换参数以及叶绿素荧光参数均发生显著性变化。由此表明,‘鄞红’葡萄能在较低含盐量(Na Cl≤0.4%)的基质中正常生长。     

两种绣线菊耐弱光能力的光合适应性

研究彩色叶花灌木金山绣线菊(Spiraea bunmalba‘Goldmound’)、金焰绣线菊(Spiraea bunmalba‘Goldflame’)对弱光胁迫的光合适应能力,分析其弱光处理及恢复过程中光合特性的变化,探讨其对弱光环境的光合生理适应性变化,为绣线菊在城市园林不同光照环境中得到科学应用提供参考.2种绣线菊具明显光合日变化规律,光强为自然光照60％-65％、40％-45％时光合速率日变化为双峰型曲线,第1峰值高于第2峰值,有明显光合“午休”现象,光强为自然光照20％-25％时光合速率日变化为单峰型曲线,无明显光合“午休”现象;2种绣线菊最大净光合速率、光补偿点、光饱和点、最大表观量子效率和暗呼吸速率随处理光强减弱而减小;叶绿素(a+b)、类胡萝卜素含量随处理光强减弱而增加,叶绿素a/b值随处理光强减弱而降低;随处理光强减弱2种绣线菊叶片变薄,上、下表皮细胞变小,栅栏组织、海绵组织厚度变薄,海绵组织细胞间隙变大,2者比值减小;2种绣线菊弱光胁迫均产生低分子量(45.0-66.2 kDa)特异表达蛋白,推测为弱光胁迫诱导蛋白.2种绣线菊经60％-65％、40％-45％弱光处理后具一定恢复能力,光强仅为自然光照20％-25％处理时其恢复能力较弱.栅栏组织与海绵组织厚度比值、叶绿素a/b值和最大净光合速率是评价2种绣线菊耐弱光能力的重要指标,叶绿素a/b值与耐弱光能力显著负相关,栅栏组织与海绵组织厚度比值、最大净光合速率与耐弱光能力显著正相关,2种绣线菊耐弱光能力按隶属函数值排序为金焰绣线菊＞金山绣线菊.     

水稻OsCatB敲除突变体的构建及耐逆性初步分析

水稻过氧化氢酶B (catalase B, CatB)主要在非光合组织、愈伤组织、根和种子中表达,参与调控活性氧动态水平的平衡和根系的生长。目前, CatB参与非生物胁迫响应的功能在很大程度上是未知的。本研究利用基因编辑技术CRISPR/Cas9获得OsCatB基因敲除的纯合突变体catb,并分析了catb在盐、高温和氧化等胁迫处理下的生理和生化表型。研究结果发现,在盐处理下,突变体catb的生理和生化表型与野生型植株无显著差异;在热胁迫下, catb的过氧化氢酶活性和存活率与野生型植株相比显著降低,而H2O2含量显著升高;在氧化胁迫下, catb的幼苗高度低于野生型。这些结果说明,水稻CatB参与盐胁迫响应的调控不明显,而主要参与了高温和氧化胁迫响应,并正调控水稻的高温和氧化胁迫耐受性。该研究为进一步探究Os CatB参与逆境响应的分子机制和培育抗逆水稻品种提供了一定的理论指导和遗传材料。     

转二色补血草LbDREB基因烟草耐盐胁迫能力分析

用盐胁迫处理转二色补血草DREB基因（LbDREB）的T_2代烟草和野生型烟草,测定各转基因及野生型烟草的多项与植物抗逆相关的生理指标以及抗逆相关基因的表达水平,结果显示过表达二色补血草LbDREB基因能提高盐胁迫下SOD活性和K~＋/Na~＋,减少MDA含量,并且还能调节抗逆相关的过氧化物酶基因（PODs）和脂质转移蛋白基因（LTD）的表达。表明LbDREB基因能增强植物的抗逆能力。     

外源硫化氢对冷胁迫下白菜幼苗生长和光合作用的影响

硫化氢(H2S)是调节植物生长发育和响应胁迫的重要气体信号分子,为了增加对白菜(Brassica rapavar.pekinensis)应答冷胁迫生理机制的理解,该研究分析了4℃冷胁迫条件下外源H2S(5μmol·L-1硫氢化钠水溶液熏蒸24h)预处理对白菜幼苗生长、光合作用以及相关基因表达水平的影响。结果发现:(1)冷胁迫诱导后白菜内源H2S主要生成酶编码基因LCD、DCD、DES的表达水平极显著上调,并伴随H2S产率的显著增加,暗示二者之间存在着潜在紧密联系。(2)在冷胁迫条件下,外源H2S预处理的白菜幼苗地上部分高度、叶宽和相对含水量等指标均比对照表现出明显优势;其体内脯氨酸、可溶性糖以及光合色素含量大幅升高,光合速率显著提升,光合作用中部分捕光蛋白、铁氧还蛋白和硫氧还蛋白编码基因表达量同时显著上调。研究表明,生理浓度H2S预处理可通过诱导上调白菜幼苗光合作用的相关基因表达量和提升净光合速率,提高其光合作用强度,促进渗透调节物质积累,有效缓解冷胁迫对其造成的损伤,维持冷胁迫下白菜幼苗的生长。     

萱草响应非生物胁迫的研究进展

萱草是萱草属(Hemerocallis)多年生宿根花卉,被誉为中华母亲花,具有重要的观赏和药用价值。非生物胁迫导致光合效率降低,渗透调节物质浓度改变,活性氧(ROS)含量上升,膜系统持续受损,诱导AP2/ERF (APETALA2/ethylene-responsive element binding factors)、WRKY等家族基因的表达。该文综述了干旱、涝渍、盐碱、极端温度和重金属胁迫非生物胁迫因子对萱草形态学、生理生化及分子水平的影响,统计了各胁迫下的萱草抗性品种资源,认为地域与胁迫对萱草药用成分代谢变化的影响、抗逆相关基因调控网络与多种胁迫复合分子育种为未来的重点研究方向,为萱草资源开发利用与抗逆品种育种提供理论参考。     

低温胁迫下玉米幼苗根系受外源海藻糖调控的生理表现

为了探究海藻糖对增强玉米幼苗抗低温能力的生理表现,以玉米"先玉335"为试验材料,采用盆栽试验,分析12 mmol·L-1外源海藻糖对低温胁迫不同时间(0、2、4、6和8d)下玉米幼苗根系生物量、抗氧化酶活性及渗透调节物质的影响。结果表明:低温胁迫显著抑制玉米幼苗根系生长及干物质累积,诱导抗氧化酶活性增加,破坏细胞渗透调节水平;低温胁迫后应用外源海藻糖,玉米幼苗根系根表面积、根长及鲜干重显著增加,根系内SOD、POD和CAT活性呈现先升高后降低趋势,MDA含量及相对电导率在玉米幼苗根系内显著降低,脯氨酸、可溶性蛋白、可溶性糖含量也呈现先升高后降低趋势;在低温胁迫第6天时,T+L处理的根系根表面积、根长及鲜干重分别较CK+L增加了18.25%、4.73%、2.48%和21.43%;T+L处理后根系内SOD、POD和CAT活性分别较CK+L处理提升17.26%、23.79%和30.78%;T+L处理后根系内MDA含量和相对电导率值分别较CK+L处理降低45.13%和63.25%;T+L处理后的脯氨酸、可溶性蛋白和可溶性糖含量在低温胁迫第6天时最高,与CK+L处理相比差异显著,且分别较CK+L高出2.93、0.51和2.58倍。可见,海藻糖能够调控低温胁迫下玉米幼苗根系生理水平,提高玉米幼苗抗逆能力,促进玉米根系生长及生物量增加,海藻糖对作物生长的生理调控能力与低温存在协同作用,在低温环境下,海藻糖对作物体内抗氧化系统酶活表达及渗透物质的积累有显著提升效果。     

昆虫病原线虫对非生物胁迫的响应机制

昆虫病原线虫是农林害虫生物防治中重要的生防因子之一。它对非生物胁迫的耐受能力决定着线虫在田间的个体生存及控制害虫效果。线虫对环境胁迫的响应是一个整体性的复杂过程, 体现在群体遗传、发育阶段、生理生化和抗逆相关基因的表达调控等不同层次、不同水平上。本文综述了昆虫病原线虫抗逆相关领域的主要研究进展, 重点介绍线虫响应非生物胁迫的生理生化机制和相关抗性基因的分离鉴定, 并对该研究领域发展趋势进行了讨论和展望, 期望为我国研究线虫抗逆机理提供一些新的信息。     

甲基紫精胁迫下转TheIF1A基因烟草的活性氧代谢

真核翻译起始因子e IF1家族基因具有一定的抗逆调节能力。前期研究表明柽柳The IF1A基因能提高转基因植物的抗旱耐盐胁迫能力。本研究旨在对该基因的抗氧化能力进行分析,探讨The IF1A基因是否具有抗氧化能力。组织化学染色结果显示,甲基紫精胁迫下转The IF1A基因烟草叶片、保卫细胞、根尖积累的活性氧明显少于野生型烟草(WT),H2O2含量测定结果也表明转基因株系的H_2O_2含量显著低于非转基因株系。此外,甲基紫精胁迫下转The IF1A基因烟草的CAT活性、POD活性显著高于WT株系,表明过表达The IF1A可能通过提高保护酶活性来调节体内活性氧清除能力进而改善植株活性氧积累,提高抗氧化能力。     

干旱胁迫下景天植物光合作用与超微弱发光的关系

该试验以德景天幼苗为试材,设计PEG、PEG+H_2O_2、PEG+苯甲酸钠、蒸馏水(CK)4个处理,分析20%PEG模拟干旱胁迫、以及活性氧调控干旱胁迫下超微弱发光(UWL)和光合作用参数的变化特征及其两者的关系,为揭示UWL的产生及其来源提供理论依据。结果表明:(1)在PEG模拟干旱胁迫过程中,CK和PEG处理的德景天叶片的净光合速率(Pn)、蒸腾速率(Tr)、胞间二氧化碳浓度(Ci)、气孔导度(Gs)和叶绿素a(Chla)、叶绿素b(Chlb)、叶绿素总量(Chl)以及UWL强度均随处理时间呈下降趋势,但PEG处理的以上所有指标的下降较CK更快、降幅更大。(2)H_2O_2和苯甲酸钠调控PEG干旱胁迫过程中,PEG+H_2O_2、PEG+苯甲酸钠处理的Pn、Tr、Gs、Ci、Chla、Chlb、Chl以及UWL强度的变化趋势与PEG处理基本一致,均随处理时间呈下降趋势,但PEG+H_2O_2处理的上述光合指标和UWL强度均低于PEG处理,PEG+苯甲酸钠处理的光合指标和UWL强度却均高于PEG处理。说明苯甲酸钠处理具有缓解干旱胁迫并提高UWL强度的作用。(3)相关分析显示,干旱胁迫及活性氧调控干旱胁迫下UWL强度均与各光合指标呈显著正相关关系。研究发现,在干旱胁迫和活性氧调控干旱胁迫下德景天光合作用参数较CK均明显下降,UWL强度也随之明显降低;德景天叶片UWL强度随着光合作用效率的下降而降低,说明植物UWL的产生与其光合作用的强弱显著相关,植物UWL强度能够反映植物受到的逆境胁迫的程度。     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility

正Dear Editor,In December 2019, a novel human coronavirus caused an epidemic of severe pneumonia(Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, China(Wu et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020). So far, this virus has spread to all areas of China and even to other countries. The epidemic has caused 67,102 confirmed infections with 1526 fatal cases     

Comparative morphology of the carpel in the Liliaceae: Hewardieae, Petrosavieae, and Tricyrteae

The young pistils in the melanthioid tribes, Hewardieae, Petrosavieae and Tricyrteae, are uniformly tricarpellate and syncarpous. They lack raphide idioblasts. All are multiovulate, with bitegmic ovules. The Petrosavieae are marked by the presence of septal glands and incomplete syncarpy. Tepals and stamens adhere to the ovary in the Hewardieae and the Petrosavieae but not in the Tricyrteae. Two vascular bundles occur in the stamens of the Hewartlieae and Tricyrtis latifolia. Ventral bundles in the upper part of the ovary of the Hewardieae are continuous with compound septal bundles and placental bundles in the lower part. Putative ventral bundles occur in the alternate position in the Tricyrteae and putative placental bundles in the opposite. position in the Petrosavieae. The dichtomously branched stigma in each carpel of the Tricyrteae is supplied by a bifurcated dorsal bundle.     

Entwicklungsgeschichte und Ultrastruktur von Pollenkitt und Exine bei nahe verwandten entomophilen und anemophilen Angiospermensippen derAlismataceae,Liliaceae, Juncaceae,Cyperaceae, Poaceae undAraceae

Some closely related members of the monocotyledonous familiesAlismataceae, Liliaceae, Juncaceae, Cyperaceae, Poaceae andAraceae with variable modes of pollination (insect- and wind-pollination) were studied in relation to the ultrastructure of pollenkitt and exine (amount, consistency and distribution of pollenkitt on the surface of pollen grains). The character syndromes of pollen cementing in entomophilous, anemophilous and intermediate (ambophilous or amphiphilous) monocotyledons are the same in principal as in dicotyledons. Comparing present with former results one can summarize: 1) The pollenkitt is always produced in the same manner by the anther tapetum in all angiosperm sub-classes. 2) The variable stickiness of entomophilous and anemophilous pollen always depends on the particular distribution and consistency of the pollenkitt, but not its amount on the pollen surface. 3) The mostly dry and powdery pollen of anemophilous plants always contains a variable amount of inactive pollenkitt in its exine cavities. 4) A step-by step change of the pollen cementing syndrome can be observed from entomophily towards anemophily. 5) From the omnipresence of pollenkitt in all wind-pollinated angiosperms studied one can conclude that the ancestors of anemophilous angiosperms probably have been zoophilous (i.e. entomophilous) throughout.

     

Identification and Characterization of the First Equine Parainfluenza Virus 5

正Dear Editor,Parainfluenza virus 5 (PIV5), known as canine parainfluenza virus in the veterinary field, is a negative-sense,nonsegmented, single-stranded RNA virus belonging to the Paramyxoviridae family (Chen 2018). The virus was first reported in primary monkey kidney cells in 1954 (Hsiung1972), then it has been frequently discovered in various     

Pathogenic Characterization and Full Length Genome Sequence of a Reassortant Infectious Bursal Disease Virus Newly Isolated in Pakistan

<正>Dear Editor,Infectious bursal disease (IBD) is one of the most important diseases of the poultry. The IBD virus (IBDV), a nonenveloped virus belonging to the Birnaviridae family with a genome consisting of two segments of double-stranded RNA (segments A and B), targets B lymphocytes of bursa of Fabricious leading to immunosuppression. In Pakistan,poultry farming is the second biggest industry and IBD is the second biggest disease threating the poultry sector.However, there is limited genome information of IBDV