小麦黄色素合成途径中Psy 基因的克隆及分子特性小麦黄色素合成途径中Psy 基因的克隆及分子特性

对普通小麦( Ttiticum aestivum) 黄色素(YP) 合成途径中的首要限速酶———八氢番茄红素合成酶(Psy) 基因进行克隆和测序, 并和玉米Psy 基因进行序列比对。结果表明, 在高和低YP 含量小麦品种中均扩增出一条长1 192 bp 的Psy 基因片段, 该片段包含一条可编码78 个氨基酸的小麦Psy 基因的外显子, 与玉米Psy 基因第4 外显子的核苷酸序列同源率为80 . 74% , 同源区域内有47 个SNPs , 但仅11 个SNPs 导致氨基酸编码序列的改变, 二者氨基酸序列的同源率达85 . 89% , 推测Psy 基因在不同物种中的表达具有较高的保守性。BLAST 聚类分析表明, 禾谷类植物Psy 基因的分类与物种的亲缘关系存在明显的相关性,小麦Psy 基因在系统进化中比禾谷类其他植物更为高级。     

荠菜LEAFY同源基因的克隆与进化分析

LEAFY同源基因是高等植物花的分生组织分化的重要调节基因。根据已发表的LEAFY同源基因序列保守区设计引物,以荠菜(Capsellabursa-pastoris(L.)Medic.)基因组DNA序列为模板,克隆了一条长2866bp的LEAFY同源基因。序列分析表明,该基因含有3个外显子和2个内含子,外显子编码424个氨基酸组成的多肽。其单个外显子核苷酸序列与拟南芥(Arabidopsisthaliana)LEAFY基因同源性在90%以上,氨基酸序列同源性为86%,而与琴叶拟南芥(Ara-bidopsislyrata)的氨基酸序列同源性高达90%。不同植物物种的LEAFY同源氨基酸序列在C端高度保守,而N端则有较大程度的变异。3个外显子进化速率不同可能是由于所受选择压力不同所致。存在于荠菜CapLFY基因346位上的精氨酸突变可能是造成荠菜两种生态型花期不同的原因。     

蒙古冰草Actin基因片段的克隆及序列分析

旨在利用同源序列法分离蒙古冰草(Agropyron mongolicum Keng)Actin基因同源片段,为研究其他基因在蒙古冰草中的表达和调控提供内标参照.根据禾本科植物小麦Actin基因(AB181991)的保守序列设计2对引物A4和A5,采用RT-PCR扩增蒙古冰草的Actin基因片段,分别得到656 bp和848 bp的片段,使用DNAman和DNAuser等分子生物学软件进行序列分析,将2个片段的重复序列合并后获得一段长度为962 bp的基因片段,编码237个氨基酸,将克隆的Actin基因片段命名为MwACT.该序列与其它植物Actin基因核苷酸序列的同源性均在80%以上,其中与小麦、大麦的同源性达到94%;与氨基酸序列的同源性均在90%以上.     

小麦NBS-LRR类抗病基因同源序列的分离与鉴定

根据已知植物抗病基因的保守区域设计引物,从抗锈病小麦品种西农88基因组DNA扩增出3条与植物抗病基因同源的序列,分别为WRGA1、WRGA2和WRGA14。这三条同源片段均含有典型的NBS-LRR类抗病基因所拥有的保守性结构域Kinase-2a、Kinase-3a和疏水结构域(HD)．它们与部分已知NBS-LRR类抗病基因的氨基酸序列同源性为46．0%-9．9%,三个片段间在氨基酸水平上的同源性为80．7%-56．8%。Northern杂交表明WRGA1在小麦中受水杨酸正调控,属诱导型表达。     

小麦面粉黄色素相关基因研究

小麦八氢番茄红素合成酶(PSY)基因和脂肪氧化酶(LOx)基因可能影响面粉黄色素含量。根据玉米P5y 基因序列设计引物,扩增出小麦PSY基因的部分片段,序列比较表明小麦和玉米PSY基因外显子DNA序列长度一致,但存在单核苷酸多态性(SNP)位点,序列一致性为90％;蛋白质氨基酸序列比较发现其序列一致性为97％, 说明一些SNP并未导致氨基酸的改变,该基因在玉米和小麦中应具有类似的功能活性。利用非整倍体材料将小麦 PSY基因初步定位到1D染色体。用同样方法,发现小麦的LOX基因与大麦、水稻、玉米的L0X基因具有很高的一致性,并将其初步定位到4BS染色体。     

杧果LEAFY同源基因的分离及序列分析

分析在植物开花过程中起重要作用的LEAFY(LFY)基因的保守区序列,设计1对长度均为23bp的PCR引物,以杧果基因组DNA为模板,采用PCR方法扩增出长为822bp的DNA片段,克隆入pGEM-T Easy载体。测序和序列分析表明,获得了杧果LFY同源基因(miLFY)3’端的1个片段,该片段有1个415bp的内含子,编码区共编码135个氨基酸,其序列已经在GenBank中登记(登录号AY189684)。在GenBank中进行同源性检索,发现其氨基酸序列与其它植物LFY同源基因的氨基酸序列同源性高达74%~97%,推测它们具有相似的功能。     

带芒草属低分子量谷蛋白基因的克隆及序列分析

在普通小麦中获得了大量的低分子量谷蛋白基因序列, 而在小麦近缘属物种中获得的同源基因则比较少, 导致对麦类低分子量谷蛋白基因家族成员间的关系还不清楚。因此, 进行近缘属物种低分子量谷蛋白基因的研究是非常必要的。此研究通过特殊设计的1对引物, 以小麦近缘属带芒草物种的基因组DNA为模板, 经过PCR和克隆, 从中得到了一条核苷酸序列长度为1 035 bp, 推测的氨基酸序列为343个氨基酸残基的低分子量谷蛋白基因, 该基因序列具有小麦低分子量谷蛋白基因的典型特征, 包括21个氨基酸残基的信号肽、13个氨基酸的N-端和由可重复的短肽单元组成的重复区以及1个C末端。序列比对结果揭示了来自带芒草的低分子量谷蛋白基因与小麦同源基因的差异及相互关系。此研究结果对从带芒草属以及其他小麦近缘属物种中分离未知低分子量谷蛋白基因有参考价值和借鉴意义。     

箭筈豌豆两个肌动蛋白基因片段的克隆及序列分析

通过同源克隆获得了箭筈豌豆两个不同的Actin基因片段,为研究该箭筈豌豆其它基因的表达状况提供了内标参照。根据近缘物种Actin基因序列设计一对引物,通过RT-PCR技术分别从叶片和果实材料中克隆获得了两条不同的Actin基因片段。生物信息学分析表明,叶片中克隆的片段长度604 bp,编码201个氨基酸;果实中克隆的片段长度677 bp,编码225个氨基酸。两条序列与其它物种Actin基因的碱基序列相似度高于80%,氨基酸序列相似度高于93%。将来自叶片和果实的两条序列分别命名为VsACT7和VsACT11,并在GenBank注册,登录号分别为HM004434和GU946218。     

中国小麦微核心种质资源Psy基因的等位变异

根据已发表的麦族植物体Psy基因序列的保守区设计引物PsyO2,克隆小麦Psy基因（片段）。结果表明,PsyO2引物的扩增产物出现2种带型：196bp和233bp,序列分析表明两条特异条带涵盖了小麦Psy基因第2外显子全部序列,相差的37bp为Psy基因第2内含子中的一段插入序列,可反映不同黄色素含量（YPC）,属小麦风,,基因的等位变异。验证试验表明,248份小麦微核心种质中有153份材料（占样品数的65．7％）扩增出196bp条带,群体内YPC均值7．314mg kg^-1,属高YPC范畴;另有95份材料（占样品总数的38．3％）扩增出233bp条带,群体内YPE均值为5．207mg kg^-1,属低YPC范畴,方差分析表明二者YPC差异达1％极显著水平差异,说明上述37bp的插入序列是导致小麦品种间YPC产生差异的原因之一,因此该引物扩增的Psy基因对小麦YPC具有显著影响,引物PsyO2是对小麦YPC进行分子鉴定的重要标记。     

小麦NBS类抗病基因同源cDNA序列的克隆与特征分析

根据已克隆植物抗病(R)基因NBS保守结构域设计简并引物,采用RT-PCR和cDNA末端快速扩增技术(RACE),在小麦抗叶锈病近等基因系材料TcLr19中进行抗病同源基因cDNA全长的扩增。获得了1个通读的NBS类抗病同源基因S11A11cDNA序列,该序列全长2923bp,编码878个氨基酸序列。生物信息学分析结果表明,该片段含有NB-ARC保守结构域和多个LRR结构域。聚类分析表明,S11A11编码的蛋白与小麦抗叶锈病基因Lr1编码的蛋白亲缘关系较近,而与Lr10亲缘关系较远。半定量RT-PCR分析表明,该基因在小麦叶片中为低丰度组成型表达。本研究在TcLr19小麦中成功获得了抗病基因同源序列,为最终克隆小麦抗叶锈病目的基因奠定了基础。     

The wheat cytochrome oxidase subunit II gene has an intron insert and three radical amino acid changes relative to maize

We have determined the sequence of the wheat mitochondrial gene for cytochrome oxidase subunit II (COII) and find that its derived protein sequence differs from that of maize at only three amino acid positions. Unexpectedly, all three replacements are non-conservative ones. The wheat COII gene has a highly-conserved intron at the same position as in maize, but the wheat intron is 1.5 times longer because of an insert relative to its maize counterpart. Hybridization analysis of mitochondrial DNA from rye, pea, broad bean and cucumber indicates strong sequence conservation of COII coding sequences among all these higher plants. However, only rye and maize mitochondrial DNA show homology with wheat COII intron sequences and rye alone with intron-insert sequences. We find that a sequence identical to the region of the 5' exon corresponding to the transmembrane domain of the COII protein is present at a second genomic location in wheat mitochondria. These variations in COII gene structure and size, as well as the presence of repeated COII sequences, illustrate at the DNA sequence level, factors which contribute to higher plant mitochondrial DNA diversity and complexity.     

A Fragment of the rpoC2 Chloroplast RNA Polymerase Gene in Perennial and Annual Rye

A 1397-bp fragment corresponding to the rpoC2 chloroplast RNA polymerase gene was obtained by direct rye DNA amplification. Two rye species, Secale montanum Guss. and S. cereale L., did not practically differ in the structure of this DNA fragment (the nucleotide sequences were 99% identical). The corresponding nucleotide sequences in rye and wheat (Triticum aestivum L., Genbank accession no. AB027572) were 97–98% similar. The extent of the homology of various stretches of the rpoC2 rye gene with the corresponding sequences in maize and rice was 81–95%, whereas the deduced amino acid sequences of rpoC2 in rye, wheat, maize, and rice were considerably identical (96–97% of homology). The rye fragment of the rpoC2 gene differed from the corresponding sequences in three other grass species primarily by a short (49 bp) insert into the region of numerous short repeats corresponding to nucleotides 15750/15751, 28728/28729, and 27472/27473 in wheat, maize, and rice, respectively.     

Molecular analysis of a 21.1-kb fragment of wheat chloroplast DNA bearing RNA polymerase subunit (rpo) genes.

The entire nucleotide sequence of a 21.1-kb fragment of wheat chloroplast (ct) DNA was determined. This fragment carries 18 intact genes and parts of two additional genes, including the three RNA polymerase genes rpoB, rpoC1, and rpoC2. The gene arrangement of this region is conserved in wheat, rice, and maize, but not in non-grass species. Comparison of these 20 genes in wheat, rice, and maize showed that tRNA genes evolved more slowly than protein-coding genes in the chloroplast genome. Intergenic regions evolved much faster than both types of genes. Although the 19 genes of wheat, except for orf42, showed high identity to those of other plants, there were three novel structural features in the wheat rpoC2 gene; a deletion of 81 bp in the middle region, a variable insertion (408 bp), and a nonsense mutation in the 3' terminal region, resulting in truncation of a sequence of ca. 10 amino acids. An intermolecular recombination between the stretches of CTTAT and CTTTT was suggested as the mechanism of the 81-bp deletion in the wheat rpoC2 gene. Evolutionary distance between the chloroplast genomes of wheat and maize was larger than those between wheat and rice and between rice and maize.     

西双版纳黄瓜Cs-Psy1基因的序列特征与表达分析

西双版纳黄瓜是我国特有的果肉橙黄色的黄瓜变种资源,不同种质间的β-胡萝卜素含量差异明显。PSY是胡萝卜素生物合成途径中的第1个限速酶。本文以西双版纳黄瓜为试材,分别克隆西双版纳黄瓜八氢番茄红素合成酶(Cs-PSY1)的DNA和c DNA序列,结果显示,DNA长2797 bp,包含5个内含子和6个外显子,c DNA序列长1385 bp,编码421个氨基酸。Psy1推测的氨基酸序列包含该家族的2个特征序列,保守性很高。该蛋白为不稳定蛋白,无明显疏水区,未预测到跨膜结构;系统进化分析结果显示,西双版纳黄瓜的Cs-PSY1蛋白与甜瓜的同源性较高;与栽培黄瓜深度测序材料"9930"和"GY14"的序列进行比较分析,结合115份黄瓜重测序结果,共发现5个SNP,其中2个位于起始密码子上游27 bp处和971 bp处,3个位于内含子区域。其中SNP4在重测序的19份西双版纳黄瓜中的突变率为100%,在96份栽培黄瓜中的特异性为5.3%。转录因子结合位点预测结果显示,在普通栽培黄瓜该位点处存在一个CTAG motif,在西双版纳黄瓜中该位点突变后则不存在该motif。利用实时荧光定量PCR技术分析Cs-Psy1的表达量变化趋势,结果表明,在黄瓜不同果实发育时期,该基因的表达量均呈现先上升后下降的趋势,在西双版纳黄瓜中表达量变化的差异明显,在授粉后50 d达到最大值,是果实发育初期表达量的8倍多,是同时期普通黄瓜的4倍多,而普通黄瓜表达量的总体变化相对平缓。西双版纳黄瓜果实内果皮的表达水平明显高于中果皮,最高相差约5倍,普通黄瓜差异不明显。从上述研究结果推测Psy1基因可能影响西双版纳黄瓜的β-胡萝卜素积累。     

Characterization of phytoene synthase 1 gene (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Psy1</Emphasis>) located on common wheat chromosome 7A and development of a functional marker

Phytoene synthase (Psy), a critical enzyme in the carotenoid biosynthetic pathway, demonstrated high association with the yellow pigment (YP) content in wheat grain. Characterization of Psy genes and the development of functional markers for them are of importance for marker-assisted selection in wheat breeding. In this study, the full-length genomic DNA sequence of a Psy gene (Psy-A1) located on chromosome 7A, was characterized by in silico cloning and experimental validation. The cloned Psy-A1 comprises six exons and five introns, 4,175 bp in total, and an ORF of 1,284 bp. A co-dominant marker, YP7A, was developed based on polymorphisms of two haplotypes of Psy-A1, yielding 194 and 231-bp fragments in cultivars with high and low YP content, respectively. The marker YP7A was mapped on chromosome 7AL using an RIL population from cross PH82-2/Neixing 188, and a set of Chinese Spring nullisomic–tetrasomic lines and ditelosomic line 7AS. Psy-A1, co-segregating with the STS marker YP7A, was linked to SSR marker Xwmc809 on chromosome 7AL with a genetic distance of 5.8 cM, and explained 20–28% of the phenotypic variance for YP content across three environments. A total of 217 Chinese wheat cultivars and advanced lines were used to validate the association between the polymorphic band pattern and grain YP content. The results showed that the functional marker YP7A was closely related to grain YP content and, therefore, could be used in wheat breeding programs targeting of YP content for various wheat-based products. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

杨树叶绿体3′rps12基因,rps7基因和ndhB基因片段的克隆及序列分析

通过烟草叶绿体相关序列设计引物 ,从杨树的叶绿体基因组中克隆出 2个相邻的DNA片段 .经分析发现 ,这 2个DNA片段包含核糖体蛋白 3′rps12、rps7基因和NADH脱氢酶第二亚基ndhB基因片段 .利用DNAMAN等软件 ,将扩增到的杨树叶绿体DNA片段与烟草、拟南芥、玉米和黑松的相关序列进行比较 ,证实所扩增的片段具有较高的保守性 ,尤其是在这 3个基因的编码区 ,同源性均在 90 %以上 .插入或缺失常发生在基因间隔区 ,同源性在 80 %左右 ;对其编码区所推导的氨基酸序列进行了比较 ,同源性均在 92 %以上 .首次克隆了杨树叶绿体的部分DNA序列 ,详细报道并分析了杨树 3′rps12、rps7基因和ndhB基因片段及其边界序列信息 .所报告的基因序列均已登录GenBank .