低能离子对番茄果皮刻蚀与穿透作用的研究

测量了５０μｍ厚的干燥番茄果皮的α粒子透射能谱,表明其具有疏松的结构,仅等效于约１６μｍ厚的致密物质（如Ｍｙｌａｒ膜）。经１×１０１７离子／ｃｍ２的３０ｋｅＶＮ＋离子辐照后,番茄果皮的透射能谱中出现了完全自由通过的α粒子。研究了低能离子辐照等效生物材料丙氨酸的质量损失和Ｍｙｌａｒ膜的α粒子透射能谱,并结合理论分析揭示了低能离子能够通过多种作用方式刻蚀生物样品。也就是说低能离子辐照使得疏松的作物组织出现渐深的完全畅通的孔道,使后续的部分离子能够达到更深的组织中去,造成独特的低能离子辐照生物效应。     

低能离子束辐照植物样品质量损失研究

采用50 keV的N+对100 滋m厚的芸豆切片和75 滋m厚的Mylar(聚乙烯对苯二酸酯)高分子膜辐照,辐照剂量从1×1015 ions/cm2到1×1017 ions/cm2。利用高灵敏度的天平测量样品辐照前后的质量,得到了辐照后样品的质量变化。结果表明,当离子剂量大于3×1016 ions/cm2时,切片样品的质量明显减少,并且质量损失随辐照剂量增加而增加;但Mylar膜样品在辐照剂量达到7×1016 ions/cm2时仍没有测量出明显的质量变化。由测量的质量损失计算出50 keV的N离子轰击切片样品时溅射产额约为560 atoms/ion。结合植物样品的结构和分子组成特性对这种辐照引起的高溅射产额现象作了分析。     

低能离子辐照苏氨酸的初步研究

本文报告了３０Ｋｅｖ低能氮离子辐照苏氨酸不同剂量下氨基残余率的变化,提出了定量解释离子注入苏氨酸的剂量效应关系的数学表达式。提出用辐射质量沉积产额定量描述低能离子辐照质量沉积的生物效应。将此概念应用到低能离子辐照苏氨酸的剂量效应关系的研究,结果表明辐射质量沉积效应不是低能离子辐照“马鞍型＂剂量效应关系曲线的主要原因     

低能离子束刻蚀番茄果皮的α透射能谱研究

用２０ｋｅＶ 的Ａｒ＋ 、Ｎ＋ 离子分别以（５００ － ２５００） ×２ ．６ ×１０１３ｉｏｎｓ／ｃｍ ２ 、（５００ － ４０００） ×２ ．６ ×１０１ ３ｉｏｎｓ／ｃｍ ２ 的剂量对番茄果皮进行刻蚀,刻蚀前后的样品厚度用α透射能谱进行测量,借助Ｔｒｉｍ９７ 计算程序对刻蚀厚度进行标定。结果表明： 刻蚀厚度同剂量的关系曲线呈增、减、增的变化趋势。对质量数不同的Ｎ＋ 、Ａｒ ＋ 离子,其刻蚀厚度和增、减、增的剂量范围不同。Ａｒ ＋ 离子刻蚀番茄果皮的计算结果表明刻蚀深度超过５０μｍ 。     

KeV离子辐照丙氨酸的剂量效应研究

研究了经２０ｋｅＶ的氢、氮及氩离子辐照后,丙氨酸的质量损失及自由基的产生情况。结果表明,ｋｅＶ离子辐照引起的丙氨酸分解不仅与离子的纵向作用有关还与离子的横向作用有关,这种横向作用是入射离子与靶原子级联碰撞产生的反冲原子造成的。ＫｅＶ离子辐照丙氨酸产生的自由基在较大剂量范围（４－１６０×１０１４ｉｏｎｓ／ｃｍ２）内有线性剂量响应,而且自由基的产生同样依赖于重离子的横向作用。这种横纵双重作用也较好地解释了自由基的转化。给出了较清晰的低能离子在生物（等效）材料中发生作用的物理图象。     

低能钒离子注入花生种子的深度分布

采用鼎瑟福背散射（RBS）和X射线能谱分析法（EDAX）对V元素在花生种子中的深度分布进行了测量,并用扫描电镜对注入前后花生种胚的形貌变化进行观察。结果表明,由于样品表面较粗糙以及其特殊结构,RBS方法不适于测量钒在花生肿胚中的深度分布,trim95也不适合于对注入钒离子在花生种子中的深度进行模拟,而EDAX的测量结果表明V离子的穿透深度可达到15μm。另外,注入前后花生种胚的形貌发生了显著变化。     

超低能离子注入作物育种的一种重要机制

本文通过超低能（１１０ｋｅＶ）离子注入和同步辐射碳光辐照两种手段处理了小麦种子,经萌发在其根尖细胞中均观察到了多种类型的染色体时变,而且同对照相比,均有明显的微核率与染色体总畸变率。根据理论分析和一些有关的实验证据,超低能离子注入小麦种子,因离子本身射程非常短（＜１μｍ）,不可能直接损伤麦皮下面的胚细胞,而由注入离子在作物种子内产生的各种特征Ｘ－射线,只要剂量足够,却能达到较深的部位,通过它们的间接作用就会损伤胚细胞造成生物学效应。因此,赵低能离子注入作物种子激发产生的特征Ｘ－射线是其诱变育种的一种重要机制．     

低能铁离子束对原卟啉IX二钠盐的辐照效应研究

110ke V Fe^ 离子注入原卟啉IX二钠盐薄膜亲品后的一些谱学分析结果表明,低能铁离子束辐照可以导致生物分子的损伤和化学改性,并且初步证实注入铁离子在样品分子中慢化沉积后形成含铁的金属络合物,即注入铁离子的质量沉积。     

低能离子注入介导外源DNA转化的原理与应用

低能离子注入介导外源DNA转化是分子杂交育种的一种有效的途径,被广泛应用于植物和微牛物的品质改良及种质创新并在农业、工业的生产应用方面奠定了很好的基础.本文简述了低能离子注入介导外源DNA转化技术的基本原理,低能离子的注入对受体产生了通道作用、吸引作用、损伤作用和吸胀作用的验证性实验,介绍了该技术在成功创制"玉米稻"、"高蛋白小麦"品系和株系的基础上进行转化植物和微生物方面取得的成果,分析了该研究领域包括实验技术、实验材料、实验结果方面存在一些问题并提出初步解决设想.     

低能铁离子束辐照氨基酸衍生物的红外光谱结构表征

利用傅里叶变换红外光谱（FTIR）技术研究了能量为110keV的Fe^ 离子束辐照L（ ）-半胱氨酸盐酸盐单晶水合物固态样品的结构变化情况。对辐照样品的两次红外光谱分析结果有所不同,表明固态样品不同部位受低能铁离子束作用后可发生不同的分子改性;但二者又具有一定的相似性,都反映了原分子中氨基、羧基和巯基等基团的受损及硝基和酰胺基团等的生成。     

Effect of low-energy electron irradiation on DNA damage by Fe3+ ion

We investigated the combined effects of low-energy electron irradiation and Fe(3+) ion on DNA damage. We used lyophilized pBR322 plasmid DNA films with various concentrations (0 ~ 7 mM) of Fe(3+) ions and irradiation with monochromatic, low-energy 3 or 5 eV electrons for these studies. DNA-Fe(3+) films were recovered and analyzed by agarose gel electrophoresis to identify and compare the effects of Fe(3+) ions and/or low-energy electrons alone or in combination on DNA damage. In nonirradiated DNA-Fe(3+) films, there was little DNA damage observed (less than 10% of the total DNA loaded on the gel appeared damaged) for Fe(3+) ion up to 7 mM concentration. In irradiated DNA films without Fe(3+) ions, there was also very little DNA damage observed (less than 3% of the total DNA loaded on the gel appeared damaged). However, when DNA-Fe(3+) films, were irradiated with low-energy electrons, DNA damage was significantly increased compared to the sum of the damage caused both by either Fe(3+) ion or low-energy electrons irradiation alone. We proposed that both DEA and/or electron transfer processes might play a role in the enhanced DNA damage when DNA-Fe(3+) films were irradiated by low-energy electrons.     

Study of the permeability of tomato pericarp etched by low-energy ion beams based on α-particles Irradiation

Low-energy ion beam bio-technology has been applied in the biological field and has gained remarkable success in crop and microbe breeding. However, to understand how low-energy ion beams interact with biological materials remains a challenge for researchers who work for the development of ion-beam bio-technology. In this work, tomato pericarp was used as the target sample to study the effect of ion beams on the permeability of biological objects. A series of experiments were conducted via irradiating tomato pericarp samples with low-energy (10 keV ～ 25 keV) ion beams followed by measuring the pericarp’s permeability using transmissive α particles. The transmissive spectra of α particles and the measurement of the tip number in CR39 gave a quantitative evaluation of the sputtering effect caused by low-energy ions. Meanwhile, natural red dye was used to examine the permeability of irradiated tomato pericarp samples. It was found that the sputtering effect is not only proportional to the ion energy and dose, but dependent on the ion type as well. The damage caused by Ar ions due to sputtering was much more severe than that caused by N ions sputtering with the same dose. Therefore, this study not only demonstrates the permeability difference of biological membranes before and after ion irradiation, but also provides the information on how to optimize the experimental conditions for application of the low-energy ion beam in biology.     

A novel approach to microbial breeding—low-energy ion implantation

Low-energy ions exist widely in the natural world. People had neglected the interaction between low-energy ions and material; it was even more out of the question to study the relation of low-energy ions and the complicated organism until the biological effects of low-energy ion implantation were discovered in 1989. Nowadays, the value of low-energy ion beam implantation, as a new breeding way, has drawn extensive attention of biologists and breeding experts. In this review, the understanding and utilization of microbial breeding by low-energy ion beam irradiation is summarized, including the characteristics of an ion beam bioengineering facility, present status of the technology of low-energy ions for microbial breeding, and new insights into microbial biotechnology.     

Effects induced by keV low-energy ion irradiation in the nematode <Emphasis Type="Italic">Caenorhabditis elegans</Emphasis>

The nematode Caenorhabditis elegans is an excellent model organism with which to study the biological effects and mechanisms of ionizing irradiation. In this study, using C. elegans as a model, the effects of keV low-energy argon ion irradiation were investigated, by examining cuticle damage, worm survival, brood size, life span, and germ cell death. The surface etching of worm cuticle after ion impact was investigated by trypan blue staining and SEM microscopy. The degree of damage increased with ion fluence (2 × 10¹⁴ to 7 × 10¹⁴ ions cm⁻²) and energy (5–25 keV). The survival rates, as compared to vacuum control, of ion-bombarded worm larvae at different developmental stages (L1–L4) decreased with increasing ion fluence. L1 larvae were found to be more sensitive to ion bombardment than larvae at other stages. The mean brood size in ion-bombarded groups decreased with increasing ion fluence and energy. Furthermore, keV argon ions caused a significant increase in the number of apoptotic germ cells. However, average lifespan was not significantly affected.     

Investigation of lipid peroxidation in liposomes induced by heavy ion irradiation

Lipid peroxidation induced by heavy ion irradiation was investigated in 1,2-dilinoleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DLPC) liposomes. Lipid peroxidation was induced using accelerated heavy ions that exhibit linear energy transfer (LET) values between 30 and 15 000 keV/μm and doses up to 100 kGy. With increasing LET, the formation of lipid peroxidation products such as conjugated dienes, lipid hydroperoxides, and thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances decreased. When comparing differential absorption spectra and membrane fluidity following irradiation with heavy ions and x-rays (3 Gy/min), respectively, it is obvious that there are significant differences between the influences of densely and sparsely ionizing radiation on liposomal membranes. Indications for lipid fragmentation could be detected after heavy ion irradiation. Received: 6 March 1997 / Accepted in revised form: 31 March 1998     

A novel approach for improving the productivity of ubiquinone-10 producing strain by low-energy ion beam irradiation

Agrobacterium tumefaciens ATCC4452 cells were irradiated by nitrogen ion beam, a new mutagen, with energy of 10 keV and fluence ranging from 2.6×10¹⁴ ions/cm² to 6.5×10¹⁵ ions/cm². A similar “saddle shape” survival curve due to ion beam irradiation appeared again in this study. Some mutants with high yield of ubiquinone-10 were induced by ion implantation. High mutation rate and wide mutation spectrum were also observed in the experiment. These results suggested that the mutagenic effect of such low-energy ion influx into bacterium cells could result from multiple processes involving direct collision of particles with cytoplasm, nucleolus, and cascade atomic and molecular reactions due to plentiful primary and secondary particles.     

Mutational spectrum of the lacI gene in Escherichia coli K12 induced by low-energy ion beam

The mutational spectrum of the genomic lacI gene induced by low-energy nitrogen ion irradiation in wild type Escherichia coli strain W3110 were compared with the spontaneous and the vacuum controls. The mutant frequency of irradiated group was dose-dependent and reached 26.3 × 10⁻⁶ at dose of 31.2 × 10¹⁴ ions/cm², which was about 18-fold over the background (1.5 × 10⁻⁶) and 10-fold over the vacuum controls (2.6 × 10⁻⁶). This result indicated that the low-energy ion irradiation was one of many effective mutagens, though the vacuum condition of low-energy ions contributed some low-level gene mutations. It was found that the difference between the spontaneous and the vacuum control was the increases of base-pair substitutions in the vacuum control group. The spectra of irradiated group were quite similar to that of oxygen free-radical induced in the same strain, suggesting free-radicals and other adducts generated by low-energy ions might play an important role in the mutagenesis in vivo. When the spontaneous and the vacuum control group were compared, base-pair substitutions, deletions and additions of the irradiated group were significantly increased, and the +TGGC or −TGGC at hot spot was decreased from 82 to 48%. But the remarkable increase in absolute MF of the +TGGC or −TGGC at hot spot in the irradiated group suggested that low-energy ions did induce the mutations of this type. The spectra of our irradiated group had relative low-level base-pair substitutions, high-level ±TGGC and high proportion additions than those of γ-radiation induced, implying there were some different effects or processes between them.     

Penetration of substances into tumor tissue: A methodological study with microelectrodes and cellular spheroids

Summary A new method was tested for studies of penetration of substances into tumorlike tissue. The penetration of the ions K⁺, Cl⁻, and Ca²⁺ through several layers of tumor cells was demonstrated by using double barrelled, ion sensitive microelectrodes with extra thin tip diameters. Spheroids consisting of human glioma, U-118 MG, and human thyroid cancer, HTh-7, cells were used as models of tumor tissue. A microelectrode was inserted into the center of a spheroid. Thereafter, the concentration of the test substance was increased in the surrounding medium. The change in concentration inside the spheroid was recorded and the penetration pattern evaluated. All three types of tested ions penetrated easily through the spheroids. The K⁺ ions penetrated most efficiently, and the Ca²⁺ ions showed the slowest penetration. The Ca²⁺ ions penetrated somewhat more slowly in the U-118 MG spheroids (which had rather small extracellular spaces) than in the HTh-7 spheroids (which had larger extracellular spaces). Ion sensitive electrodes, which are easily available, were used in this study only to demonstrate the principle. We hope that the method described can be used for penetration studies of various substances. For example, all substances that can be detected by enzyme microelectrodes could be studied. The main advantage of the method is that the complete penetration pattern can be studied as a function of time in individual spheroids. Previously described methods require histological procedures for each analyzed penetration time. The work has been supported financially by the Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Munich, the Swedish Cancer Society, and the Swedish National Defence Research Institute.     

Immediate localized CDKN1A (p21) radiation response after damage produced by heavy-ion tracks

Using confocal microscopy on immunofluorescence-stained cells, we have investigated the response of CDKN1A (p21), one of the key proteins involved in the DNA damage response pathway, after irradiation with accelerated lead or chromium ions. Each traversal of an accelerated ion leads to the formation of a single, bright focus of the CDKN1A protein in the nuclei of human fibroblasts within 2 min after irradiation at 4 degrees C. This immediate, localized CDKN1A response is specific for particle irradiation with a high linear energy transfer (LET), whereas X irradiation, after a period of induction, yields a diffusely spread pattern, in line with the differences in the microscopic dose deposition pattern of both radiation types. The particle-induced CDKN1A foci persist for several hours until they become diffuse and vanish. These findings suggest that CDKN1A accumulates at the sites of primary DNA damage, possibly mediated by the interaction with proteins involved in DNA repair. Here, for the first time, an immediate biological response confined to the radial extension of low-energy particle tracks ( approximately 1 micrometer) is directly visualized and correlated to ion traversals. This indicates that particle irradiation represents an ideal tool to study the processing of biological damage induced in defined subnuclear regions.