意大利蜜蜂幼虫肠道在球囊菌胁迫后期的差异表达微小RNA及其靶基因分析

【目的】蜜蜂球囊菌Ascosphaera apis(简称球囊菌)是一种特异性侵染蜜蜂幼虫肠道的致死性真菌病原。微小RNA(microRNA,mi RNA)是一种在转录后水平对m RNA进行负调控的关键调控因子。本研究旨在对意大利蜜蜂Apis mellifera ligustica(简称意蜂)幼虫肠道在球囊菌胁迫后期的差异表达mi RNAs(DEmiRNAs)及其靶基因进行深入分析,为揭示DEmiRNAs在胁迫应答中的作用提供重要信息。【方法】利用small RNA-seq(s RNA-seq)技术对正常及球囊菌侵染的意蜂6日龄幼虫肠道(分别表示为Am CK和Am T)进行测序,通过相关生物信息学软件对DEmiRNAs进行预测和分析。利用TargetFinder软件预测DEmiRNAs的靶基因,然后利用Blast软件对靶基因进行GO和KEGG数据库的功能注释。通过Cytoscape软件构建DEmiRNAs与其靶m RNAs的调控网络。通过茎环实时荧光定量PCR(stem-loop RT-qPCR)验证测序数据的可靠性。【结果】Am CK和Am T的测序分别得到9 230 496和10 823 667条有效序列标签; Am CK vs Am T比较组中包含15个上调和6个下调mi RNAs,分别结合3 503和3 252个靶基因,它们可分别注释到40和39个GO terms以及104和99条代谢通路;进一步分析发现调控网络中的17个DEmiRNAs靶向结合116个与丝氨酸蛋白酶相关的m RNAs,14个DEmiRNAs靶向结合54个与泛素介导的蛋白水解相关的m RNAs。Stem-loop RT-qPCR验证结果显示随机选择的4个DEmiRNAs (mi R-251-x,mi R-9277-y,mi R-1672-x和mi R-4968-y)的表达量变化趋势与测序结果一致,表明测序数据真实可信。【结论】本研究率先对意蜂幼虫肠道在球囊菌胁迫后期的DEmiRNAs及其靶基因进行预测与分析,提供了mi RNAs的表达谱和差异表达信息。ame-miR-927b,mi R-429-y和mi R-8440-y等DEmiRNAs可能参与对丝氨酸蛋白酶的调控和对泛素介导的蛋白水解的调控,DEmiRNAs与靶基因之间存在复杂的调控网络关系。DEmiRNAs可参与到意蜂幼虫肠道与球囊菌间的互作。     

MiR-301b抑制转录因子Klf4影响肝癌细胞迁移

目的:探讨mi R-301b对肝癌细胞迁移能力的影响及其分子机制,为肝癌的分子靶向治疗研究提供新线索。方法:体外培养人肝癌细胞株SK-Hep-1、HCC-LM3和人永生化肝细胞株L02,采用RT-PCR方法检测mi R-301b表达。通过生物信息学软件Targetscan及mi Randa预测mi R-301b的靶基因,筛选出转录因子Klf4基因为mi R-301b的下游靶基因,通过双荧光素酶报告基因实验和Western Blot实验证明其调控作用。通过划痕和Transwell实验探究mi R-301b靶向Klf4基因对肝癌细胞迁移性的影响,Western Blot检测mi R-301b对上皮间质转化标记物E-cadherin、N-cadherin蛋白表达的影响。结果:与正常肝细胞相比,肝癌细胞株中mi R-301b表达水平明显升高。瞬时转染mi R-301b mimic后,实验组mi R-301b的表达显著高于对照组;瞬时转染mi R-301b inhibitor后,实验组mi R-301b的表达显著低于对照组。双荧光素酶报告基因实验显示:mi R-301b直接作用于Klf4基因的3'UTR区,并下调Klf4蛋白的表达,与软件预测结果相符合。划痕实验及Transwell迁移实验显示:mi R-301b通过下调Klf4基因,促进肝癌细胞的迁移。进一步实验显示:过表达mi R-301b显著下调E-cadherin的表达,而上调N-cadherin的表达。结论:mi R-301b在肝癌细胞SK-Hep-1、HCC-LM3中高表达,可能通过抑制靶基因Klf4的表达,促进肝癌的迁移,mi R-301b可能参与了肝癌细胞的上皮间质转化过程。     

阿霉素诱导下的肝癌细胞HepG2中微小RNA差异表达分析

旨在研究阿霉素诱导引起的DNA损伤压力下,肝癌细胞Hep G2中参与DNA损伤应答的mi RNA,并分析这些mi RNA靶基因参与肝癌DNA损伤应答相关的生物学进程与通路。通过小RNA测序检测阿霉素处理肝癌细胞Hep G2前后mi RNA的差异表达情况,使用GO与KEGG通路富集方法对差异表达mi RNA靶基因进行功能富集分析。结果显示,共检测出显著表达差异mi RNA 68个,其中上调13个,下调55个。mi RNA靶基因的功能分析结果显示,53条mi RNAs靶基因显著富集于调控细胞增殖、细胞凋亡、细胞迁移和细胞周期等与DNA损伤应答以及肿瘤相关的生物进程和信号通路,包括p53信号通路、癌症通路、Wnt信号通路和MAPK信号通路等。研究表明,在阿霉素诱导下,Hep G2中的差异表达mi RNAs与DNA损伤相关的肿瘤生物学进程以及信号通路显著相关,预示这些mi RNAs在阿霉素引发的肝细胞癌DNA损伤应答中起着重要的作用。     

毛白杨真菌胁迫下miRNA靶基因预测和生物信息分析

目前,关于杨树在真菌胁迫下其mi RNAs对基因的调控作用研究较少。准确快速地预测并鉴定mi RNA靶基因,对揭示真菌胁迫下mi RNAs在基因调控中的作用至关重要。该文根据mi RNA的进化保守性,通过靶基因预测软件ps RNATarget,以已知的毛果杨mi RNAs为探针,与毛白杨真菌胁迫下转录组的基因序列比对,找到其中347个mi RNAs的772个靶基因,分别编码与植物激素信号传导、植物病原互作、谷胱甘肽代谢等与植物抗病密切相关的蛋白。mi R393通过转录后水平作用于靶基因,调节生长素信号以响应多种外界刺激。该研究发现了mi R393的11个靶基因,主要参与生长素介导的信号通路;其中6个靶基因(SD1-13、CYP83B1、AFB2、TIR1、AFB3和PSBR)存在差异表达,这些基因是研究mi R393的生物学功能的关键候选基因。     

microRNA及Wnt 信号通路在急性淋巴细胞白血病中的作用研究进展

micro RNAs(mi RNAs)是一种内源性的基因调控元件,参与细胞增殖、分化、凋亡等多种重要生物学过程。在许多实体瘤和血液系统恶性肿瘤中均存在mi RNA异常表达,说明mi RNA可能参与肿瘤的发生及发展。Wnt通路是一条经典的信号通路,其异常激活与多种实体瘤和血液系统恶性肿瘤的发生发展密切相关。急性淋巴细胞白血病(acute lymphoblastic leukemia,ALL)是一种常见的成人血液系统恶性肿瘤,现已发现多种mi RNA在ALL中异常表达,并与发病、治疗效果及预后有关。在ALL中可见Wnt信号通路的异常激活及通路抑制剂的异常失活,并且这些变化与ALL的预后密切相关。本文就mi RNAs和Wnt信号通路在急性淋巴细胞白血病(acute lymphoblastic leukemia,ALL)中的作用相关研究进展作一综述,以提供靶向治疗ALL的新思路。     

子宫肌瘤差异表达microRNA的定量分析及靶基因鉴定

Micro RNA(mi RNA)是一类非编码单链小分子RNA,广泛参与人类各种生理、病理过程。最新研究提示,mi RNA在子宫肌瘤中起着重要调控作用,该研究试图对子宫肌瘤组织中差异表达mi RNAs进行表达验证及靶基因鉴定,结果发现,与瘤旁组织相比,mi R-363、mi R-490、mi R-135b等的表达水平在肌瘤组织中有着4~6倍的上调,而mi R-217、mi R-590、mi R-451则下调3~5倍。通过软件预测结合表达定量分析,发现其中mi R-363的靶基因为卵泡激素相互作用蛋白1基因(folliculin interacting protein 1,FNIP1)和溶质载体家族蛋白12成员5(solute carrier family 12 member5,SLC12A5)。mi R-135b的靶基因核受体亚科3 C组,成员2(nuclear receptor subfamily 3,group C,member 2,NR3C2)在肌瘤组织中表达有显著下降,而mi R-590的靶基因锌指蛋白367基因(zinc fi nger protein 367,ZFN367)和去泛素水解酶1基因(yeast OTU deubiquinating enzyme 1 homolog,YOD1)在肌瘤组织中的表达水平显著上升。进一步的报告基因分析发现,其中FNIP1、NR3C2、ZNF367的3′UTR能够与相应的mi RNA结合。分析相同肌瘤样品中表达水平的关系发现,这三个靶基因表达均与相应的mi RNA呈显著的负相关。该研究的发现为子宫肌瘤的分子机制研究和诊治提供了新的参考。     

microRNA在胚胎干细胞分化的心肌细胞中的表达变化

胚胎干细胞(embryonic stem cells,ESCs)具有自我更新和多向分化的特性。近年研究显示转录后调控包括micro RNAs(mi RNAs)的调控在ESC心肌细胞分化(ESC-derived cardiomyocytes,ESCM)命运决定中起着重要作用。然而对决定ESC分化命运的mi RNAs的了解还非常有限。为了进一步认识mi RNAs对心肌细胞分化的调控作用,本研究采用经典的悬滴法诱导小鼠ESC(m ESC)分化成心肌细胞,采用安捷伦8×15k小鼠mi RNAs芯片(mi Rbase V16.0)比较了富含跳动心肌细胞区域与非跳动区域mi RNAs表达谱的异同,发现与非跳动区域相比,跳动区域中有19个mi RNAs发生了5倍以上的表达变化(n=3,P0.05),其中5个mi RNAs表达上调、14个mi RNAs表达下调。采用定量RT-PCR进一步分析了mi RNAs芯片中差异倍数大于10的mi RNAs,证明mi R-196a,mi R-196b和mi R-467e在心肌细胞跳动区域的表达丰度明显低于非跳动区域(n=3,P0.05)。用Target Scan数据库对mi R-196a和mi R-196b进行靶基因预测,发现其可能与心肌细胞分化呈负相关,提示其在ESC分化命运决定中可能具有一定的调控作用。这些结果为进一步明确mi RNAs在ESC分化的心肌细胞中的作用提供了新线索。     

miR-181b-5p靶向调控Nr6a1抑制GC-1spg细胞的增殖与迁移

Micro RNA(mi RNA)是一段长约为22 nt的内源性非编码单链RNA,研究表明mi RNA对正常精子发生和雄性发育必不可少。为了探究mi R-181b-5p在雄性生殖细胞发育中的功能以及寻找其靶基因,首先采用流式细胞术、噻唑蓝检测以及划痕实验分析了mi R-181b-5p在小鼠GC-1spg精原细胞系中的生物学效应,随后利用Targetscan和GO数据库等生物信息学软件预测发现生殖核受体Nr6a1可能为其靶基因,进而通过双荧光素酶报告基因实验以及q PCR证实了mi R-181b-5p与Nr6a1的靶向识别关系,最后采用细胞功能回补实验明确了mi R-181b-5p通过靶向调控Nr6a1来抑制GC-1spg细胞的增殖和迁移。结果表明mi R-181b-5p通过其靶基因Nr6a1在精子发生中起到负调控的作用。     

固有免疫信号分子hsa-miR-146b调控脑卒中关联信号分子的生物信息学分析与实验研究

该研究旨在运用生物信息学方法预测固有免疫信号分子hsa-mi R-146b与脑卒中关联的分子调控网络。实验运用UCSC基因组浏览器、人类mi RNA疾病数据库、TF-mi RNA调控数据库、mi RNA靶基因预测验证数据库和Genecards数据库研究hsa-mi R-146b的上游转录因子、下游靶基因及信号通路的多个调控途径,绘制hsa-mi R-146b的核心调控网络图。采用脂多糖(lipopolysaccharide,LPS)刺激慢病毒感染的小胶质细胞BV2细胞,采用实时定量PCR检测早期生长反应基因1(early growth response 1,EGR1)、Toll样受体4(Toll-like receptor 4,TLR4)、mi R-146b、脑源性神经营养因子(brain derived neurotrophic factor,BDNF)和基质金属蛋白酶9(matrix metalloproteinase 9,MMP9)的m RNA水平变化,对hsa-mi R-146b调控网络进行验证。UCSC数据库中显示,hsa-mi R-146b在多个物种中具有高度保守性。生物信息学分析显示,hsa-mi R-146b受转录因子EGR1调控的同时,又调控下游TLR4、BDNF和MMP9等39个靶基因。所有基因构成一个以hsa-mi R-146b为核心的调控网络,在脑卒中的发生与发展中起着重要作用。在LPS刺激的BV2细胞中,EGR1、TLR4、mi R-146b、BDNF和MMP9m RNA水平升高,而RNA慢病毒技术干扰小胶质细胞中的EGR1的表达后,TLR4、mi R-146b和MMP9 m RNA水平降低,BDNF升高,表明EGR1是调节mi R-146b表达和下游信号分子TLR4、BDNF和MMP9的关键信号分子。综上所述,生物信息学方法预测并初步验证了hsa-mi R-146b分子在脑卒中疾病中的调控网络,为深入阐明hsa-mi R-146b在脑卒中疾病中的机制奠定了实验基础。     

miR-365在肿瘤中的研究进展

在了解肿瘤信号通路方面虽已取得了实质性的进展,但由于肿瘤的致瘤通路、耐药性等方面的复杂性,导致仍然缺乏治疗肿瘤的有效手段。micro RNAs(mi RNAs)的发现为解决这个问题提供了新的希望。mi R-365作为mi RNAs中的重要一员,在肿瘤中频繁的异常表达已经证明其与肿瘤的发生发展及预后息息相关。因此深入研究mi R-365在肿瘤中的表达特点及与相关基因的调控关系将为了解肿瘤细胞周期、增殖、凋亡等生物学功能提供更有效的视点,为肿瘤的临床治疗提供潜在的治疗靶点。现就mi R-365在肿瘤中的表达及与信号通路之间的调控作一简要综述,以揭示mi R-365在肿瘤细胞内的表达调控情况。     

白蚁与动物及微生物的共生类型及其机制

综述了白蚁螱客的主要种类、共生关系及相关机制的研究进展。白蚁螱客中,已报道的动物种类达170种。在与动物的共生关系中存在偏利共生（宾主共栖和异种共栖）、互利共生和无关共生三种;在与微生物的共生关系中,存在与内生菌（原生动物、细菌、真菌和放线菌）和外生菌（蚁巢伞菌等）间的互利关系。指出了白蚁与螱客研究中存在的问题,给出了解决方案,并提出了今后可能的研究热点或方向,为白蚁的综合利用（如纤维素酶）及今后研究物种间的协同进化提供了基础资料。     

New amino-dithiaphospholanes and phosphoramidodithioites and their rhodium and iridium complexes

New sulfur derivatives of phosphoramidite ligands were synthesized and the impact of the sulfur unit on the spectroscopic properties of their rhodium and iridium complexes was investigated. The new ligands Bn₂NPSCH₂CH₂S^a(P-S^a) (Bn = benzyl, 4), Bn₂NPSCHCHS^a(CH₂)₃C^aH₂(P-S^a)(C^a-S^a) (6) and Bn₂NP(4-XC₆H₄OMe)₂ (X = S, 7a; X = O, 7b) were converted to the rhodium and iridium complexes trans-[Rh(CO)Cl(L)₂] (L = 4, 6, 7), [RhCl(COD)(L)] (L = 4, 6, 7), [IrCl(COD)(7a)] and [IrCl₂Cp∗(6)]. For comparison, some phosphoramidite complexes of these formulations also were synthesized. The new metal complexes were spectroscopically analyzed. For the carbonyl complexes, the ν_CO IR stretching frequencies were lower than for the corresponding phosphite and phosphoramidite ligands. The ¹J_PRh coupling constants for the rhodium complexes with the new ligands were also smaller than for the respective phosphoramidite and phosphite complexes. Finally, the ¹J_PSe coupling constants of the selenides of the new ligands were lower than those of the phosphoramidite ligands but higher than for PPh₃. The spectroscopic data reveal that the new thio ligands 4, 6 and 7a are more electron donating than phosphites and phosphoramidites but less electron donating than PPh₃.     

Astrocytes and Synaptosomes Transport and Metabolize Lactate and Acetate Differently

Astrocytes transport the monocarboxylate acetate, but synaptosomes do not. The reason for this is unknown, because both preparations express monocarboxylate transporters (MCT). The transport and metabolism of lactate, another monocarboxylate, was examined in these two preparations, and the results were compared to those for acetate. Lactate transport is more rapid in astrocytes than in synaptosomes, but of lower affinity (Kms of 17 and 4 mM, respectively). Lactate (0.2 mM) is metabolized to CO2 more rapidly in synaptosomes than in astrocytes (rates of 0.37 and 0.07 nmol x mg protein(-1) x min(-1), respectively). The reason for this is unclear, but cellular differences in lactate dehydrogenase isotype expression may be involved. Acetate is metabolized to CO2 more rapidly in astrocytes than in synaptosomes (rates of 0.43 and 0.02 nmol x mg protein(-1) x min(-1), respectively). This is likely due to cellular differences in the expression of monocarboxylate transporter subtypes.     

Rapporteur report: Basics and technology and metrology and standards

The first and second sessions of the Workshop focussed on the basics of ultrasound and infrasound, their applications in both industry and medicine, and metrology and protection standards for ultrasound applications.     

Relative and combined effects of ethanol and protein deficiency on strontium and barium bone content and fecal and urinary excretion

To elucidate accumulation of minerals in human iliac arteries with aging, the content of minerals was analyzed by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry. Bilateral common, internal, and external iliac arteries of 16 men and 8 women, ranging ages from 65 to 93 yr, were examined. It was found that an extremely high accumulation of calcium and phosphorus occurred in the common iliac artery at old age, being higher than that of the internal and external iliac arteries. It should be noted that the accumulation of calcium and phosphorus is the highest in the common iliac artery among the human arteries examined to date. Regarding sexual differences, the content of calcium and phosphorus in the common and internal iliac arteries was higher in women than in men, whereas their content in the external iliac artery was lower in women than in men.     

Cytoskeleton and mitochondrial morphology and function

It has been well established that the cytoskeleton is an essential modulator of cell morphology and motility, intracytoplasmic transport and mitosis, however cytoskeletal linkage to the organelles has not been unequivocally demonstrated. Indeed, cytoskeleton appears to be essential in determining and modulating gene phenotype as a function of cellular environment. According to recent studies, the organization of the cytoskeleton network together with associated protein(s) could be essential in regulating mitochondrial function and particularly the permeability of the mitochondrial outer membrane to ADP. The aim of this chapter is to summarize the main properties of the cytoskeletal environment of mitochondria and the possible role(s) of this network in mitochondrial function in myocytes.     

Cross-reactivity between storage and dust mites and between mites and shrimp

Many patients have sensitivities to multiple species of storage and house dust mites. It is not clear if this is because patients have multiple sensitivities to species-specific mite allergens or if these mites share many cross-reacting allergens. Our objective was to further define the cross-allergenicity between several species of storage and house dust mites using crossed-immunoelectrophoresis (CIE), crossed-radioimmunoelectrophoresis (CRIE), immunoblotting, and ELISA. CIE and CRIE reactions revealed that storage mites shared two cross-antigenic molecules and one of these bound IgE in a serum pool from mite allergic patients. Antibody in anti-sera built to each species of mite recognized many SDS–PAGE resolved proteins of other mite species and this suggested the potential for other cross-reactive allergens. Among patient sera, IgE bound to many different proteins but few had IgE that bound to a protein with common molecular weights across the mite species and this suggested mostly species-specific allergens. Antiserum built to each mite species precipitated one protein in shrimp extracts that bound anti-Der p 10 (tropomyosin) and IgE in the serum pool. Anti-Der p 10 showed strong binding to shrimp tropomyosin but very little to any of the mite proteins. ELISA showed the mite extracts contained very little tropomyosin. The storage and dust mites investigated contain mostly species-specific allergens and very small amounts of the pan-allergen tropomyosin compared to shrimp and snail.     

Chemokines and cytokines: axis and allies in asthma and allergy

Allergic asthma can be precipitated by many factors. For the atopic person, fungus, pollen, dust mites, cockroach antigens, and diesel exhaust are all agents that may trigger an allergic attack. Cytokines and chemokines are integral mediators of fungal asthma. From the earliest time points, they recruit and activate the cells required for the clearance of fungus as well as being critical factors involved in the immunopathology of this disease. In the final analysis, it is clear that these mediators can act to the benefit or the detriment of the host.     

人血管能抑素基因的克隆、表达及其表达产物的纯化和生物活性测定

以人胎盘脐带组织为材料,提取组织总RNA,用netRTPCR方法合成人血管能抑素cDNA基因,将该cDNA克隆进pSP72载体获得重组质粒pSP72C, DNA序列分析结果与预期序列一致。用BamHⅠ和NdeⅠ双酶切,切下pSP72C上的血管能抑素cDNA,插入pET3c载体的相应位点获得重组表达质粒pETC, 转化E. coli BL21(DE3), SDSPAGE分析显示：在IPTG诱导下,血管能抑素基因获得了高效表达,表达量约占菌体总蛋白的 27.9 %,主要以包涵体形式存在。包涵体经过洗涤、裂解、蛋白复性以及Sephadex G75凝胶过滤层析等步骤后,获得了纯度达91.4 %的人血管能抑素。CAM实验证明10 μg纯化蛋白就能显著抑制鸡胚新生血管生成。