不同成花量金花茶花果期果枝叶内源激素的变化

该研究运用酶联免疫法(ELISA)对不同成花量(花多、花少、无花)金花茶花果期果枝叶内源激素吲哚乙酸(IAA)、赤霉素(GA_3)、玉米素核苷(ZR)、脱落酸(ABA)含量进行了测定。结果表明:始花期金花茶果枝叶内源IAA先升高后降低,花多株含量低于花少株;有花株ZR含量高于无花株;GA_3含量呈现整体上升趋势,有花株高于无花株;ABA含量先降低后升高,无花株高于花多株。盛花期IAA、GA_3、ABA含量整体下降,ZR含量先降低后升高,花多株叶内源IAA、ZR、GA_3含量高于花少株或无花株,ABA含量低于花少株或无花株。花期内,有花株果枝叶IAA/ZR、IAA/ABA、ZR/ABA、GA_3/ABA比值均高于无花株,而(IAA+GA_3)/ZR比值低于无花株,说明金花茶花果的发育不仅和单个激素的含量有关,还和激素平衡有关。秋梢期营养生长旺盛时无花株IAA/ZR比值较大,花果期生殖生长强烈时比值较小,(IAA+GA_3)/ZR与之相反。这说明花蕾期高水平的内源IAA、ZR和ABA及低水平的内源GA_3有利于金花茶开花;末花期高含量的IAA、ZR和低含量的GA_3、ABA可减少落花落果,提高坐果率,有利于果实快速生长;果实生长后期高含量的ABA有利于果实成熟。该研究结果为生产上应用生长调节剂调控金花茶成花、坐果提供了理论依据。     

平阴玫瑰花芽分化期叶片内源激素的变化

对平阴玫瑰花芽分化期叶片甲醇提取物进行IAA、ZR、GA₃、ABA的分离、纯化和测定。结果发现,所测的几种激素均表现出明显的变化规律,其中IAA和GA₃在花芽分化期含量逐渐下降,且在分化临界期出现一低峰,而ZR和ABA则完全相反。同时经比较分析得出ABA/GA₃, ABA/IAA,ZR/GA₃,ZR/IAA也表现明显的变化规律,即比值总体趋势是逐渐提高,且均在分化临界期含量出现一飞跃,显然ABA/GA3,ABA/IAA,ZR/GA₃,ZR/IAA在平阴玫瑰的花芽分化过程中起着重要的调控作用,由此推测,增加植物体内的ABA、ZR的含量或降低IAA、GA₃的含量,都可以促进玫瑰的花芽分化;反之则抑制其花芽分化。     

兰州百合鳞茎发育及低温解除休眠过程中内源激素的变化

以兰州百合为试材,研究了鳞茎发育过程中以及2、6、10℃条件下保湿贮藏101 d内母鳞茎与新鳞茎中内源激素的变化。结果表明：鳞茎发育过程中内源ABA含量以及母鳞茎的GA₃与ZR含量增加,而内源IAA含量以及新鳞茎的GA₃与ZR含量下降。低温贮藏期间,母鳞茎与新鳞茎的GA₃、IAA含量均有升高过程,而ABA含量呈下降趋势;新鳞茎的ZR含量呈下降趋势,母鳞茎的ZR含量也有升高过程。低温处理初期的34 d内,内源激素变化最为显著。不同贮藏温度相比较,ABA含量差异不大,GA₃含量随温度升高而下降。在富含淀粉的新鳞茎中,GA₃和ABA表现出极显著的负相关关系,而在淀粉含量较低的母鳞茎中GA₃和ABA无相关性。通径分析结果表明,母鳞茎与新鳞茎的物质代谢机制不同,母鳞茎的物质变化受内源GA₃的调控,新鳞茎主要是ABA作用的结果。     

盆栽紫薇花芽分化中内源激素的变化

在适宜的水肥条件下,采用夏季修剪延长紫薇花期的技术,探讨了盆栽紫薇一、二次花芽分化中的内源激素(CTK类物质、GA_3、IAA、ABA)的变化。表明夏季修剪是控制紫薇花期的关键,并分析了其可能的原因。     

大气二氧化碳浓度升高对银杏叶片内源激素的影响

采用开顶箱系统,研究了银杏叶片内源激素脱落酸(ABA)、吲哚乙酸(IAA)、玉米素核苷(ZR)和赤霉素(GA₃)对大气CO₂浓度升高(环境CO₂浓度+350 μmol·mol^-1,EC)的响应.结果表明,EC处理能使ABA含量降低,与对照(CK)相比, ABA含量最大降低63.0%(处理后120 d).EC处理使叶片IAA和ZR含量增加,而且随着处理时间的延长,差异均达显著水平;IAA含量在处理后100 d为CK的2倍,ZR含量在处理后80 d时为CK的2.5倍.EC处理使叶片GA₃峰值提前出现. (IAA+GA₃+ZR)/ABA比值随着银杏的生长逐渐降低,在处理后期(处理后40～120 d)明显高于CK,表明大气CO₂浓度升高可促进银杏的生长发育.     

同株紫斑牡丹中单瓣与重瓣花芽分化及内源激素含量比较北大核心CSCD

该研究以紫斑牡丹‘关公红’为试验材料,通过调查‘关公红’的开花情况,采用光学显微镜、扫描电镜技术考察花芽分化和花瓣发育过程的结构特征,并测定同株‘关公红’单、重瓣花朵的花芽在不同分化阶段内源激素含量,分析单、重瓣花朵的花芽分化及内源激素含量的变化特征,为紫斑牡丹不同花型的培育奠定理论基础。结果表明:(1)‘关公红’单瓣花朵比重瓣花朵花期长,单瓣花朵花瓣表皮细胞光滑平整无明显褶皱,而重瓣花朵花瓣的表皮有明显的褶皱;重瓣花的花芽分化时间明显早于单瓣,花瓣原基的体积也明显增大,这可能与重瓣花中雄蕊瓣化有关系。(2)低浓度GA_(3)有利于‘关公红’单瓣花朵和重瓣花朵的花芽分化;高浓度的ABA促进重瓣花原基的形成;ZR含量增加有助于紫斑牡丹的花芽分化。(3)较高ZR/IAA、ZR/GA_(3)、ABA/GA_(3)、ABA/IAA比值有利于‘关公红’重瓣花朵的花芽分化;ABA/IAA、ZR/IAA比值的增加有利于‘关公红’单瓣花朵花芽分化;(GA_(3)+IAA+ZR)/ABA与(IAA+ZR)/GA_(3)比值减小分别促进重瓣花朵花瓣原基和雄蕊原基的形成。     

春萝卜抽薹过程中内源激素含量变化分析

采用酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA)测定了春萝卜抽薹过程中顶端生长点处嫩叶的赤霉素(GA₄)、生长素(IAA)、细胞分裂素(iPA)和脱落酸(ABA)等含量的变化情况。研究结果表明,在萝卜抽薹过程中,GA₄含量在现蕾点存在明显的峰值,表明GA₄与现蕾抽薹密切相关,起着主导作用;内源ABA含量变化与GA₄变化趋势基本一致;与GA₄和ABA含量相比,抽薹过程中叶片IAA含量相对较低;iPA含量在现蕾期逐步增加,至抽薹中后期出现一高峰值。研究发现iPA/ABA值增大,GA₄/iPA和GA₄/IAA值变小有利于花芽分化后萝卜植株抽薹开花,表明内源激素之间的平衡对萝卜抽薹开花也起着重要作用。     

氮素形态对小麦花后不同器官内源激素含量的影响

采用盆栽方法,研究了酰胺态氮、铵态氮和硝态氮对小麦(Triticum aestivum)花后根系、旗叶和籽粒内源激素IAA、GA₃、ABA和ZR含量的影响。结果表明,小麦不同器官的内源激素含量对3种氮素形态的响应不同。氮素形态调节籽粒灌浆是通过根系、旗叶和籽粒中内源激素的协同作用而实现的。酰胺态氮与硝态氮处理相比,小麦花后5~15 d,旗叶GA₃含量、籽粒IAA和ABA含量较高,籽粒灌浆速率(Grain-filling rate, GFR)较高;花后15~25 d,根系GA₃含量、旗叶IAA和GA₃含量、籽粒ABA含量较高,籽粒IAA含量较低,GFR较低。铵态氮与硝态氮处理相比,小麦花后5 d,籽粒ZR含量较高;花后15 d前后,籽粒IAA、ABA含量较低,GFR较低;花后20~25 d,根系ZR、GA₃含量较低,旗叶IAA、GA₃含量较低,ABA含量较高,籽粒ABA、GA₃含量较低,IAA含量较高,GFR较高。铵态氮比硝态氮处理的小麦籽粒粒重显著增加。铵态氮和酰胺态氮处理比硝态氮处理增产显著。建议在‘豫麦49’施肥时,使用铵态氮或酰胺态氮并配施硝化抑制剂。     

辣椒胞质雄性不育系和保持系内源激素含量的比较

以2个辣椒品系(199807、199803)的胞质雄性不育系和相应保持系为实验材料,采用酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA)测定IAA、(Z ZR)、GA3和ABA等内源激素含量,用气相色谱分析仪测定乙烯(ETH)释放量,对辣椒胞质雄性不育系和相应保持系内源激素含量变化规律进行研究.实验结果表明:在四分小孢子之前,花药中的IAA含量不育系显著高于保持系,在四分小孢子时期花药和花蕾中的IAA含量出现转折,到花粉粒成熟期的花蕾和花药以及开花期叶片中的IAA含量均是不育系显著低于保持系;小孢子各发育时期花药以及花期叶片中GA3含量均是不育系高于保持系,但花粉粒成熟期化蕾中GA3含量为不育系低于保持系;小孢子不同发育时期的花药以及花期叶片中ABA含量始终足不育系显著高于保持系,而花粉粒成熟期花蕾中ABA含量不育系与保持系没有显著差异;花粉粒成熟期的花蕾和花期叶片中ETH释放量表现为不育系显著高于保持系.同时,花粉粒成熟期的花蕾、花药和叶片中IAA/ABA、(Z ZR)/ABA、GA3/ABA、IAA/GA3、(Z ZR)/GA3等5个激素的比值均有不育系低于保持系的趋势.本实验结果说明辣椒的育性表现与花器和叶片等组织中内源激素的含量变化有关,花药和花期叶片中IAA亏缺、GA3和ABA增加以及化蕾和叶片中ETH过度产生,都有可能导致辣椒雄性不育.     

四季花金花茶花芽分化进程及叶片内源激素变化

四季花金花茶(Camellia perpetua)为山茶属中唯一几乎全年开花的珍稀濒危植物。为探究其花芽分化进程及不同花发育时期和年生长周期叶片内源激素变化,该研究通过石蜡切片,观察四季花金花茶花芽分化进程,采用酶联免疫吸附法测定不同花发育时期叶片及年生长周期内有花芽和无花芽叶片的脱落酸(ABA)、吲哚乙酸(IAA)、赤霉素(GA₃)和玉米素核苷(ZR)含量的变化规律。结果表明：(1)四季花金花茶花芽分化顺序由外向内进行,分为6个时期,共历时35 d,从花芽分化至开花约2个月。(2)花芽形态分化期叶片ABA、GA₃的含量及GA₃/ABA、(IAA+GA₃)/ZR的比值较高,IAA、ZR的含量及IAA/ABA、ZR/ABA的比值较低。(3)年生长周期内有花芽叶片ABA、IAA、ZR的含量整体上高于无花芽叶片;IAA/ZR及(IAA+GA₃)/ZR的比值整体上低于无花芽叶片。综上表明,四季花金花茶花芽分化至开花时间较短;高水平的ABA、GA₃及低水平的IAA、...     

Systematic significance of mature embryo of bamboos

The mature embryo of seven species belonging to five genera of Indian bamboos is described. In all these the basic pattern of embryo organisation is same: the scutellar and coleoptilar bundles are not separated by an internode, the epiblast is absent, the lower portion of the scutellum and the coleorhiza are separated by a cleft and the margins of embryonic leaves overlap. The features unique to fleshy fruited bamboos are: presence of a massive scutellum, the juxtaposition of plumule and radicle and the occurrence of a bud in the axil of the coleoptile. The fleshy fruit bearing bamboos should be classified into one group, the tribeMelocanneae. Evidence is provided to recognise additional groups in the subfamilyBambusoideae.     

Taxonomic status of the species of the green algal genusNeochloris

Komárek has recently reviewed the various species assigned to the green algal genusNeochloris Starr (Chlorococcales, Chlorococcaceae) and removed those with uninucleate vegetative cells to a new genus,Ettlia. Watanabe & Floyd, unaware ofKomárek's work, also reviewed the species ofNeochloris and distributed them among three genera—Neochloris, Chlorococcopsis gen. nov., andParietochloris gen. nov.—on the basis of details of the covering of the zoospore and the arrangement of the basal bodies of the flagellar apparatus. This paper reconciles these two treatments and makes additional recommendations at the ranks of genus, family, order, and class.     

Analysis of twin of eyeless regulation during early embryogenesis in Drosophila melanogaster

The Drosophila Pax6 homolog twin of eyeless (toy) is so far the first zygotically expressed gene involved in eye morphogenesis in Drosophila. The study of its expression during embryogenesis is therefore informative of the initial events of eye development in Drosophila. We have analyzed how the initial expression domain of toy at cellular blastoderm is regulated. We show that the three maternal patterning systems active in the cephalic region (the anterior, terminal and dorsal-ventral systems) cooperate with zygotically activated gap genes to shape the initial expression domain of toy. Whereas Bicoid, Dorsal and Torso signaling synergistically act as activators, Hunchback, Knirps and Decapentaplegic act as repressors.     

广西青藓科分类学修订

通过对采自广西24个县(市)的1 147份青藓科植物标本的逐一鉴定及相关文献的查阅,确认有广西青藓科植物11属、44种,其中包括广西青藓科植物新记录属1属,即拟异叶藓属(Pseudokindbergia),新记录种7种,分别为匐枝青藓(Brachythecium procumbens)、阔叶尖喙藓(Oxyrrhynchium latifolium)、泛生尖喙藓(O. vagans)、拟异叶藓(Pseudokindbergia dumosa)、华东细喙藓(Rhynchostegiella sinensis)、长肋拟青藓(Sciurohypnum populeum)和弯叶拟青藓(S. reflexum)。该文提供了修订后的广西青藓科植物名录,并对其中的新记录属、种的主要形态学识别特征、生境和地理分布等进行了详细描述。     

Evaluation of antiprotozoal and antimycobacterial activities of the resin glycosides and the other metabolites of Scrophularia cryptophila

Resin glycosides are secondary metabolites exclusive to the convolvulaceous plants. In this study, crypthophilic acids A–C (1–3), the first resin glycosides occurring in another family (Scrophulariaceae), and the other constituents of Scrophularia cryptophila were examined for in vitro antiprotozoal and antimycobacterial potentials. Except for crypthophilic acid B (2), all tested compounds exhibited growth-inhibitory effect against Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense, with l-tryptophan (6) and buddlejasaponin III (7) being the most potent ones (IC₅₀'s 4.1 and 9.7 μg/ml). In contrast, the activity towards Trypanosoma cruzi was poor, and only crypthophilic acid C (3), 6 and 7 were trypanocidal at concentrations above 40 μg/ml. With the exception of 2 and 6, all compounds were active against Leishmania donovani. Harpagide (4) and 3 emerged as the best leishmanicidal agents (IC₅₀'s 2.0 and 5.8 μg/ml). Only compounds 3, 6 and 7 showed antimalarial activity against Plasmodium falciparum with IC₅₀ values of 4.2, 16.6 and 22.4 μg/ml. Overall the best and broadest spectrum activity was presented by compounds 3 and 7, as they inhibited all four parasitic protozoa. None of the isolates had significant activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MICs >100 μg/ml) or were toxic towards mammalian (L6) cells. This is the first report of antiprotozoal activity for natural resin glycosides, as well as for harpagide (4), acetylharpagide (5), tryptophan (6) and buddlejasaponin III (7).     

Apoptotic Regulation of Caspase Activity

Intracellular cysteine aspartate-specific proteases (caspases) play both signaling and effector roles in realizing the program of cell death. Caspases function as proteolytic cascades unique for each cell type and signal triggering apoptosis. All parts of the proteolytic cascades are duplicated and controlled by feedback signals. Amplification cycles between pairs of caspases (the third and the sixth, the ninth and the third, the twelfth and the sixth, and others) help multiply the initial apoptotic signal. The presence of physiological inhibitors of apoptosis that directly interact with caspases creates a multilevel regulatory network of apoptosis in cell. The caspase proteolytic cascades are also regulated by sphingolipid secondary messengers, among them ceramide, sphingosine, and their phosphates. Moreover, an association of the caspase signaling with ubiquitin-dependent proteolysis is shown in cells. In particular, the use of extracellular activators and inhibitors of caspases allows irreversible activation of apoptosis in tumor cells or the prevention of apoptosis in cortical neurons under neurodegenerative diseases.     

The effect of cyanobacteria and azolla on the performance of rice under different levels of fertilizer nitrogen

Cyanobacteria and/or azolla were inoculated, with urea at 0, 72 or 144 kg N/ha, in plots in which azolla-free Indica rice var. IR 28 was grown. Productive tillers, yield and nitrogen contents of grain and straw positively responded to inoculation with cyanobacteria or azolla, even with fertilizer-N up to 144 kg N/ha. Inoculation improved colonization by cyanobacteria. Azolla were superior to the asymbiotic cyanobacteria in enhancing rice performance. Urea at a rate of 72 kg N/ha was found to support the best colonizations when applied with cyanobacteria or azolla or, to give maximum rice yields, both inoculants.     

Phylogeny of cardinalfishes (Teleostei: Gobiiformes: Apogonidae) and the evolution of visceral bioluminescence

The cardinalfishes (Apogonidae) are a diverse clade of small, mostly reef-dwelling fishes, for which a variety of morphological data have not yielded a consistent phylogeny. We use DNA sequence to hypothesize phylogenetic relationships within Apogonidae and among apogonids and other acanthomorph families, to examine patterns of evolution including the distribution of a visceral bioluminescence system. In conformance with previous studies, Apogonidae is placed in a clade with Pempheridae, Kurtidae, Leiognathidae, and Gobioidei. The apogonid genus Pseudamia is recovered outside the remainder of the family, not as sister to the superficially similar genus Gymnapogon. Species sampled from the Caribbean and Western Atlantic (Phaeoptyx, Astrapogon, and some Apogon species) form a clade, as do the larger-bodied Glossamia and Cheilodipterus. Incidence of visceral bioluminescence is found scattered throughout the phylogeny, independently for each group in which it is present. Examination of the fine structure of the visceral bioluminescence system through histology shows that light organs exhibit a range of morphologies, with some composed of complex masses of tubules (Siphamia, Pempheris, Parapriacanthus) and others lacking tubules but containing chambers formed by folds of the visceral epithelium (Acropoma, Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia). Light organs in Siphamia, Acropoma, Pempheris and Parapriacanthus are distinct from but connected to the gut; those in Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia are simply portions of the intestinal tract, and are little differentiated from the surrounding tissues. The presence or absence of symbiotic luminescent bacteria does not correlate with light organ structure; the tubular light organs of Siphamia and chambered tubes of Acropoma house bacteria, those in Pempheridae and the other Apogonidae do not.     

New species of Peruvian Orchidaceae III

Sixteen new species are proposed in the generaAckermania, Dressleria, Epidendrum, Maxillaria, Oncidium, Rodriguezia, Sigmatostalix, andTrigonidium. All new species are illustrated.Maxillaria vittariifolia L. O. Williams is newly recorded for Peru. A key is provided forTrigonidium of Peru.Trigonidium loretoense Schltr. andT. peruvianum Schltr. are lectotypified.