抑前胸腺肽在家蚕体内的活性作用

家蚕Bombyx mori抑前胸腺肽是昆虫脑神经肽的一种,体外实验表明它能抑制处于活动时期的家蚕前胸腺合成蜕皮激素,因此抑前胸腺肽可能对昆虫的变态起着重要的作用。将抑前胸腺肽以不同的浓度分单一注射和加强注射导入家蚕体内,不同的时间间隔取样,利用蜕皮激素放射免疫分析方法,观察到了抑前胸腺肽在家蚕体内的活性作用以及引起家蚕体内血淋巴中蜕皮激素浓度的动态变化,首次证明了抑前胸腺肽在体内对家蚕前胸腺合成蜕皮激素有强烈的抑制作用。     

抑前胸腺肽在家蚕体内的活性作用

家蚕Bombyx mori抑前胸腺肽是昆虫脑神经肽的一种,体外实验表明它能抑制处于活动时期的家蚕前胸腺合成蜕皮激素,因此抑前胸腺肽可能对昆虫的变态起着重要的作用。将抑前胸腺肽以不同的浓度分单一注射和加强注射导入家蚕体内,不同的时间间隔取样,利用蜕皮激素放射免疫分析方法,观察到了抑前胸腺肽在家蚕体内的活性作用以及引起家蚕体内血淋巴中蜕皮激素浓度的动态变化,首次证明了抑前胸腺肽在体内对家蚕前胸腺合成蜕皮激素有强烈的抑制作用。     

意大利工蜂前胃显微结构观察

通过解剖镜和扫描电子显微镜对意大利工蜂Apismellifera ligusticaL.前胃的形态结构进行了观察,发现前胃包括前胃瓣和前胃管两部分。前胃瓣是由4个瓣片环围而成,球形,在蜜囊中,每个瓣片的长度约为0.8mm,前端为三角形结构,可以运动,边长约为0.35mm,三角形的前缘有较长的毛形结构。在每个三角形顶端各有一个直径约为50μm瘤形突起。前胃瓣最大孔径为0.89～1.00mm,具有调整和控制食物进入中肠的功能。前胃管是一直径0.01～0.02mm的较为柔软的管道,插入中肠5mm,该结构可防止中肠食物的倒流。前胃瓣上有7种毛状结构,分布在前胃瓣的不同部位,该结构的功能是分离和过滤、捕捉和感觉功能。本研究为理解工蜂前胃在消化系统中的功能和作用以及昆虫形态学和昆虫分类学提供理论依据。     

蚂蚁亲系识别及研究方法进展

1前言亲系识别（Kinrecognition）是指社会性昆虫具有识别亲属与非亲属的能力,它被认为是昆虫社会性起源和演化的必要条件。此外,亲系识别在昆虫个体间的通讯、协作和繁衍等社会生活中具有重要作用。蚂蚁是社会性昆虫,许多种类表现出社群封闭性,即社群内相互合作和利它,而社群间表现出相互排斥,甚至强烈的进攻性。这一现象表明蚂蚁具有识别亲系的能力。揭示亲系识别的化学本质和遗传根源,不仅有助于对昆虫超社会性的起源和演化的研究,而且对行为学的其它相关学科（如行为生态学、行为遗传学、行为生理学）,进化生物学的研究以及人…     

昆虫蛹滞育的神经内分泌调控

从神经内分泌的角度,分别介绍了脑、前胸腺和咽侧体在昆虫蛹滞育中所起的作用。脑主要是通过对促前胸腺激素的合成和释放的控制来参与滞育调节的;而前胸腺的活性过低,分泌的蜕皮激素远远低于启动成虫发育所需要的量,是导致蛹滞育的最根本原因;咽侧体在某些虫种中对蛹滞育可能起到间接的调控作用。     

昆虫胰蛋白酶及其基因表达

胰蛋白酶是脊椎动物消化道中一种主要的蛋白水解酶,由胰脏产生。以无活性的前体──酶原形式释放,一经进人肠腔,由肠激酶活化自其N端水解掉一段6肽（活化肽）而生成有活性的胰蛋白酶。它可以有力迅速地激活其它蛋白酶原（糜蛋白酶原、羧肽酶原、弹性蛋白酶原）而行使消化功能[1]。昆虫胰蛋白酶由中肠肠壁细胞产生分泌进入中肠。过去研究认为：昆虫胰蛋白酶与脊椎动物不同,它不是以无活性的前体释放的,因此就没有相当于脊椎动物的胰蛋白酶原[1]。但最近研究确认,在昆虫消化道中同样存在着类似于脊椎动物的胰蛋白酶原,并对昆虫胰蛋白…     

昆虫促前胸腺激素研究进展

昆虫促前胸腺激素研究进展李毅平龚和（中国科学院动物研究所,北京１０００８０）关键词促前胸腺激素受体信号系统促前胸腺激素（ｐｒｏｔｈｏｒａｃｉｃｏｔｒｏｐｉｃｈｏｒ－ｍｏｎｅＰＴＴＨ）因其促进前胸腺（ＰＧ）合成和分泌蜕皮激素而得名,以前也称为脑激素,因...     

昆虫标本馆建设与昆虫系统学的未来

昆虫标本馆是昆虫标本的保藏、研究和科学教育的实体,代表国家或者区域水平,致力于研究昆虫多样性、揭示昆虫进化规律,为国民经济建设持续发展服务。昆虫系统学研究是昆虫标本馆研究人员的主要任务,它的发展与昆虫标本馆的建设唇齿相依。本文阐述了昆虫标本馆的功能与作用,建设昆虫标本馆的重要性和迫切性;展望了昆虫系统学的未来以及昆虫系统学发展的机遇。     

湖北蚁科二新种记述(膜翅目,蚁科)

记述了采自湖北省的蚁科昆虫2新种,即九宫山凹头臭蚁Phildris jiugongshanensis sp.nov.和七齿前结蚁Prenolepis septemdenta sp.nov．。文中提供了凹头臭蚁属Philidris Shattuck和前结蚁属Prenlepis Mayr在我国所有种的检索表。新种模式标本保存于湖北民族学院昆虫标本室。     

前翅鞘翅型的蝽类昆虫

鞘翅型蝽类昆虫前翅发达,与甲虫的前翅相似。类群涉及鞭蝽型、蝎蝽型、细蝽型、臭虫型、蝽型中的栉蝽科、裂蝽科、小潜蝽科、固蝽科、蚤蝽科、涯蝽科、网蝽科、盲蝽科、长蝽科、缘蝽科共10个科。它们的生境多样,包括水底小石块下面、水生植物上、海岸潮间区石隙中、蚂蚁巢穴中、沙漠灌木植物上、土中、沙砾中、枯枝落叶层和苔藓上,这些生境的共同点是其对前翅的保护功能的选择压力明显大于对前翅飞行功能的选择压力。此类昆虫的前翅特化的类型分为两类,一类膜区完全退化或极度退化,由革区和爪区(愈合或不愈合)构成鞘质前翅的主体;另一类膜区发达,占鞘质前翅的主体;大部分前翅鞘质化的蝽类属于第一种类型;仅个别长蝽科的昆虫属于第二类,如巨膜长蝽Jakowleffiasetulosa(Jakowleff)。     

贵州罗甸纳水上石炭统(宾夕法尼亚亚系)地层的再研究

本文详细描述了贵州罗甸纳水上石炭统(宾夕法尼亚亚系)剖面的生物地层和年代地层,其牙形刺序列自上而下可详细划分为：Streptognathodus isolatus, S. wabaunsensis, S. tenuialveus, S. firmus, Idiognathodus nashuiensis , Streptognathodus simulator, S. guizhouensis , S. gracilis-S, excelsus , S. cancellosus , S. clavatulus , S. nodocarinatus , Idiognathodus podolskensis , Mesogondolella clarki -Idiognathodus robustus , Diplognathodus ophanus-D, ellesmerensis, Idiognathoides ouachitensis, Streptognathodus expansus, Idiognathoides sulcatus parva, Idiognathodus primulus-Neognathodus bassleri, Idiognathodus primulus-Neognathodus symmetricus, Neognathodus symmetricus, Idiognathoides corrugatus-I, pacificus, I. sinuatus, I. sulcatus sulcatus, Declinognathodus noduli ferus 和 Gnathodus bilineatus bollandensis 等带。 Declinognathodus noduliferus 和 Streptognathodus isolatus 的首次出现分别代表上石炭统(宾夕法尼亚亚系)和二叠系的开始。根据牙形刺和有孔虫的序列,罗甸纳水剖面的上石炭统(宾夕法尼亚亚系)地层自下而上可划分为罗苏阶(Luosuan)、滑石板阶(Huashibanian)、达拉阶(Dalaan)和马平阶(Mapingian),并可与俄罗斯的巴什基尔阶(Bashkirian)、莫斯科阶(Moscovian)、卡西莫夫阶(Kasimovian)和格舍尔阶(Gzhelian),北美的莫罗阶(Morrowan)、阿托克阶(Atokan)、得梅因阶(Desmoinesian)、密苏里阶(Missourian)和弗吉尔阶(Virgilian)进行对比。另外,本文也详细讨论了剖面中的石炭系中间界线及石炭-二叠系界线。     

Taxonomic notes on water bloom forming Microcystis species (Cyanophyta) from China—An example from samples of the Dianchi Lake

Ten common species of Microcystis, based on the examination of water samples from the Dianchi Lake, Yunnan, China, were morphologically described, and their taxonomy was also discussed. They are Microcystis aeruginosa, M. botrys, M. firma, M. flos-aquae, M. ichthyoblabe, M. novacekii, M. pseudofilamentosa, M. smithii, M. viridis and M. wesenbergii. Taxonomic status of other Microcystis species reported in China was also evaluated. Key words Cyanophyta, Microcystis, morphology, taxonomy, China.     

中国靴耳属分类研究概况

对已报道的我国Crepidotus属种类进行了全面汇总,并概述了其分类研究现状。文献调查结果表明:国内已报道的该属种类名称共31个,包括30个种和1个变种,分布于全国26个省区。已报道的全部记录中,28个分类单元引证了标本,其余3个记录缺乏标本引证;7个记录的描述与国外权威描述存在差异,另有4个记录的报道未提供形态描述。淡紫靴耳不是Crepidotus属的成员,已被组合到其他属中。笔者接受"靴耳属"为Crepidotus属的汉语学名,并以此为属主名对属下的分类单元进行了全面修订。     

Notulae de Ranunculaceis sinensibus (ⅩⅩⅢ)

(1) In this paper, differences among the five genera constituting the tribe Cimi cifugeae of the family Ranunculaceae are discussed. Beesia, the first genus, with compound cymes and flowers bearing neither petals nor staminodes, is different from the other four genera with simple or compound racemes and flowers bearing either petals or staminodes, and may occupy a primitive position within the tribe. As to the other four genera, Souliea is characterized by the stem without basal leaf but with 2～5 sheath-like cataphylls, the sepals being deciduous but not caducous, moderate in size and petaloid, the petals being much smaller than sepals, but pink in color and more or less petaloid, the pollen grains being pan tocolpate or pantoporate, the carpels being 1～3 per flower, when mature forming dry linear follicles conspicuously reticulate on the surface and dehiscent along the ventral suture, and the seeds being reticulate-foveolate on the surface. These diagnostic characters indicate clear ly that Souliea might have deviated from the lineage formed by the next three genera, i. e. Anemopsis, Cimicifuga, and Actaea, which have their own well-recognizable diagnostic characters. Anemopsis is characterized by the normally developed basal leaf, the racemose inflorescence with sparse and few long pedicellate flowers, the sepals 7～10 in number, mod erate in size, and petaloid, the petals slightly smaller than sepals, the tricolpate pollen grains, the carpels 2～4 per flower, stalked, when mature forming dry oblong follicles with transverse veins on the surface, and the seeds with scaly membranous wings. Cimicifuga is distinguished by the normally developed basal leaf, the caducous, small, often sepaloid sepa ls, the organs of the second floral whorl sometimes with empty sterile anthers being stamin odes not petals, the tricolpate pollen grains, the carpels 1～8 per flower, when mature form ing dry oblong or ovoid follicles with transverse veins on the surface, and the seeds usually with scaly membranous wings. The last genus Actaea is different by the basal leaf trans formed into a small scale, the caducous, small, often sepaloid sepals, the organs of the sec ond floral whorl being clawed petals, the pollen grains with 3(4～6) colpi, carpel 1 per flow er, when mature forming a fleshy indehiscent berry smooth on the surface and without any veins, the seeds roughish or slightly rugose, neither foveolate nor winged on the surface, and the advanced most asymmetric karyotype. According to the diagnostic characters given above, we believe that Beesia, Souliea, Anemopsis, Cimicifuga, and Actaea do represent five independent genera, and the treatment of the tribe Cimicifugeae including these five genera in it by Hutchinson (1923), Janchen (1949) and some other authors, has precisely shown the taxonomic diversity within the tribe. We are therefore unable to accept the treatment published by Compton et al. (1998) to lump the two genera, Souliea and Cimicifuga, into the genus Actaea. (2) Compton et al. (1998, 1997) found out that the Chinese plants previously identified by various authors as Cimicifuga foetida L., in which the terminal and lateral racemes of the compound raceme flower more or less simultaneously, differ from the true C. foetida L. in northern Asia, in which the terminal raceme of the compound raceme flowers before the lateral ones, and thus restored the species name Cimicifuga mairei Lévl. , which was formerly reduced to the synonymy of C. foetida L. , for the Chinese plants. After examining the specimens collected from Siberia and from Southwest China we failed to find out any other differences in both vegetative and reproductive organs between the plants of the two regions, and we consider that it is better to treat the populations in Southwest and Central China as a geographical variety of Cimicifuga foetida L. A new combination, Cimicifuga foetida L. var. mairei (Lévl.) W. T. Wang & Zh. Wang, is thus made. (3) 3 species of Delphinium, 1 species and 1 variety of Clematis are described as new.     

下毛目纤毛虫的系统修订Ⅱ. 尾柱亚目(纤毛动物门)

对尾柱亚目 Urostylina Jankowski, 1979 中的各科、属进行了重新修订.该亚目的特征为:腹面具典型的中腹棘毛或在个体发生时出现中腹棘毛.修订后的尾柱亚目共4科19属:尾柱虫科 Urostylidae 左、右缘棘毛多列或至少有一侧缘棘毛为多列;全列虫科 Holostichidae 左、右缘棘毛各一列,具典型中腹棘列毛或复合中腹棘毛列;伪小双虫科 Pseudoamphisiellidae 仅具两列发生学意义上的中腹棘毛列,两者相互间宽位分离;帕森虫科 Patteroniellidae 中腹棘毛列不甚明确,数目少,且近于散布.此外, 给出了各科及属的检索表, 并附各属纤毛图式, 对部分属进行了讨论.     

Importance of biological and abiotic factors for geochemical cycling in a freshwater eutrophic lake

Here we report the results of a comprehensive biogeochemical monitoring of Rostherne Mere in 1998, including changes in dissolved oxygen, organic carbon and nitrogen, nitrate/nitrite, ammonia, Al, Na, S, K, Mg, Ca, Si, Fe, Mn, orthophosphate, particulate N & P, suspended solids, temperature, pH, chlorophyll-a and zooplankton. The results demonstrated the major influence of primary producers on the overall geochemical cycling of N, P and Si, and suggested that the significance of zooplankton might have been previously underestimated. For major anions and cations, however, the influence of biota on lake water concentrations appeared to be negligible, reflecting the fact that these chemicals were present far in excess of plankton requirements. Thus changes in concentrations of Ca, K, Na, Mg and S were rather limited and must have reflected changes in hydrological and meteorological parameters. K, however, demonstrated a transitional pattern, reflecting some influence of biological uptake. During the stratification period, the slow processes of bacterial decomposition in the hypolimnion gradually released chemicals contained in the materials accumulated in the bottom layer, remarkably increasing the concentrations of dissolved compounds of those elements present in amounts comparable with the pool stored in the sedimenting detritus (e.g. orthophosphate P, ammonia N, Si and DOC). The decomposition also resulted in a drop in the redox potential, followed by partial denitrification and chemical release from the sediments. The hypolimnion of the Mere was confirmed to remain at the stage of Mn release, characterised by accumulation of DOC, orthophosphates, ammonia and initial stages of denitrification. High levels of P released from the sediments during the stratification period suggest that the lake’s recovery after sewage diversion might be further delayed.     

Solid-phase Chemistry: A Useful Tool to Discover Modulators of Protein Interactions

The Solid phase synthesis (SPS) concept, first developed for biopolymers, has spread in every field where organic synthesis is involved. While the potential of the solid-phase method was obvious in 1959 to its discoverer, Prof. R. B. Merrifield, it was unpredictable its dominance in peptide synthesis and especially in combinatorial chemistry, an area not yet conceived. SPS paved the way for solid-phase combinatorial approaches (extensively reviewed in (Choong, I. C. and Ellman, J. A.: 1996, Annu. Rep. Med. Chem. 31, 309–318; Obrecht, D. and Villalgordo, J. M.: 1998, Solid-supported Combinatorial and Parallel Synthesis of Small-Molecular-Weight Compound Libraries. Pergamon Press Ltd., Oxford, UK; Chabala, J. C.: 1995, Curr. Opin. Biotechnol. 6, 632–639; Kamal, A., Reddy, K. L., Devaiah, V., Shankaraiah, N., Reddy, D. R.: 2006, Mini Rev. Med. Chem. 6, 53–69; Whitehead, D. M., McKeown, S. C., Routledge, A.: 2005, Comb. Chem. HTS 8, 361–371; Nefzi, A., Ostresh, J. M., Houghten, R. A.: 1997, Chem. Rev. 97, 449–472; Gordon, E. M., Gallop, M. A., Patel, D. V.: 1996, Acc. Chem. Res. 29, 144–154)) as many laboratories and companies focused on the development of technologies and chemistry suitable to this new methodology. This resulted in the spectacular outburst of combinatorial chemistry, which profoundly changed the approach for new drug discovery. Combinatorial chemistry is currently considered a valid approach for a wide range of biomedical applications, such as, target validation and drug discovery.     

Infection status with helminthes in feral cats purchased from a market in Busan, Republic of Korea

The present study was performed to investigate the infection status with helminth in a group of feral cats in Korea. More than 29 helminth species including adults or eggs were detected in visceral and fecal samples of the examined cats. Among these were a host of nematodes, including toxocarids, Ancylostoma sp. and the larva of Anisakis simplex; trematodes, including Clonorchis sinensis, Paragonimus westermani, Eurytrema pancreaticum, Pharyngostomum cordatum, Metagonimus spp., Heterophyes nocens, Pygidiopsis summa, Heterophyopsis continua, Stictodora fuscata, Stictodora lari, Acanthotrema felis, Stellantchasmus falcatus, Centrocestus armatus, Procerovum varium, Cryptocotyle sp., Echinostoma revolutum, Echinostoma hortense, Echinochasmus japonicus, Stephanoprora sp., Plagiorchis muris, Neodiplostomum sp. and diplostomulum. We also detected a variety of cestodes, including Spirometra erinacei, Taenia taeniaeformis and unidentified species of tapeworm. We also found examples of the acanthocephalan, Bolbosoma sp. In our assessment of the stools, we detected at least 12 species of helminth eggs. These findings confirmed that feral cats in Korea are infected with a variety of helminth parasite species. Furthermore, among the helminths detected, E. pancreaticum, S. fuscata, S. lari, A. felis, S. falcatus, C. armatus, P. varium, Cryptocotyle sp., E. revolutum, E. japonicus, Stephanoprora sp., P. muris, Neodiplostomum sp. and Bolbosoma sp. represent helminth fauna which have not been reported previously in feral cats in the Republic of Korea.     

中国海南省金小蜂分类研究（膜翅目：小蜂总科：金小蜂科）

首次系统研究并报道了中国海南省分布的金小蜂,记录１５属１９种,编制了属种检索表。同时初步探讨了海南省与洲、非洲之间在金小蜂分布上的关系。