木薯/花生间作对根际土壤微生态的影响

为了探明木薯/花生间作在增产增收的同时对土壤微生态的影响,研究木薯和花生以不同行距(30 cm,40 cm,50 cm)间作的根际土壤养分、微生物及相关酶活性的变化。结果表明:木薯/花生间作可增加根际土壤细菌、真菌、放线菌及总微生物数量和微生物多样性,30 cm间作行距的木薯、花生根际土壤微生物总数量分别比单作木薯、花生增加了129.6%和101.1%;间作根际土壤碱解氮、有效磷、有效钾和有机质含量相比单作增加,50 cm间作花生的根际土壤碱解氮、有效磷、有效钾量比单作花生增加了145.9%~195.9%,30 cm间作木薯的根际土壤有效钾、有效磷含量分别比单作木薯增加了161.8%和187.9%;木薯/花生间作的根际土壤过氧化氢酶、酸性磷酸酶活性活性相比单作升高,间作土壤脲酶和蛋白酶活性相比单作降低,30 cm间作木薯的根际土壤过氧化氢酶活性比单作木薯增加了59.2%,50 cm间作花生的根际土壤蔗糖酶活性比单作花生增加了97.4%。可见,木薯/花生间作可改善根际土壤微生态坏境,且适宜的间作行距更利于土壤养分含量和微生物数量的增加。     

间作对玉米品质、产量及土壤微生物数量和酶活性的影响

为了进一步深入了解禾本科作物和豆科作物间作的优势机理,研究了在不同施肥条件下玉米单作、玉米‖花生间作和玉米‖大豆间作对玉米籽粒品质、单株经济产量和生物产量﹑产量及土壤中细菌、真菌、放线菌和固氮菌数量及酶活性的影响。结果表明,在不施肥条件下玉米间作可以显著提高玉米籽粒蛋白质、油分和赖氨酸含量,但对淀粉含量影响不显著;在施肥条件下玉米间作可以显著提高淀粉和赖氨酸含量,但对油分和蛋白质含量的增加却影响不显著;间作在提高玉米籽粒淀粉、蛋白质和赖氨酸含量方面的效果没有该施氮水平(50kg/km²)显著。间作可以增加玉米产量及其单株经济产量和生物产量,其中在不施肥和施肥条件下产量分别比单作增加了3.7％、9.7％、19.0％和18.6％,但间作在增加产量方面的效果没有该施氮水平显著。间作在不同施肥条件下可明显增加土壤中细菌、真菌、放线菌和固氮菌的数量,且效果达到显著水平。土壤中的酶活性也显著受到间作的影响,在不施肥条件下玉米间作和单作土壤中的转化酶活性差异达到显著水平,在施肥条件下间作和单作土壤中转化酶和磷酸酶活性差异达到显著水平。4种微生物数量和4种酶活性之间呈显著或极显著正相关,玉米籽粒品质、产量及单株生物产量除与转化酶及磷酸酶活性部分相关不显著外,与土壤中的其它酶活性及微生物数量皆显著或极显著正相关。     

玉米 线辣椒套作系统中土壤养分与根际土壤微生物、酶活性的关系

采用玉米单作、线辣椒单作、玉米-线辣椒套作3种栽培模式,并在玉米-线辣椒套作的种间根部设3种不同隔离处理（膜隔、网隔和无隔）,研究了玉米-线辣椒套作系统中土壤生物因子与土壤养分的关系．结果表明：玉米-线辣椒套作具有明显优势;与两作物单作和玉米-线辣椒套作种间根区膜隔处理相比,玉米-线辣椒根区无隔和网隔处理复合群体中两作物根际土壤酶活性、微生物数量、土壤养分均显著提高;除有效镁与真菌种群数量、过氧化氢酶活性呈负相关外,其余速效养分与各生物因子均呈显著或极显著正相关．通径分析表明,该系统中促进有机质累积的主要生物因素是脲酶、过氧化氢酶、细菌和蛋白酶,蔗糖酶是影响碱解氮的最主要因子,脲酶是影响有效磷的最主要因子,细菌是影响有效钾的最主要因子,碱性磷酸酶、真菌只是选择性地对有机质的累积和氮、磷、钾有效养分的形成起作用,放线菌对土壤养分的直接作用系数为负,对土壤养分形成的作用较小．     

放线菌制剂对人参生长及根域土壤微生物区系的影响

以小兴安岭地区人参为研究对象,探索放线菌制剂对人参的促生效应及对人参根区、根表土壤微生物区系的影响.结果表明： 经放线菌制剂Streptomyces pactum（Act12）处理后,人参药用部分产量增加,品质改善;叶片诱导酶活性提高,根系活力增强;土壤中细菌、放线菌的数量和比例显著增加,真菌的数量和比例减少.与对照相比,土壤微生物区系结构改变:优势菌荧光假单胞菌、韩国假单胞菌和氧化微杆菌在根区、根表土壤中的数量大幅提高;病原真菌烟色织孢霉在根区土壤中减少,在根表土壤中消失.表明施用放线菌制剂Act12能够改善土壤微生物区系,提高人参植株的抗性和根系活力,增加产量并改善品质.     

玉米和花生间作根际细菌群落结构与PICRUSt的功能预测

禾本科/豆科作物间作能够促进作物生长与产量形成，而根际微生物组被认为与间作产量优势形成关系密切。将玉米和花生进行盆栽间作并设置以下三种根系分隔方式：塑料膜分隔(即全隔玉米与全隔花生)、尼龙网分隔(即网隔玉米与网隔花生)、无分隔处理(即无隔玉米与无隔花生),采用基于16S rRNA基因的高通量测序技术及PICRUSt功能预测分析不同模式下二者根际细菌群落结构与功能类群的变化，以期从土壤微生物组角度阐明玉米/花生间作产量优势形成的内在机制。结果显示：玉米/花生间作明显改变了二者根际细菌群落结构，无隔、网隔玉米的根际细菌群落结构更为相似并区别于全隔玉米，而网隔花生根际细菌群落结构明显区别于无隔、全隔花生。而且，无隔、网隔玉米根际放线菌门的相对丰度显著高于全隔玉米，网隔花生根际放线菌门、厚壁菌门的相对丰度显著高于全隔、无隔花生，而芽单胞菌门呈现相反的变化趋势。在玉米和花生根际，无隔、网隔处理高于全隔处理的OTU也均主要注释为放线菌门。共存网络分析发现，作为玉米根际细菌网络重要节点的Streptomyces、Actinomadura、Arthrobacter、Bacillus等菌属其丰度变化表现...     

小麦-蚕豆间作条件下氮肥施用量对根际微生物区系的影响

通过田间小区试验,研究了小麦/蚕豆间作条件下4种施氮水平(0、90、180和270 kg·hm^-2)对根际微生物区系和多样性的影响.结果表明：在整个生育期,微生物数量有一定的波动,但均以开花期数量最高.与单作相比,间作显著增加了小麦和蚕豆根际的细菌、真菌、放线菌数量和微生物总量,而显著降低了开花期和成熟期蚕豆根际的微生物多样性.在不施氮（N₀）和低氮（N₉₀）水平下,间作与单作在微生物数量上的差异较大.间作对土壤微生物数量的促进效应在分蘖期和开花期最大,成熟期显著降低.小麦根际的微生物数量随施氮量的增加先增加后降低,以常规施氮处理（N₁₈₀）的微生物数量最多,氮肥用量对单作小麦的影响大于间作小麦. 施氮量对蚕豆根际细菌、真菌、放线菌数量和微生物多样性无显著影响,但降低了间作蚕豆根际微生物总量.适量施用氮肥能有效调节根际微生物区系,间作系统地上部植物多样性与地下部微生物区系间存在紧密联系.     

黄河三角洲盐碱地花生根层土壤菌群结构多样性

花生属豆科固氮作物,具较强的抗旱耐盐性,土壤微生物在盐碱土生态系统中具有重要的生态功能。以花生平作、花生/棉花间作为对象,通过16S rRNA基因克隆文库技术分析了黄河三角洲滨海盐碱地花生旺盛生长期不同含盐量盐碱地和非盐碱地0—40cm根层非培养土壤微生物群落组成及其多样性,分析了盐碱地花生根层土壤细菌群落与非盐碱地花生根层土壤细菌群落的差异,为揭示盐碱地花生根层土壤微生物的多样性以及土地利用变化与生态环境效应间的关系奠定基础。利用免培养技术直接从土壤样品提取总DNA,针对细菌基因组16S rRNA基因的V3高变区进行PCR扩增;利用焦磷酸测序的方法对V3高变区PCR产物进行高通量测序,并对测序数据进行生物信息学分析。结果表明,(1)黄河三角洲滨海盐碱土较高含盐量土壤中根层土壤微生物种类、优势种群数量和群落功能多样性较非盐碱土壤较为丰富。(2)盐碱土花生平作或花生//棉花间作两种种植方式基本不影响二者0—40cm根层土壤微生物优势类群;不同土壤类型和种植模式下,花生和棉花根层土壤中优势菌群均为变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、放线菌门(Actinobacteria)、绿弯菌门(Chloroflexi)和酸杆菌门(Acidobacteria) 4种菌群,其总丰度为80%—90%。非盐碱土壤中花生根层的酸杆菌门(Acidobacteria)丰度是盐碱土壤中的3倍以上,嗜热油菌纲(Thermoleophilia)和放线菌纲(Actinomycetales)丰度远高于各种盐碱土壤花生平作和花生//棉花间作两种植模式下的花生根层土壤;非盐碱土平作花生0—40cm土层中Rubellimicrobium、Pontibacter和Lamia细菌则显著缺失。(3)土壤类型对土壤微生物菌群类型影响较大,聚类分析表明,10个土壤样本依据土壤含盐量高低和根系分布深度聚为3类,即非盐碱土壤归为1类,盐碱土壤根系密集分布层0—20cm、20—40cm各归为1类。     

间作不同作物对栀子根际土壤微生态的影响

【背景】栀子为多年生常绿灌木,经过连续多年种植会导致土壤微生态环境恶化、病虫害加剧、品质降低等问题。研究发现间作可以改善土壤微生物区系、土壤养分及酶活性,是生产中常用的有效栽培措施。【目的】通过对不同间作模式下栀子根际土壤微生物区系、酶活性及养分的动态变化进行研究,为揭示栽培措施改良土壤生态环境及提升栀子产量的土壤微生态学机理提供理论依据。【方法】为了解不同间作模式对栀子根际微生态的影响,本试验选择3年生栀子进行了大田试验,采用随机区组设计,设置栀子单作及栀子/白及、栀子/金钱草、栀子/射干3种间作处理,以栀子根际土壤为研究对象进行全生育期取样。采用Illumina高通量测序技术测定细菌16S rRNA基因V3-V4区序列及真菌rDNAITS1-ITS2区序列,并测定各时期土壤的理化性质,以明确栀子间作不同作物对其根际微生物群落及土壤理化性质随栀子生育期的动态变化。【结果】在栀子整个生育过程中,根际细菌群落中变形菌门和酸杆菌门的相对丰度分别为39%和18%,为细菌优势菌门。真菌群落中子囊菌门、担子菌门和被孢霉门相对丰度所占比例依次为51%、22%和19%,为主要真菌类群。在果实膨大期,与单作栀子相比,栀子/射干和栀子/白及可以显著增加土壤细菌群落Shannon指数,增幅分别为6.55%和3.45%(P0.05),其他时期差异不显著。盛花期,栀子/射干间作不会显著降低根际真菌的多样性,而与金钱草或白及间作则显著降低其多样性;果实膨大期,栀子/射干和栀子/白及间作均可以显著提高根际土壤真菌群落的Shannon指数,增幅分别为29.19%和9.12%。土壤养分方面,不同间作模式下根际土壤理化性质存在一定差异。单作栀子根际土壤仅有机质、全氮、速效磷的含量较高,而碱解氮、速效钾含量均低于3种间作处理。土壤酶方面,单作栀子除酸性蛋白酶外,其余几项土壤酶活性均处偏下水平。土壤理化性质与根际微生物多样性的相关性分析显示,细菌多样性指数Shannon与根际土壤有机质、速效磷含量呈显著正相关,与pH值呈极显著正相关(P0.01);真菌多样性指数Shannon与根际土壤全钾、脲酶、过氧化氢酶呈极显著负相关,与速效钾、蔗糖酶、酸性磷酸酶、酸性蛋白酶活性呈极显著正相关。【结论】合理间作可以改善根际微生物群落结构,同时提高土壤综合肥力。     

芹菜与伴矿景天间作对污泥农用锌镉污染土壤化学与微生物性质的影响

采集长期施用污泥导致的锌镉污染菜地土壤,通过盆栽试验研究芹菜与伴矿景天单作和两者间作模式下连续种植的修复效果.结果表明:随着修复次数的增加,单作处理中的植物生长不良,而间作处理下伴矿景天生长旺盛;与芹菜单作和伴矿景天单作相比,间作处理土壤有机质、速效氮、全氮、全磷显著降低,而速效钾浓度显著上升,土壤细菌数量提高7.9和18.4倍、真菌数量提高3.7和4.3倍,但脲酶和过氧化氢酶活性没有明显变化;BIOLOG结果也显示,间作处理下土壤微生物碳源利用能力和微生物群落功能多样性指数均显著高于单作处理;间作处理下土壤中Zn和Cd全量分别降低5.8％和50.0％,显著高于单作处理.表明土壤微生物效应可能是影响植物生长的重要原因之一.     

长期施肥对土壤微生物的影响及其在养分调控中的作用

为揭示长期施肥条件下土壤微生物类群及其与土壤养分的关系,对北京褐潮土定位试验田第12年的土壤微生物以及土壤养分因子进行了测定和分析．结果表明,NPK与有机肥长期配合施用能明显提高土壤各养分含量,增加土壤微生物的数量．猪粪比玉米秸秆能更好地培肥地力,创造有利于土壤微生物生长繁育的土壤生态化学环境．土壤微生物与土壤养分之间具有很好的相关性．其中,细菌、固氮菌数量与有机质、全氮、碱解氮、全磷、速效磷含量呈显著正相关;本研究未观察到真菌、放线菌数量与土壤养分因子之间有明显的相关性．     

Studies on the improvement in iron nutrition of peanut by intercropping with maize on a calcareous soil

Both rhizobox and field experiments were conducted to investigate nutritional interactions between peanut and maize in intercropping systems for Fe acquistion. Field observations indicated that Fe deficiency chlorosis symptoms in peanut grown in monoculture were more severe and widespread compared to those of peanuts intercropped with maize. This indicated a marked improvement in the iron nutrition of peanut intercropped with maize in the field and was further studied. In experiments with rhizoboxes, roots of maize and peanut were either allowed to interact with each other or prevented from making contact by inserting a solid plate between the root systems of the two species. A field experiment for four cropping treatments were examined: peanut grown separately in monoculture, normal peanut/maize intercropping, peanut/maize intercropping with solid plates between the root systems of the two crop species and peanut/maize intercropping with 30 μm nylon nets between the root systems. The results show that the chlorophyll and HCl-extractable Fe concentrations in young leaves of peanut in the intercropping system with unrestricted interactions of the roots of both plant species were much higher than those of peanut in monoculture. In the nylon mesh treatment, the beneficial effects of the maize extended to row 3. The improvement of Fe nutrition in the intercropping system got reduced but not diminished completely in the treatment with nylon net. It is suggested that the improvement in the Fe nutrition of peanut intercropped with maize was mainly caused by rhizosphere interactions between peanut and maize. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Effect of peanut mixed cropping with gramineous species on micronutrient concentrations and iron chlorosis of peanut plants grown in a calcareous soil

To gain a better understanding of the mechanisms of improvement of iron nutrition of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) intercropped with maize (Zea mays L.) in calcareous soil, both greenhouse and field experiments were conducted to investigate the rhizosphere (phytosiderophores) effects from maize, barley, oats and wheat with different phytosiderophores release rates on iron nutrition and other micronutrients in calcareous soil. Six cropping treatments were examined in a greenhouse experiment: peanut grown separately in monoculture, normal peanut/maize intercropping (two genotypes: Danyu13, Zhongdan12), peanut/barley intercropping, peanut/oats intercropping, and peanut/wheat intercropping. Additionally, we investigated in a field experiment the same five cropping systems as the greenhouse experiment (maize/peanut intercropping not including Zhongdan12). Our results show that the chlorophyll and active Fe concentrations in the young leaves of the peanut in the intercropping system with different gramineous species were much higher than those of the peanut in monoculture. In greenhouse conditions, the Fe concentration in the shoots of peanut plants grown in the intercropping systems of two maize genotypes separately were 1.40–1.44, 1.47–1.64 and 1.15–1.42 times higher respectively than those of peanut plants grown in monocropping at 55, 60 and 70 days. In particular, the Fe concentration in shoots of peanut plants grown in the intercropping systems of barley, oats and wheat were not only higher than those in monocropping but also higher than those in peanut intercropped cropping with maize. In the field, the concentration of Fe in shoot of intercropped peanut plants in rows 1–3 from gramineous species were significantly higher than in monocropping at the flowering stage. Simultaneously with iron nutrition variation in peanut, Zn and Cu concentrations of intercropped grown peanut increased significantly compared to those in monocropping in the greenhouse experiment, and different intercropping treatments generally increased the Zn and Cu content in the shoot of peanut in the field. Systemic mechanisms may be involved in adaptation to nutrient stresses at the whole plant level. The study suggests that a reasonable intercropping system of nutrient efficient species should be considered to prevent or mitigate iron and zinc deficiency of plants in agricultural practice.     

间作对植株生长及养分吸收和根际环境的影响

通过盆栽实验研究了线辣椒和玉米间作对其植株生长、矿质养分吸收、根际环境以及铁载体分泌的影响,以探索间作促进铁、磷等养分吸收利用的可能生理机制.结果表明:(1)与单作相比,间作线辣椒地上部干重降低23.0%,根系干重增加44.2%,玉米地上部和根系的干重分别增加8.7%和22.9%;间作线辣椒根冠比和根系活力分别显著提高86.4%和29.8%;间作线辣椒、玉米叶绿素含量分别显著提高12.6%和7.8%.(2)与单作相比,间作线辣椒的铁、锌、锰含量分别增加1.50倍、1.39倍和1.34%,而间作玉米则无显著变化;间作线辣椒和玉米的钙含量都显著低于相应单作,氮含量没有显著变化,但磷、钾含量显著增加.(3)间作线辣椒和玉米的根际土、非根际土的酸性磷酸酶活性及根系酸性磷酸酶活性都显著高于相应单作,而其根际土和非根际土的pH值无显著变化;间作玉米根系的铁载体分泌比单作减少32.8%,间作线辣椒根系的铁还原酶活性是单作的1.10倍.研究发现,线辣椒/玉米间作能通过影响根际生物学特征和化学过程提高植株的铁、锌、磷和钾养分水平,缓解养分胁迫,是一种很有推广价值的种植模式.     

Peanut/maize intercropping induced changes in rhizosphere and nutrient concentrations in shoots.

A greenhouse study was conducted to investigate the rhizosphere effects on iron (Fe), phosphorus (P), nitrogen (N), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), zinc (Zn), and manganese (Mn) nutrition in peanut plants (Arachis hypogaea L.) by intercropping them with maize (Zea mays L.). In addition, we studied the release of phytosiderophores and the ferric reductase activity of roots, pH and acid phosphatases in the rhizosphere and bulk soil, and the secretion of acid phosphatases in roots. Our results revealed that shoot yields of peanut and maize plants were decreased by intercropping the plants, as compared to monocultured plants. Growing peanut plants in a mixture with maize, enhanced the shoot concentrations of Fe and Zn nearly 2.5-fold in peanut, while the Mn concentrations of peanut were little affected by intercropping. In the case of maize, the shoot concentrations of Fe, Zn and Mn were not significantly affected by intercropping with peanut. Intercropping also improved the shoot K concentration of peanut and maize, while it negatively affected the Ca concentration. In the intercropping of peanut/maize, the acid phosphatase activity of the rhizosphere and bulk soil and root secreted acid phosphatases were significantly higher than that of monocultured peanut and maize. In accordance, the shoot P concentrations of peanut and maize plants were much higher when they were intercropped with peanut or maize, respectively. The rhizosphere and bulk soil pH values were not clearly affected by different cropping systems. When compared to their monoculture treatments, the secretion of phytosiderophore from roots and the root ferric reducing capacity of the roots were either not affected or increased by 2-fold by the intercropping, respectively. The results indicate the importance of intercropping systems as a promising management practice to alleviate Fe deficiency stress. Intercropping also contributes to better nutrition of plants with Zn, P and K, most probably by affecting biological and chemical process in the rhizosphere.     

花生与药材套种对土壤微生物区系的影响

通过茅苍术、京大戟、黄姜（盾叶薯蓣）、半夏和阔叶麦冬5种药用植物与花生套种的盆栽试验,测定了不同时期花生土壤中的细菌、放线菌、霉菌和酵母菌数量,探讨利用药用植物套种花生缓解花生连作障碍的可行性.结果表明：茅苍术组和京大戟组抑制土壤霉菌效果最好,在花生花针期分别比对照组减少了53.87%和29.59%;在花生收获后的土壤中霉菌数量增加,有利于物质循环和养分还田.茅苍术、京大戟和半夏组土壤中细菌数量增加. 在花生花针期,5种药用植物套作组土壤中酵母菌数量均高于对照.霉菌形态鉴定结果表明,在茅苍术、京大戟和黄姜套作组中均未检测出花生常见病原菌.药用植物和花生套种可以有效调节土壤微生物区系.     

玉米与籽粒苋不同种植模式下植物生长及Cd累积特征

为实现Cd污染农田边生产边修复的目标,采用田间原位修复的方式,将玉米与籽粒苋在Cd污染农田中以5种不同的间作模式种植: 交替宽窄行玉米宽行间作单行籽粒苋(T₁)、交替宽窄行玉米宽行间作双行籽粒苋(T₂)、等行距双行玉米间作单行籽粒苋(T₃)、等行距双行玉米间作双行籽粒苋(T₄)、玉米/籽粒苋等4行距间作(T₅),并以玉米(CK₁)和籽粒苋(CK₂)单作种植作为对照,探究不同间作结构配置对作物与超富集植物生长及Cd累积特征的影响.结果表明: 1)与CK₁相比,各间作模式单株玉米的籽粒产量呈增加趋势;T₁间作模式玉米的籽粒产量较CK₁增加10.5%,T₄和T₅间作模式玉米的籽粒产量较CK₁分别减少6.3%和5.4%,T₂和T₃间作模式基本稳产;间作籽粒苋地上部单株生物量及单位面积产量较CK₂分别显著减少69.5%～95.7%和83.9%～96.9%. 2)各间作模式玉米籽粒Cd含量较CK₁呈减少趋势,而间作籽粒苋Cd含量较CK₂呈增加趋势. 3)与CK₂相比,各间作模式籽粒苋的富集系数、转运系数、有效转运系数均呈增加趋势;间作籽粒苋地上部Cd的单株及单位面积提取量较CK₂分别显著减少40.4%～86.7%和70.4%～88.9%;各间作模式玉米与籽粒苋地上部Cd的单位面积提取总量高于单作玉米,但低于单作籽粒苋. 4)各间作模式玉米根际土有效态Cd含量及籽粒苋根际土总Cd、有效态Cd含量分别较单作玉米及单作籽粒苋呈增加趋势,但对非根际土没有显著影响.本研究中,T₁间作模式有利于玉米籽粒产量的提高,T₅间作模式有利于籽粒苋Cd提取量的最大化.     

玉米/花生混作改善花生铁营养对花生根瘤碳氮代谢及固氮的影响

研究了石灰性土壤上玉米 (Zea mays L.) /花生 (Arachishypogaea L.)混作改善花生铁营养对花生光合速率、光合产物的运输、花生各部位糖类含量、固氮酶活性以及根瘤内碳氮代谢及其有关酶活性的影响。结果表明 ,玉米 /花生混作改善花生铁营养能够明显增强固氮酶活性 ,进而增加了间作花生根瘤氨基酸的含量 ,这主要是由于玉米 /花生混作改善花生铁营养促进了花生光合作用 ,提高光合产物数量 ,增加光合产物由地上部向地下部的运输 ,但是处理间花生根瘤蔗糖和可溶性糖含量变化不大 ,单作花生根瘤还积累较多淀粉 ,说明不是光合产物的供应导致了花生固氮活性的差异。玉米 /花生混作对花生根瘤碳水化合物代谢水平影响较大 ,混作花生根瘤异柠檬酸脱氢酶 (IDH)、苹果酸脱氢酶 (MDH)、琥珀酸脱氢酶活性明显高于单作 ,而磷酸烯醇丙酮酸羧激 (PEPCK)活性低于单作花生 ,表明混作花生根瘤内三羧酸循环代谢水平较高 ,形成类菌体直接吸收利用的能量物质苹果酸和琥珀酸多 ,能够满足类菌体的固氮需求 ,因此 ,玉米 /花生混作改善花生铁营养增强根瘤碳水化合物代谢水平是提高花生固氮作用的重要原因之一     

Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.)/Maize (Zea mays L.) Intercropping Provides a Feasible Way to Improve Yield and Economic Incomes in Farming and Pastoral Areas of Northeast China

Given the growing challenges to food and eco-environmental security as well as sustainable development of animal husbandry in the farming and pastoral areas of northeast China, it is crucial to identify advantageous intercropping modes and some constraints limiting its popularization. In order to assess the performance of various intercropping modes of maize and alfalfa, a field experiment was conducted in a completely randomized block design with five treatments: maize monoculture in even rows, maize monoculture in alternating wide and narrow rows, alfalfa monoculture, maize intercropped with one row of alfalfa in wide rows and maize intercropped with two rows of alfalfa in wide rows. Results demonstrate that maize monoculture in alternating wide and narrow rows performed best for light transmission, grain yield and output value, compared to in even rows. When intercropped, maize intercropped with one row of alfalfa in wide rows was identified as the optimal strategy and the largely complementary ecological niches of alfalfa and maize were shown to account for the intercropping advantages, optimizing resource utilization and improving yield and economic incomes. These findings suggest that alfalfa/maize intercropping has obvious advantages over monoculture and is applicable to the farming and pastoral areas of northeast China.     

Soils from intercropped fields have a higher capacity to suppress black root rot in cassava,caused by Scytalidium lignicola

The objective of the present study was to evaluate the natural suppressive capacity of soils from forest, and monocropping and intercropping systems, against root rot, caused by Scytalidium lignicola, in a greenhouse experiment. We used soils from a tropical dry forest (FOR) and two intercropping and two monoculture systems. The first intercrop was maize and beans (CORNCOWP), and the second intercrop was cassava, pigeon peas and beans (CASPIGPCOWP). The first monoculture was beans, and the second was passion fruit. The intercropping soils showed a higher capacity to suppress black root rot in cassava than the monoculture because such soils were able to reduce disease severity by about 50%. Bean soil in the monoculture showed less microbial biomass carbon than in the intercrop, with means of 10.05 and 38.2 mg/kg, respectively. The higher density of bacteria and fungal populations, microbial biomass, urease and arylsulphatase activities correlated with a decrease in disease severity. Soils from the intercrops produced changes in soil quality, primarily in the population and density of microorganisms, enzymatic activities, total organic carbon and nutrients, reducing disease severity in cassava plants. These effects were validated by multivariate principal component analysis and showed three distinct groups: one FOR, one intercropping and one monocropping. The majority of vectors were in the direction of FOR and intercropping soils. We have provided some of the first data related to the beneficial effects of intercropping on the suppression of black root rot in cassava, which is validated through different attributes.