生物破乳剂产生菌的筛选及其方法研究

针对生物破乳剂产生菌筛选难的问题,采用显色法、溶血细胞测试法、表面张力测定法和排油圈法从6种不同菌源对生物破乳菌产生茵进行了筛选.通过试验筛选得到了17株生物破乳剂产生茵,其中24h内破乳率高于70%的破乳菌有5株;油田含油污泥、采油废水生物处理污泥和污水处理厂剩余污泥是筛选破乳菌的较好的菌源:显色法、溶血圈法存在检测范围的局限性;表面张力测定法和排油圈法是最为简易和准确的生物表面活性剂产生茵的筛选方法,采用模型乳状液对生物破乳剂产生菌进行筛选最为直接和准确,但工作量大、所需时间长,因此在筛选高效破乳菌时,建议采用表面张力、排油圈法进行初筛,而后通过模型乳状液破乳进行验证.     

生物破乳菌的筛选及发酵条件的优化

生物破乳剂的开发可以降低油田乳状液对石油工业和生态环境的负面影响并减少化学破乳剂的使用量。本研究建立了一套高效、便捷的破乳菌筛选方法, 并对破乳菌的特性进行研究。利用大庆油田受石油污染土壤作为菌种来源, 将Tween 60-water(0.072%, V/V)和Span 60-oil (0.028%, V/V)以6.5:3.5体积比配置出可以稳定200 h以上的O/W型乳状液, 用于破乳菌破乳效能的评价。经过分离纯化、血平板试验、排油试验和破乳试验最终筛选出2株24 h平均排油率在80%以上的优势破乳菌, 初步鉴定为芽孢杆菌属(Bascillus)。通过该破乳菌发酵条的件优化得到, 当温度为25°C, 摇床转数为160 r/min, pH值为9, 接菌量为20%时对该破乳菌生长速率最快, 积累发酵产物的量最多; 当温度为35°C, 摇床转数为120 r/min, pH值为9, 接菌量为2%时该破乳菌代谢产物的破乳活性最高。     

Dietzia sp.S-JS-1利用煎炸废油生产生物破乳剂及其性能研究

以前期研究中筛选得到的破乳剂产生菌Dietzia sp.S-JS-1为研究对象,采用煎炸废油为培养碳源,考察菌株的生物量和表面张力,研究处理方式、温度、乳状液pH对破乳剂在两种模型乳状液W/O型(water in oil)和O/W型(oilin water)中破乳性能的影响,并初步分析生物破乳剂成分。结果表明:菌株最大生物量为2.6 g/L,其产生的破乳剂能够将纯水表面张力从72.0 mN/m降低到32.5 mN/m。冻融对破乳剂效果的影响小于高温灭菌;破乳剂经冷冻干燥处理后的破乳效果明显好于烘干处理;破乳剂在35℃～75℃时具有较好的破乳效果,脱水率均在75%以上;破乳剂在W/O型乳状液中的效果随着pH变大而逐渐增加,pH=10时的脱水率高达99.8%,而在O/W型乳状液中,pH=7时的脱水率最高,为90%左右。薄层色谱结果表明S-JS-1利用煎炸油生产的生物破乳剂可能含有5种脂肽类物质。     

pH对兼性嗜碱菌Alcaligenes sp.XJ-T-1产生物破乳剂性能的影响

从受石油污染土壤中筛选出一株生物破乳剂产生菌Alcaligenes sp.XJ-T-1,生长的最适初始pH范围为9.0～11.0,为兼性嗜碱菌,能在初始pH 6.0～pH 11.0生长并产生生物破乳剂,但只有在碱性环境下才产生胞外产物。XJ-T-1菌悬液和胞外产物溶液可将蒸馏水表面张力分别降低到30 mN/m左右和35 mN/m左右。经过TLC分析,初步推测XJ-T-1产生的胞外产物为脂肽类和糖脂类的混合物。XJ-T-1菌悬液主要针对O/W型乳状液破乳,胞外产物主要针对W/O型乳状液破乳,初始pH 9.0培养下的菌悬液和胞外产物破乳效果最好。投加210 mg/L菌悬液可使O/W型乳状液在24 h的破乳率达77.5%,投加40 mg/L胞外粗产物溶液可使W/O型乳状液在24 h的破乳率达90.0%。通过透射电镜照片推测,随着培养pH提高到9.0以上,胞外产物的产生使XJ-T-1利用石蜡的过程发生变化。     

Dietzia sp. S-JS-1利用废弃油脂生产生物破乳剂的研究

生物破乳剂是近期开发出来的用于油水分离的新型破乳剂。本研究利用从受石油污染的土壤中筛选得到、并采用16S rRNA鉴定为Dietzia sp.的一株破乳剂产生菌, 在以废弃油脂MWFO、SWFO为碳源培养下, 得到的生物破乳剂的粗重为4 g/L、3.5 g/L; 对于W/O、O/W模型乳状液的破乳效果均可超过以液体石蜡产生的破乳剂, 且以SWFO废弃油脂培养得到的生物破乳剂可以同时应用于两种模型乳状液的使用。对于碳源利用方面Dietzia sp.在利用两种废弃油脂脂肪酸的过程中, 都是优先利用C16和C18的脂肪酸, 但对于两种废弃油脂的利用率上存在一定差异。采用TLC和FTIR分析发现, 3种碳源培养得到的生物破乳剂均为脂肽类生物破乳剂, 其破乳剂的化学结构还有待进一步研究。     

生物破乳剂产生菌混合培养及其发酵条件的优化

【目的】对菌株L1和XH1的混合发酵条件进行优化,为混合菌发酵生物破乳剂的实际生产和应用提供理论依据。【方法】利用响应面实验(RSM)的中心组合旋转设计方法(CCRD)针对混合菌的发酵条件进行优化,通过对模型乳状液进行破乳实验,以排油率作为发酵液破乳效能的评价标准。【结果】经模型的分析与验证,确定最佳发酵条件为：种子液比例(L1:XH1)为3:2,葡萄糖投加时间为第4天,投加葡萄糖后再培养21 h,液体石蜡含量3.6% (体积比)。【结论】与破乳菌XH1和L1单独培养相比,经混合培养后获得复合生物破乳剂具有投加量少、破乳接触时间短的优势。同时双株破乳菌复配培养有效地提高了培养基中主要营养物质的利用率,减少了对底物的浪费。     

泽普油田生物表面活性剂产生菌的筛选

目的:对泽普油田的9个原油样品进行生物表面活性剂产生菌株的筛选.方法:富集培养、血平板分离、摇瓶培养和排油圈测定.结果:7个样品都可溶血和排油圈,即有表面活性剂产生.结论:泽普油田有生物表面活性剂产生菌株,而且该产品具有重要的开发价值.     

响应面法优化Alcaligenes sp.产脂肽生物破乳剂培养基的研究

生物破乳刺是应用于石油开采业中的新型破乳剂之一,本研究对筛选得到的一株破乳剂产生菌(鉴定为Alcdigenes sp.)产生的脂肽类生物破乳剂进行了发酵培养基的优化,采用SAS软件的响应面回归方法对培养基中主要因素进行了研究,试验结果表明,在碳源石蜡为4.76%、氮源牛肉膏为0.12%、磷源K2HPO4/KH2PO4为0.53/0.8%时,破乳剂的产生量为最大,比优化前提高了近一倍.     

陕北地区提高石油采收率菌株筛选及其降解性能评价

筛选出可提高石油采收率的降解菌株。采用富集培养和稀释平板法,从陕北某采油厂附近长期受原油污染的水域和油污泥中筛选获得以原油为唯一碳源的降油菌株,并对其生长条件、排油圈能力、代谢产物表面活性物质、表面张力与乳化性及原油降解实验进行一系列的研究。含油废水和油污泥中筛选出10株细菌,从中选择了6株优势菌作为供试菌株进行后续研究,6株供试菌株均可使原油的理化性质发生变化。菌株B与原油作用后,使原油黏度降低了49.02%,菌株A-08、菌株5-13、菌株1-2及菌株A和菌株A-08复合菌群可使原油乳化为细小的圆型颗粒,与原油作用后,降解率达到43.25%-60.00%。     

pH对破乳菌Alcaligenes sp. S-XJ-1破乳性能的影响

从受石油污染的土壤中筛选出一株破乳菌Alcaligenes sp. S-XJ-1,该菌在初始pH6.0-11.0均可生长,其最适初始pH为10.0。在初始pH10.0条件下培养,破乳菌产量最高可达4.8g/L,菌悬液投加量为1000mg/L时,24h破乳率在85%以上。同时,该培养条件下得到的生物破乳菌细胞表面疏水性最大,对碳氢化合物的吸附能力达72.7%,接触角达115°。采用稳定性分析仪分别对pH7.0和pH10.0条件下培养得到的菌体的破乳效果进行分析,结果发现与初始pH7.0相比,初始pH10.0培养得到的破乳菌可以加速分散相粒径的增大,最终使乳状液破乳速率大幅提高。     

Evaluation of screening methods for demulsifying bacteria and characterization of lipopeptide bio-demulsifier produced by Alcaligenes sp

In this paper, surface tension measurement, oil-spreading test and blood-plate hemolysis test were attempted in the screening of demulsifying bacteria. After the comparison to the screening results obtained in demulsification test, 50 mN/m of surface tension of culture was proposed as a preliminary screening standard for potential demulsifying bacteria. For the identification of efficient demulsifying strains, surface tension level was set at 40 mN/m. The detected strains were further verified in demulsification test. Compared to using demulsification test alone as screening method, the proposed screening protocol would be more efficient. From the screening, a highly efficient demulsifying stain, S-XJ-1, was isolated from petroleum-contaminated soil and identified as Alcaligenes sp. by 16S rRNA gene and physiological test. It achieved 96.5% and 49.8% of emulsion breaking ratio in W/O and O/W kerosene emulsion within 24h, respectively, and also showed 95% of water separation ratio in oilfield petroleum emulsion within 2h. The bio-demulsifier was found to be cell-wall combined. After soxhlet extraction and purification through silicon-gel column, the bio-demulsifier was then identified as lipopeptide biosurfactant by TLC and FT-IR.     

产生物表面活性剂菌种的一种快速筛选模型*

利用生物表面活性剂具有溶血性和在产生过程中能使蓝色凝胶平板变色等特性,建立了产生物表面活性剂菌种的快速筛选模型。模型用于从采自油田和炼厂的土样和水样中筛选生物表面活性剂产生菌,选出12株能产生物表面活性剂的微生物,其中1株糖脂产量为6．5g／L,产生的糖脂配成0．5％水溶液,能在25％将水的表面张力从71．3mN／m降到30．5mN／m。     

Screening and Evaluation of Biosurfactant-Producing Strains Isolated from Oilfield Wastewater

The six biosurfactant-producing strains, isolated from oilfield wastewater in Daqing oilfield, were screened. The production of biosurfactant was verified by measuring the diameter of the oil spreading, measuring the surface tension value and emulsifying capacity against xylene, n-pentane, kerosene and crude oil. The experimental result showed three strains (S2, S3, S6) had the better surface activity. Among the three strains, the best results were achieved when using S2 strain. The diameter of the oil spreading of the biosurfactant produced by S2 strain was 14 cm, its critical micelle concentration (CMC) was 21.8 mg/l and the interfacial tension between crude oil and biosurfactant solution produced by S2 strain reduced to 25.7 mN/m. The biosurfactant produced by S2 strain was capable of forming stable emulsions with various hydrocarbons, such as xylene, n-pentane, kerosene and crude oil. After S2 strain treatment, the reduction rate of oil viscosity was 51 % and oil freezing point reduced by 4 °C.     

Investigation of the relationship between cell surface hydrophobicity and demulsifying capability of biodemulsifier-producing bacteria

Background

Cell surface hydrophobicity (CSH) is one of the key physicochemical features of biodemulsifier-producing bacteria that influence their demulsification capability maintenance in petroleum contaminated environments.

Methods

In present study, biodemulsifier-producing bacteria were isolated from petroleum contaminated environments using different isolation media and the correlation between their CSH and demulsifying ability was investigated. The demulsifying ability of isolates was measured through demulsification tests on water in kerosene emulsions. The microbial adhesion to the hydrocarbon (MATH) assay was used to denote their CSH.

Results

The evaluation of CSH showed that majority of biodemulsifier producing bacteria have high CSH which indicating a positive correlation between CSH and demulsifying capability.

Conclusions

According to these results it can be concluded that CSH can be used as an indicator for assessment of biodemulsifier-producing bacteria and screening of new isolates for their biodemulsifier production.

     

Isolation and characterization of biosurfactant production under extreme environmental conditions by alkali-halo-thermophilic bacteria from Saudi Arabia

Twenty three morphologically distinct microbial colonies were isolated from soil and sea water samples, which were collected from Jeddah region, Saudi Arabia for screening of the most potent biosurfactant strains. The isolated bacteria were selected by using different methods as drop collapse test, oil displacement test, blue agar test, blood hemolysis test, emulsification activity and surface tension. The results showed that the ability of Virgibacillus salarius to grow and reduce surface tension under a wide range of pH, salinities and temperatures gives bacteria isolate an advantage in many applications such as pharmaceutical, cosmetics, food industries and bioremediation in marine environment. The biosurfactant production by V. salarius decreased surface tension and emulsifying activity (30 mN/m and 80%, respectively). In addition to reducing the production cost of biosurfactants by tested several plant-derived oils such as jatropha oil, castor oils, jojoba oil, canola oil and cottonseed oil. In this respect the feasibility to reusing old frying oil of sunflower for production rhamnolipids and sophorolipids, their use that lead to solve many ecological and industrial problems.     

Comparison of methods to detect biosurfactant production by diverse microorganisms

Three methods to detect biosurfactant production, drop collapse, oil spreading, and blood agar lysis, were compared for their ease of use and reliability in relation to the ability of the cultures to reduce surface tension. The three methods were used to test for biosurfactant production in 205 environmental strains with different phylogenetic affiliations. Surface tension of select strains that gave conflicting results with the above three methods was also measured. Sixteen percent of the strains that lysed blood agar tested negative for biosurfactant production with the other two methods and had little reduction in surface tension (values above 60 mN/m). Thirty eight percent of the strains that did not lyse blood agar tested positive for biosurfactant production with the other two methods and had surface tension values as low as 35 mN/m. There was a very strong, negative, linear correlation between the diameter of clear zone obtained with the oil spreading technique and surface tension (rs = -0.959) and a weaker negative correlation between drop collapse method and surface tension (rs = -0.82), suggesting that the oil spreading technique better predicted biosurfactant production than the drop collapse method. The use of the drop collapse method as a primary method to detect biosurfactant producers, followed by the determination of the biosurfactant concentration using the oil spreading technique, constitutes a quick and easy protocol to screen and quantify biosurfactant production. The large number of false negatives and positives obtained with the blood agar lysis method and its poor correlation to surface tension (rs = -0.15) demonstrated that it is not a reliable method to detect biosurfactant production.     

生物破乳菌形态、表面性质和物质特征研究方法与进展

生物破乳菌在石油开采与加工行业的研究已经引起各界的广泛关注,然而由于生物破乳菌菌体形态、表面性质和表面物质的复杂性,使菌体的破乳活性特征尚未被揭示。本文介绍了生物破乳剂的来源、合成及破乳机制;归纳了影响生物破乳菌破乳活性的菌体形态、表面性质和表面物质三方面因素的研究进展,特别是总结了相关研究的方法;最后在此基础上对今后研究方向提出展望。