黑曲霉脂肪酶分子结构预测

根据克隆到的黑曲霉脂肪酶基因序列,概念性翻译出其编码的氨基酸序列.利用BioEdit、PSIPRED和SwissModel等软件及服务器对黑曲霉脂肪酶的一级结构、二级结构和三级结构进行分子结构模型的预测与模拟.预测结果显示,黑曲霉脂肪酶分子的一级结构、二级结构及三级结构的结构特点与丝氨酸水解酶高度吻合.预测的黑曲霉脂肪酶各种二级结构成分含量与实际测定的重组黑曲霉脂肪酶二级结构成分相符.在三级结构水平上,黑曲霉脂肪酶"盖子"结构域所在的位置与已解析的黑曲霉阿魏酸酯酶对应结构域所在的位置存在显著差异.盖子结构域位置的差异预示一种开盖型脂肪酶分子设计和构建的可能.     

不依赖油水界面激活的黑曲霉脂肪酶突变体的构建

为获得不依赖油水界面激活的黑曲霉脂肪酶 (ANL) 突变体,在生物信息学分析基础上,对黑曲霉脂肪酶盖子结构域两侧铰链区的氨基酸残基进行了置换突变,获得两个黑曲霉脂肪酶突变体 (ANL-Ser84Gly和ANL-Asp99Pro)。对不同浓度对硝基苯丁酸酯的水解活性检测结果表明：ANL-Ser84Gly的催化活性仍依赖油水界面,而ANL-Asp99Pro的催化活性不再依赖油水界面。底物特异性检测结果表明：较ANL而言,ANL-Ser84Gly的比活力显著降低,其水解对硝基苯棕榈酸酯、对硝基苯豆蔻酸酯、对硝基     

黑曲霉h408阿魏酸酯酶基因的克隆及在毕赤酵母中的高效表达

【目的】实现在巴斯德毕赤酵母(Pichia pastoris)中高效表达黑曲霉(Aspergillus niger)h408阿魏酸酯酶A基因(AnfaeA),并对重组酶特性进行表征。【方法】采用重叠延伸PCR扩增黑曲霉h408的阿魏酸酯酶A基因。将AnfaeA基因和毕赤酵母表达载体pPIC9K连接,成功构建重组质粒pPIC9K-Anfae,经线性化后电转化P.pastoris GS115,透明圈法筛选活性高的转化子后进行诱导表达。利用紫外吸收法测定温度及pH对重组阿魏酸酯酶活性的影响。【结果】成功从A.niger h408中克隆得到阿魏酸酯酶A的cDNA基因(GenBank:KF911349),并实现了其在P.pastoris GS115中的高效表达。该基因长度为783bp,含有1个开放阅读框架(ORF),编码260个氨基酸,Blast分析显示该基因和GenBank中黑曲霉阿魏酸酯酶序列同源性为99%。翻译的氨基酸序列含有脂酶典型的活性盖子和催化三联体结构。从转化板上获得1株编号为pPIC9K-Anfae5的转化子阿魏酸酯酶活性最高,酶活达24.72 U/mL,比活力为40.84 U/mg,比黑曲霉出发菌株(22.1 mU/mL)提高了1100倍左右。重组阿魏酸酯酶的最适pH为5.0,且在pH 4.0-9.0稳定性较好;最适反应温度50℃,在40-60℃时较稳定。【结论】阿魏酸酯酶在毕赤酵母中的高效分泌表达为其在饲料工业和造纸工业等工业化应用提供了前提,也为后续改进酶学特性的定向进化奠定实验基础。     

基于易错PCR技术的短小芽孢杆菌YZ02脂肪酶基因BpL的定向进化

利用易错PCR技术对短小芽胞杆菌(Bacillus pumilus)YZ02脂肪酶基因BpL进行两轮定向进化研究, 分别获得最佳突变株BpL1-7和BpL2-1369, 其脂肪酶活力比出发酶分别提高了2倍和6倍。序列分析表明, 突变体BpL2-1369有4个碱基发生了突变: T61C/C147T/A334G/T371A, 其中有3个碱基突变导致了氨基酸的改变。通过SWISS-MODEL数据库模拟脂肪酶的结构显示, 3个突变氨基酸分别位于第1个a螺旋的第3个氨基酸、第4和第5个b折叠之间的转角以及第5个b折叠的第1个氨基酸位置。将野生型脂肪酶基因BpL和进化后的基因BpL2-1369的高效表达产物经Ni-Agarose柱和Sephadex-G75纯化后, 酶学性质测定表明: 突变脂肪酶的比活力比野生型脂肪酶提高了1.31倍, Km值由8.24 mmol/L降低至7.17 mmol/L; 在pH>8.0时的稳定性较野生型脂肪酶有所提高。     

基于易错PCR技术的短小芽孢杆菌YZ02脂肪酶基因BpL的定向进化

利用易错PCR技术对短小芽胞杆菌(Bacillus pumilus)YZ02脂肪酶基因BpL进行两轮定向进化研究, 分别获得最佳突变株BpL1-7和BpL2-1369, 其脂肪酶活力比出发酶分别提高了2倍和6倍。序列分析表明, 突变体BpL2-1369有4个碱基发生了突变: T61C/C147T/A334G/T371A, 其中有3个碱基突变导致了氨基酸的改变。通过SWISS-MODEL数据库模拟脂肪酶的结构显示, 3个突变氨基酸分别位于第1个a螺旋的第3个氨基酸、第4和第5个b折叠之间的转角以及第5个b折叠的第1个氨基酸位置。将野生型脂肪酶基因BpL和进化后的基因BpL2-1369的高效表达产物经Ni-Agarose柱和Sephadex-G75纯化后, 酶学性质测定表明: 突变脂肪酶的比活力比野生型脂肪酶提高了1.31倍, Km值由8.24 mmol/L降低至7.17 mmol/L; 在pH>8.0时的稳定性较野生型脂肪酶有所提高。     

易错PCR法提高土芽孢杆菌ZH1羧酸酯酶的热稳定性

摘要:【目的】对土芽孢杆菌(Geobacillus sp.) ZH1的羧酸酯酶基因进行定向进化,筛选得到酶热稳定性提高的突变酶。【方法】利用易错PCR技术向羧酸酯酶基因中随机引入突变,建立酶基因突变文库,筛选获得热稳定性提高的突变体,并对突变酶进行诱导表达、纯化及部分酶学性质研究。【结果】通过筛选,获得羧酸酯酶热稳定性提高的突变菌株65。序列分析表明,突变酯酶65有2个氨基酸发生了改变,包括T113S和M160K。突变酶的三维结构模拟显示,突变T113S位于酶分子的第5个β-折叠上;突变M160K处在酶分子第5个和第6个α-螺旋之间的环结构上,位于酶分子表面,突变后的Lys160与邻近的Thr162形成一个额外氢键。在90 ℃下,突变酶65和亲本酶的半衰期分别为3.1 h 和1.9 h,表明筛选到的突变酶65比亲本酶的热稳定性好。【结论】基于易错PCR技术对Geobacillus sp．ZH1羧酸酯酶的热稳定性进行了定向进化,对改善酶的性质、扩大酯酶的应用范围,以及研究酯酶的结构与功能的关系具有重要意义。     

黄山药的黑曲霉转化产物化学成分研究

研究黑曲霉YM33182(Aspergillus niger)对黄山药转化后,其转化产物的化学成分.采用固体发酵法对黄山药进行生物转化;通过高效液相分析(HPLC)转化前后的化合物种类和含量变化;利用反复硅胶色谱进行化合物分离纯化;通过光谱数据分析鉴定化合物结构.分离得到4个转化产物,分别鉴定为β-胡萝卜苷(dau-costerol,1),薯蓣皂甙元-α-L鼠李糖(1→4)-β-D葡萄糖甙(prosapogenin B,2),薯蓣皂甙元[-α-L鼠李糖(1→2)]-α-L鼠李糖(1→4)-β-D葡萄糖甙(Dioscin,3),薯蓣皂甙元[-α-L鼠李糖(1→2)]-β-D葡萄糖(1→3)-β-D葡萄糖甙(gracillin,4).HPLC分析表明,Prosapogenin B是原提取物不含有的成分,占转化产物的10.77%.     

高产耐热脂肪酶嗜热脂肪地芽孢杆菌的选育

采用氮离子注入技术对耐热脂肪酶产生菌嗜热脂肪地芽孢杆菌（Geobacillus stearothermophilus）L4进行诱变,筛选获得酶活力有较大提高且传代稳定的正突变菌株L4-3;再对L4-3进行紫外线诱变,得到脂肪酶活力提高的正突变菌株L4-3-2,其脂肪酶活力达25．71U／mL,较原始菌株M提高511．9％。高产突变株L4-3-2所产脂肪酶的最适作用温度为50℃,70℃保温60min的剩余酶活为82％,最适作用pH为7．0～8．0,为一种耐热碱性脂肪酶。     

黑曲霉C112纤维二糖酶基因的克隆与生物信息学分析

以紫外诱变获得的高产纤维素酶黑曲霉C112菌株为模板,采用RT-PCR技术克隆黑曲霉C112的纤维二糖酶基因bgl(Gen Bank登录号:KP307454);该基因全长2 934 bp,含有非编码序列,编码860个氨基酸,等电点为4.70,核酸序列与数据库的Aspergillus niger(Gen Bank登录号JX982101.1)同源性达到了99%;生物信息学分析表明,纤维二糖酶为具有一定亲水性的稳定酸性分泌蛋白;二级结构以α-螺旋、β-折叠和无规则卷曲为结构元件;该基因经IPTG诱导重组蛋白表达,SDS-PAGE检测结果表明,重组表达产物的相对分子量约为93.3 k D,与预期相符;纤维二糖酶在大肠杆菌BL21中胞内融合表达,重组蛋白p NPG酶活为5.847U/m L,最适反应温度为50℃,最适p H值为5.0。     

定向进化-易错PCR方法提高华根霉Rhizopus chinensis CCTCC M201021脂肪酶的活力

运用定向进化-易错PCR的方法,提高了华根霉Rhizopus chinensis CCTCC M201021脂肪酶的活力。经过两轮易错PCR和pNPP顶层琼脂法筛选,从第一轮和第二轮突变库中分别筛选获得最佳突变株1-11和2-28,脂肪酶酶活与野生菌株相比分别提高2倍和4倍。基因比对结果表明,突变脂肪酶2-28有4个氨基酸发生了突变:A129S、K161R、A230T、K322R。蛋白质分子空间结构模拟显示,突变A129S、K161R、A230T位于脂肪酶分子表面。突变A230T增强了α-螺旋盖结构的稳定性。突变K322R处在loop上,靠近脂肪酶底物结合区域,与邻近的Asp(带负电)形成盐桥。静电引力将该loop向底物进入酶活性中心的通道口反方向牵引,使底物分子更易进入酶活性中心。酶学性质研究表明,突变株2-28脂肪酶的Km值比出发菌株下降了10%,Kcat值提高为原来的2.75倍。     

Construction of Aspergillus niger lipase mutants with oil-water interface independence

Based on previous bioinformational analytical results [Shu ZY, et al. Biotechnol Prog 2009;25:409-16], four A. niger lipase (ANL) mutants, ANL-Ser84Gly, ANL-Asp99Pro, ANL-Lys108Glu and ANL-EαH (obtained by replacing the lid domain of ANL with the corresponding domain from A. niger feruloyl esterase), were constructed to screen out ANL mutants with oil-water interface independence. ANL-S84G displayed a pronounced interfacial activation, while ANL-D99P and ANL-K108E displayed no interfacial activation. The specific activity of ANL-S84G towards p-nitrophenyl esters decreased from 29.8% to 76.5% compared with that of ANL, while the specific activity of ANL-D99P towards p-nitrophenyl palmitate increased 2.2-fold. The thermostability of ANL-K108E was almost unchanged, while the thermostability of ANL-S84G and ANL-D99P significantly decreased compared with that of ANL. The construction of oil-water interface-independent ANL mutants would help to further understand the mechanism of lipase interfacial activation.     

Aspergillus niger lipase: Heterologous expression in Pichia pastoris,molecular modeling prediction and the importance of the hinge domains at both sides of the lid domain to interfacial activation

Aspergillus niger lipase (ANL) is an important biocatalyst in the food processing industry. However, there is no report of its detailed three‐dimensional structure because of difficulties in crystallization. In this article, based on experimental data and bioinformational analysis results, the structural features of ANL were simulated. Firstly, two recombinant ANLs expressed in Pichia pastoris were purified to homogeneity and their corresponding secondary structure compositions were determined by circular dichroism spectra. Secondly, the primary structure, the secondary structure and the three‐dimensional structure of ANL were modeled by comparison with homologous lipases with known three‐dimensional structures using the BioEdit software, lipase engineering database ( http://www.led.uni‐stuttgart.de/ ), PSIPRED server and SwissModel server. The predicted molecular structure of ANL presented typical features of the α/β hydrolase fold including positioning of the putative catalytic triad residues and the GXSXG signature motif. Comparison of the predicted three‐dimensional structure of ANL with the X‐ray three‐dimensional structure of A. niger feruloyl esterase showed that the functional difference of interfacial activation between lipase and esterase was concerned with the difference in position of the lid. Our three‐dimensional model of ANL helps to modify lipase structure by protein engineering, which will further expand the scope of application of ANL. © 2009 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 2009     

黑曲霉阿魏酸酯酶在毕赤酵母中的组成型表达

【目的】实现黑曲霉来源的阿魏酸酯酶在毕赤酵母(Pichia pastoris GS115)中的组成型表达。【方法】以黑曲霉(Aspergillus niger)基因组为模板,经重叠延伸PCR扩增得到阿魏酸酯酶基因(AnfaeA),将其与载体pGAP9K相连,构建重组表达载体p GAP9KAnfae A,经SalI线性化后电转入毕赤酵母GS115中,得到重组菌株。高效液相色谱法测定发酵液中阿魏酸酯酶活力,并对重组菌进行了发酵优化。【结果】克隆得到783 bp的阿魏酸酯酶编码基因并实现了其在毕赤酵母中的组成型表达。重组菌发酵84 h后,上清液中酶活达5.72±0.10 U/m L。重组酶(reAnfaeA)经分离纯化后比酶活为59.75 U/mg,大小约为40 k D。发酵优化结果为:葡萄糖40.0 g/L,蛋白胨10.0 g/L,酵母膏30.0 g/L,CaCO_3 0.2 g/L,种龄28 h,接种量3%(体积比),装液量50 m L/250 m L。在此条件下发酵培养,酶活达15.60±0.23 U/m L。【结论】阿魏酸酯酶在毕赤酵母中的组成型表达,对研究毕赤酵母组成型表达系统和阿魏酸酯酶的发酵生产具有一定的借鉴意义。     

The crystal structure of feruloyl esterase A from Aspergillus niger suggests evolutive functional convergence in feruloyl esterase family

As a component of the array of enzymes produced by micro-organisms to deconstruct plant cell walls, feruloyl esterases hydrolyze phenolic groups involved in the cross-linking of arabinoxylan to other polymeric structures. This is important for opening the cell wall structure, making material more accessible to glycosyl hydrolases. Here, we describe the first crystal structure of the non-modular type-A feruloyl esterase from Aspergillus niger (AnFaeA) solved at 2.5A resolution. AnFaeA displays an alpha/beta hydrolase fold similar to that found in fungal lipases and different from that reported for other feruloyl esterases. Crystallographic and site-directed mutagenesis studies allow us to identify the catalytic triad (Ser133-His247-Asp194) that forms the catalytic machinery of this enzyme. The active-site cavity is confined by a lid (residues 68-80), on the analogy of lipases, and by a loop (residues 226-244) that confers plasticity to the substrate-binding site. The lid presents a high ratio of polar residues, which in addition to a unique N-glycosylation site stabilises the lid in an open conformation, conferring the esterase character to this enzyme. A putative model for bound 5,5'-diferulic acid-linked arabinoxylan has been built, pointing to the more relevant residues involved in substrate recognition. Comparison with structurally related lipases reveals that subtle amino acid and conformational changes within a highly conserved protein fold may produce protein variants endowed with new enzymatic properties, while comparison with functionally related proteins points to a functional convergence after evolutionary divergence within the feruloyl esterases family.     

Substrate specificity and kinetic properties of enzymes belonging to the hormone-sensitive lipase family: comparison with non-lipolytic and lipolytic carboxylesterases

We have studied the kinetics of hydrolysis of triacylglycerols, vinyl esters and p-nitrophenyl butyrate by four carboxylesterases of the HSL family, namely recombinant human hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL), EST2 from Alicyclobacillus acidocaldarius, AFEST from Archeoglobus fulgidus, and protein RV1399C from Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The kinetic properties of enzymes of the HSL family have been compared to those of a series of lipolytic and non-lipolytic carboxylesterases including human pancreatic lipase, guinea pig pancreatic lipase related protein 2, lipases from Mucor miehei and Thermomyces lanuginosus, cutinase from Fusarium solani, LipA from Bacillus subtilis, porcine liver esterase and Esterase A from Aspergilus niger. Results indicate that human HSL, together with other lipolytic carboxylesterases, are active on short chain esters and hydrolyze water insoluble trioctanoin, vinyl laurate and olive oil, whereas the action of EST2, AFEST, protein RV1399C and non-lipolytic carboxylesterases is restricted to solutions of short chain substrates. Lipolytic and non-lipolytic carboxylesterases can be differentiated by their respective value of K(0.5) (apparent K(m)) for the hydrolysis of short chain esters. Among lipolytic enzymes, those possessing a lid domain display higher activity on tributyrin, trioctanoin and olive oil suggesting, then, that the lid structure contributes to enzyme binding to triacylglycerols. Progress reaction curves of the hydrolysis of p-nitrophenyl butyrate by lipolytic carboxylesterases with lid domain show a latency phase which is not observed with human HSL, non-lipolytic carboxylesterases, and lipolytic enzymes devoid of a lid structure as cutinase.     

Exploration of members of Aspergillus sections Nigri, Flavi, and Terrei for feruloyl esterase production

The ability of members of Aspergillus sections Nigri, Flavi, and Terrei to produce feruloyl esterases was studied according to their substrate specificity against synthetic methyl esters of hydroxycinnamic acids. Type A feruloyl esterases (FAEA), induced during growth on cereal-derived products, show a preference for the phenolic moiety of substrates that contain methoxy substitutions, as found in methyl sinapinate, whereas type B feruloyl esterases (FAEB) show a preference for the phenolic moiety of substrates that contain hydroxyl substitutions, as occurs in methyl caffeate. All the strains of Aspergillus section Nigri (e.g., A. niger and A. foetidus) were able to produce feruloyl esterases with activity profiles similar to those reported for FAEA and FAEB of A. niger when grown on oat-spelt xylan and sugar beet pulp, respectively. The two genes encoding these proteins, faeA and faeB, were identified by Southern blot analysis. The strains of Aspergillus sections Flavi (e.g., A. flavus, A. flavo-furcatus, and A. tamarii) and Terrei (e.g., A. terreus) were able to produce type A and type B enzymes. faeA was revealed in genomic DNA of these strains, and FAEA was determined by immunodetection in cultures grown in oat-spelt xylan. In addition, type B enzymes, not related to faeB, were efficiently induced by oat-spelt xylan and exhibited very original activity profiles on sugar beet pulp. This work confirms that the members of the genus Aspergillus are good feruloyl esterase producers.     

Engineering a Disulfide Bond in the Lid Hinge Region of Rhizopus chinensis Lipase: Increased Thermostability and Altered Acyl Chain Length Specificity

The key to enzyme function is the maintenance of an appropriate balance between molecular stability and structural flexibility. The lid domain which is very important for “interfacial activation” is the most flexible part in the lipase structure. In this work, rational design was applied to explore the relationship between lid rigidity and lipase activity by introducing a disulfide bond in the hinge region of the lid, in the hope of improving the thermostability of R. chinensis lipase through stabilization of the lid domain without interfering with its catalytic performance. A disulfide bridge between F95C and F214C was introduced into the lipase from R. chinensis in the hinge region of the lid according to the prediction of the “Disulfide by Design” algorithm. The disulfide variant showed substantially improved thermostability with an eleven-fold increase in the t _1/2 value at 60°C and a 7°C increase of T _m compared with the parent enzyme, probably contributed by the stabilization of the geometric structure of the lid region. The additional disulfide bond did not interfere with the catalytic rate (k _cat) and the catalytic efficiency towards the short-chain fatty acid substrate, however, the catalytic efficiency of the disulfide variant towards pNPP decreased by 1.5-fold probably due to the block of the hydrophobic substrate channel by the disulfide bond. Furthermore, in the synthesis of fatty acid methyl esters, the maximum conversion rate by RCLCYS reached 95% which was 9% higher than that by RCL. This is the first report on improving the thermostability of the lipase from R. chinensis by introduction of a disulfide bond in the lid hinge region without compromising the catalytic rate.     

Production of feruloyl/ρ-coumaroyl esterase activity by Penicillium expansum, Penicillium brevicompactum and Aspergillus niger

Extracellular esterase production by Penicillium expansum, Penicillium brevicompactum and Aspergillus niger was determined in both liquid and solid-state culture. Methyl ferulate was used as the main carbon source in liquid culture whereas wheat bran and sugar beet pulp were used in solid-state culture. Extracted enzyme for each fungus showed activity in the presence of ONP butyrate, methyl ferulate, methyl coumarate and two 'natural'feruloylated carbohydrate esters. Higher enzyme recoveries were obtained using wheat bran in solid-state culture. Higher levels of feruloyl esterase activity were recovered from P. expansum on all feruloylated substrates than from P. brevicompactum or A. niger. Using ONP butyrate as substrate the pH and temperature optima for the esterases of both Penicillium spp. were 6.0 and 25–30°C. Aspergillus niger esterase activity showed a broader temperature range with an optimum at 40°C.