农业昆虫学论文中常见不规范用语辨析

一篇优秀的科技论文,不仅要内容先进科学,语言文字完美流畅,而且要用统一规范的科技术语。现将农业昆虫学论文中常见的不规范科技用语归纳为4类,略加辨析,以与专家、同行商榷。1概念模糊例1：1983年以来,调查54种植物,其中发现有中黑盲蝽若虫的共16科爿种植物,表明中黑盲蝽是一种分布很广的杂食性害虫。此例中有两处属于概念模糊：①“分布很广”。害虫分布指的是其在地球上的分布位置。在这里,宜用取食范围广,而不是分布范围广。②“杂食性害虫”。杂食性害虫指的是既能吃植物性食物,又能吃动物性食物的昆虫。显然,这里的“杂…     

四合木(Tetraenamongolica)林地昆虫群落的组成、结构及多样性特征

濒危植物四合木(Tetraena mongolica)为我国特有的蒺藜科单种属落叶小灌木.对四合木林地昆虫群落进行了调查,共得昆虫标本11363号,263种.隶属于67个科(或总科)11个目.同翅目的个体数量和优势度指数最高;膜翅目的物种丰富度和多样性指数最大;双翅目的均匀度最大.数量优势类群(＞10％)为木虱和叶蝉类,常见类群(1％～10％)是象甲、小蜂、粒脉蜡蝉、拟步甲、蚂蚁、蝽科、皮蝽、盲蝽、斑翅蝗科昆虫.营养结构中植食性类群在种类和数量上占绝对优势,其中的吸食类昆虫优势度最大;天敌昆虫以寄生性类群为主,多样性最高;捕食性和中性昆虫的种类和数量相对较少,但捕食者的均匀度最高.灌木层与草本层相比,灌木层昆虫群落的物种丰富度和个体数量明显占优;优势种的优势度大.而草本层昆虫群落的多样性和均匀度高.2层整体的相似性低.膜翅目的共有种最多.     

前翅鞘翅型的蝽类昆虫

鞘翅型蝽类昆虫前翅发达,与甲虫的前翅相似。类群涉及鞭蝽型、蝎蝽型、细蝽型、臭虫型、蝽型中的栉蝽科、裂蝽科、小潜蝽科、固蝽科、蚤蝽科、涯蝽科、网蝽科、盲蝽科、长蝽科、缘蝽科共10个科。它们的生境多样,包括水底小石块下面、水生植物上、海岸潮间区石隙中、蚂蚁巢穴中、沙漠灌木植物上、土中、沙砾中、枯枝落叶层和苔藓上,这些生境的共同点是其对前翅的保护功能的选择压力明显大于对前翅飞行功能的选择压力。此类昆虫的前翅特化的类型分为两类,一类膜区完全退化或极度退化,由革区和爪区(愈合或不愈合)构成鞘质前翅的主体;另一类膜区发达,占鞘质前翅的主体;大部分前翅鞘质化的蝽类属于第一种类型;仅个别长蝽科的昆虫属于第二类,如巨膜长蝽Jakowleffiasetulosa(Jakowleff)。     

对食性分类的商榷

昆虫的食性很复杂,但目前常用的分类,是按昆虫所取食物的性质分为:植食性、肉食性和杂食性。取食活植物的为植食性,取食动物的为肉食性,既能取食动物又能取食植物的为杂食性。植食性昆虫,又以选择食物种类多寡而分为单食性,寡食性和多食性。昆虫仅取食一种植物的为单食性。寡食性是指以某一类群的植物为食的昆虫。多食性是以多种不同类群的植物为食的昆虫。     

节瓜蓟马的新天敌-中华微刺盲蝽

首次发现中华微刺盲蝽Campylomma chinensis Schwh捕食节瓜蓟马Thrips palmi Kamy且对田间节瓜蓟马种群数量的减少起重要作用.本文研究了该虫的形态特征、捕食过程和取食范围.结果表明中华微刺盲蝽为多食性昆虫,能取食多种小型昆虫及多种昆虫的卵:在田间,中华微刺盲蝽与节瓜蓟马数量的跟随现象明显;通过释放盲蝽,能使节瓜蓟马种群数量减少.     

中国特有植物四合木的昆虫群落与多样性特征

对中国特有植物四合木(Tetraena mongolica)植株上昆虫群落进行调查和多样性特征分析,共采得四合木上昆虫标本1935号,隶属于8目42个科(或总科)136种。包括同翅目、膜翅目、半翅目、鞘翅目、双翅目、缨翅目、直翅目和脉翅目的种类。同翅目昆虫在数量上占有绝对的优势,达67.96%。膜翅目丰富度最高,有59种;优势类群(>10%)是叶蝉,常见类群(1%～10%)包括小蜂、粒脉蜡蝉、天牛、蚂蚁、皮蝽、蚜虫和盲蝽等。调查所得昆虫群落中植食性昆虫有59种共1610只,丰富度和个体数量在群落中占有绝对的优势。其中尤以吸食类昆虫为最,其个体数量和优势度指数最大,但均匀度最低。寄生性天敌昆虫在群落中多样性最大,优势度最低,多为膜翅目种类。中性昆虫优势度指数较高。捕食性昆虫物种丰富度和个体数量较小,但多样性高,仅次于寄生性昆虫。     

盲蝽科昆虫的分类系统概述

依据目前已有的资料 ,概述了盲蝽科昆虫的分类系统。盲蝽科隶属于半翅目异翅亚目臭虫型的盲蝽总科 ,这在半翅目学者中意见一致。但关于盲蝽科亚科及族级水平的分类系统观点不一。最合理的为 6亚科及 8亚科的分类系统。8亚科分类系统是目前最被接受和应用的系统。     

中国仰蝽属一新纪录

仰蝽属Notonecta linnaeus昆虫为半翅目仰蝽科(Notonectidac)中最为常见的类群,我国南北均有分布,作者根据手下标本对此类昆虫进行整理,发现一种为中国新纪录种。 紫红仰蝽Notonecta violacea Kirkaldy     

凤盲蝽属一新种（半翅目：盲蝽科）

本文记述采自甘肃祁连山北麓的半翅目盲蝽科叶盲蝽亚科凤盲蝽属昆虫１新种－－祁连凤盲蝽。新种的模式标本保存在南开大学生物系。     

黑石顶蝽类昆虫考察报告

广东省封开县黑石顶自然保护区,地处东经111°52′.北纬23°31′、北回归线在其南部穿过。该区面积6万余亩,属南亚热带常绿阔叶季雨林,生物资源丰富,目前已知植物种类有195科636属1400多种。动物尚未有完整的资料。自1984年至今,我们结合教学,曾先后9批师生到该区考察采集昆虫,参加人数共79人次,累计892个工作日,收集了一批标本,经整理鉴定,其中半翅目(Hemiptera)昆虫13科146种,包括龟蝽科10种,土蝽科1种,蝽科57种,同蝽科2种,异蝽科1种,缘蝽科31种,蛲蝽科2种.束蝽科1种,长蝽科14种蝽,红科3种,网蝽科2种,猎蝽科21种及盲蝽     

Comparative lectin histochemical analysis of the duodenal glands in various mammals

Composition and histotopography of lectin receptors have been studied in 12 species of mammals with various nutritional specialization: carnivorous, phytophagous and omnivorous. In cells of the duodenal glands of the carnivorous and omnivorous receptors to concanavalin A and lentil lectin (D-mannosoglycans ) are absent and they are present in the glands of the phytophagous animals. In cells of some parts of the glands presence of receptors to soya bean lectin (N-acetyl-D-galactosamine++) is the most characteristic sign of the duodenal glands in the carnivorous and phytophagous animals. Together with certain differences, depending on the nutritional way of the animals, specific peculiarities of lectins binding with glandulocytes of the duodenal glands are demonstrated. The data on rearrangement of the lectin receptors are obtained during the process of cellular differentiation. Presence of N-acetyl-D-galactosamine++ remnants-biding soya bean lectin in composition of oligosaccharide++ chains of glycoconjugates is a sign of low differential degree of the glandular cells. In more differentiated cells concealment in oligosaccharide chains of D-galactose remnants (peanut and castor-oil lectins receptors) by L-fucose, N-acetil-D-glucosamin remnants and sialic acid can have place; this is demonstrated as accumulation of receptors to wheat germ and Laburnum anagyroides lectins in the glandular cells.     

Fish mercury bioaccumulation as a function of feeding behavior and hydrological cycles of the Rio Negro, Amazon

The acidic black waters of the Rio Negro are unimpacted by anthropogenic sources and yet, are characterized by fish containing relatively high Hg concentrations. Regular annual flooding alters the aquatic environment, thereby affecting fish feeding strategies. We studied the impact of annual flooding on fish-Hg bioaccumulation. Tucunarés (Cychla spp, carnivorous), Peixe-cachorro (Hydrolycus scomberoides, carnivorous), Traíra (Hoplias malabaricus, carnivorous), Piranha-branca (Serrasalmus aff. eigenamanni, carnivorous), Piranha-preta (Serrasalmus rhombeus, carnivorous), Acará (Acarichthys heckellii, omnivorous), Aracú (Leporinus friderici, omnivorous), Orana-preta (Hemiodus unimaculatus, omnivorous), Sardinha (Triportheus elongatus, omnivorous), Branquinha (Potamorhina latior, detritivorous), Jaraqui-escama-fina (Semaprochilodus taeniurus, detritivorous), and Pacú-branco (Myleus torquatus, herbivorous) were studied during high (July) and low waters (February) and categorized by body mass. Regardless of hydrological period, ranges of total-Hg concentrations were higher for carnivorous than for omnivorous, detritivorous and herbivorous species. Some species (Traíra, Sardinha, Peixe-cachorro, Piranha branca, Piranha preta) showed changes in feeding patterns as indicated by an inverse trend of Hg bioaccumulation with season. Species with similar trends of Hg bioaccumulation showed higher Hg concentrations during the flooded season (Aracú, Pacú branco and Orana preta) and some had lower Hg (Acará, Branquinha and Tucunarés). Fish Hg concentration is species specific and reflects changes in feeding-behavior dominance brought by annual inundation.     

嘉陵江不同江段蛇鮈的食性分析

2015年和2016年的10—11月,在嘉陵江上游(广元)、中游(蓬安)、下游(合川)采集210尾蛇鮈Saurogobio dabryi,采用传统镜检法对其食性进行研究。结果表明:嘉陵江蛇鮈属于杂食性鱼类,饵料生物包括5大类(79小类);聚类分析表明,出现率(F%)、数量百分比(N%)和相对重要性指数(IRI%)在衡量食物对嘉陵江蛇鮈的重要性方面表现一致,但基于质量百分比(W%)的食物重要性结果与前三者之间的差异有统计学意义。4种指数显示,上游和中游江段蛇鮈均以动物性饵料为主,为偏肉食性的杂食性鱼类,下游江段蛇鮈以藻类为主,为偏植食性的杂食性鱼类。选用W%对其食性进行不同江段之间比较,聚类分析表明中游与上游和下游存在显著差异(d> 0. 3); Schoener重叠指数比较显示,不同江段蛇鮈摄食的饵料生物存在空间差异(C_xy<0. 60)。研究认为蛇鮈的食性具有较强的地域性和可塑性,可能是对不同江段水生生态环境适应的结果。     

Mandible Form Relative to the Main Food Type in Ladybirds (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae)

The Coccinellidae is an economically important family within the Coleoptera. Some members are phytophagous pests, but many are beneficial predators and valuable biocontrol agents. This study investigates the morphology of the mandibles of adult Coccinellidae in relation to diet. Using scanning electron microscopy on 86 species of Coccinellidae, it was found that the morphology of the mandibles was dictated by the general feeding method, and could only be used to indicate a phytophagous, mycophagous or carnivorous diet. Phytophagous Coccinellidae of the subfamily Epilachninae had mandibles with denticulate apical teeth and setae for feeding on leaf material. The mandibles of the mycophagous Psylloborini had secondary teeth on the ventral apical tooth for collecting fungal spores. The mandibles of carnivorous Coccinellidae and Scymninae had either a bifid or unidentate apex. The unidentate mandible seemed to be restricted to coccidophagous species. Many species also had a mandibular groove along which prey body juices were conducted. Although mandible morphology could be related to the overall feeding method, there was no relationship between specific diet or food taxon and mandible shape. Mandible shape does not appear to be especially restricting for changes in diet either in the ecological sense or over evolutionary time. Mandible morphology is of limited use in determining diet and host specificity in Coccinellidae that are being selected as potential biocontrol agents.     

Foraging tactics and prey-selection patterns of omnivorous and carnivorous calanoid copepods

The foraging tactics and prey-selection patterns of omnivorous and carnivorous calanoid copepods are reviewed. Calanoid foraging tactics are envisioned as falling along several closely coupled continua reflecting swimming behavior, feeding behavior, and dietary habit. The consequences of these foraging tactics on prey-selection patterns are explored in the context of a graphical model. It is hypothesized that the prey-selection patterns of calanoid copepods are determined, to a large extent, by calanoid foraging tactics and the size relationships of predator and prey.     

Feeding ecology of four fishes from a mangrove creek in north Queensland, Australia

The feeding ecology of four species of fish is described in terms of associations of body form, feeding structures, and stomach contents; and of seasonal variations in diet. Black bream, Acanthopagrus berda (Forskal, 1775), and the hair-finned goby, Ctenogobius criniger (Valenciennes, 1837), are predominantly carnivorous; milk-spotted toadfish, Chelonodon patoca (Hamilton-Buchanan, 1822), largely omnivorous; and bony bream, Anodontostoma chacunda (Hamilton-Buchanan, 1822), detritivorous. The results illustrate the role of a mangrove creek in the ecology of the four species of fish and show the mangrove creek provides a nursery for A. berda and C. patoca.     

Nectarivory by the plant-tissue feeding predator Macrolophus pygmaeus Rambur (Heteroptera: Miridae): Nutritional redundancy or nutritional benefit?

Most predators and parasitoids feed on plant-provided food (nectar, pollen) or engage in herbivory during at least part of their life stages. Plant feeding by these insects plays an important role in driving predator-herbivore dynamics. Thus, understanding the effects of plant feeding on omnivores could be an important element in improving biological control strategies. The mirid Macrolophus pygmaeus is an omnivorous heteropteran predator of whitefly and other pests. Unlike other predators that need to seek out accessible nectar to meet their carbohydrate requirements, mirid bugs can access the plant's carbohydrate resources by feeding directly on plant tissues. Leaf and stem feeding could be seen as a nutritional surrogate that allows mirids to become independent of nectar availability. However, to date feeding experiments have not yet considered nectar feeding by these mirid predators. In this study we demonstrate that M. pygmaeus survival is prolonged on broad bean plants featuring extrafloral nectar as compared to broad bean with extrafloral nectaries removed, irrespective of the presence of cattail pollen. Survival on extrafloral nectar was comparable to the survival by individuals kept on broad bean provided with eggs of Ephestia kuehniella as prey. Also, a greater proportion of mirid females laid eggs when extrafloral nectar was available as compared to those confined on nectariless plants without supplemental food.     

Environmental constraint of intraguild predation: Inorganic turbidity modulates omnivory in fairy shrimps

1. Omnivory is widespread in food webs, with an important stabilising effect. The strength of omnivorous trophic interactions may change considerably with changes in the local environment.
2. Shallow temporary waters are often characterised by high levels of inorganic turbidity that may directly limit the food uptake of filter-feeding organisms, but there is little evidence on how it might affect omnivorous species. Anostracans are key species of temporary waters and recent evidence suggests that these organisms are omnivorous consumers of both phyto- and zooplankton.
3. Using Branchinecta orientalis as a model species, our aim was to test how turbidity affects the feeding of an omnivorous anostracan. To do this, we used short-term feeding experiments and stable isotope analyses, with animals collected from soda pans in eastern Austria. In the feeding experiments, algae and zooplankton were offered as food either separately or in combination. The prey type treatments were crossed with turbidity levels in a factorial design.
4. There was a pronounced decrease in the ingested algal biomass with increasing turbidity. Conversely, ingestion rates on zooplankton were less affected by turbidity. Stable isotope analyses from field material supported our experimental results by showing a positive relationship of the trophic position of anostracans and the trophic niche of the communities with turbidity.
5. Our results show that turbidity modulates the intraguild trophic relationship between anostracans and their prey by shifting the diet of anostracans from more herbivorous in transparent to more carnivorous in turbid waters. Thus, inorganic turbidity might also have a community-shaping role in plankton communities of temporary waters through altering trophic relationships.

     

杭州湾南岸大桥建设区域潮间带大型底栖动物功能群及营养等级的季节动态

2006年5月至2007年1月在杭州湾南岸跨海大桥附近潮滩共采集到32种大型底栖动物,根据其食性类型划分为5种功能群。用功能群方法对这些物种生境变化的关系进行了分析,结果表明:大型底栖动物各多样性指数在潮带间差异显著,季节间则只有Margalef种类丰度(S)和Shannon-Wiener指数(H′)存在显著性差异;各功能群密度在季节间均不存在显著性差异,而在潮带间除了浮游生物食者外,其它类群均存在显著性差异;肉食者的种类数在潮带间不存在显著性差异,而在季节间存在显著性差异,其它功能群刚好相反。滩涂大型底栖动物群落主要包括4个营养级别,各营养级的构成密度在季节间差异不显著,在潮带间则差异显著;各营养级种类数是处于第四级的肉食者季节间差异显著,潮带间变化不显著,处于第二、三营养等级的功能群则正好相反。底栖动物功能群多样性综合反映了杭州湾南岸大桥建设区域潮间带大型底栖动物群落变化情况。     

荒漠草原地面节肢动物功能群对草地封育的响应

以宁夏盐池国家级草原资源生态监测站为依托,选择荒漠草原典型植被类型的封育与未封育样地调查了地面节肢动物、植被及土壤特征,同时根据动物食性对节肢动物功能群进行了划分.结果表明:荒漠草原地面节肢动物可划分为捕食性、植食性、腐食性和杂食性4种营养功能群.其中,植食性和捕食性节肢动物在数量上占优势,植食性和腐食性节肢动物生物量所占比例较大,表明荒漠草原地面节肢动物区系以植食性动物分布为其主要特征.围栏封育增加了捕食性、植食性和杂食性节肢动物个体数量和类群数,增加了捕食性和杂食性节肢动物的生物量,提高了捕食性和植食性节肢动物的物种多样性,这与植被恢复和土壤环境改善密切相关,说明荒漠草原围栏封育增加了地面节肢动物功能群的多样性和复杂性.但是围栏封育后,腐食性节肢动物个体数量减少,生物量降低,反映了腐食性节肢动物对放牧草地生境的依赖性.