食物浓度和品系对萼花臂尾轮虫生殖期历时和混交雌体形成的影响

应用单个体培养方法比较研究了藻类食物浓度(2.0、5.0、8.0和11.0×106cells/mL)和品系对采自广州、青岛和芜湖等地的萼花臂尾轮虫生殖期历时、后代数和后代中混交雌体百分率的影响。结果表明,食物浓度对轮虫的生殖期历时和轮虫全部后代中的混交雌体百分率有显著的影响,但对轮虫的总后代数无显著的影响。品系对轮虫的生殖期历时、总后代数和全部后代中的混交雌体百分率均有显著影响。3品系间,广州品系轮虫的生殖期历时最长,为(4.53±0.19)d;总后代数最多达(18.75±0.26)个;全部后代中的混交雌体百分率最低,仅为4.32%±0.51%。而青岛品系轮虫全部后代中的混交雌体百分率最高,达49.90%±2.15%;其生殖期历时和总后代数与芜湖品系间均无显著的差异。食物浓度和品系间的交互作用仅对轮虫全部后代中的混交雌体百分率有显著影响。3品系中,仅芜湖品系轮虫的生殖期历时、总后代数和全部后代中的混交雌体百分率受食物浓度的显著影响;母体年龄对轮虫每天所产后代中的混交雌体百分率的影响因轮虫品系的不同和培养时所用的食物浓度的不同而异。     

镜湖萼花臂尾轮虫夏季种群内不同克隆的生活史特征

应用生命表统计学等方法对镜湖萼花臂尾轮虫夏季种群内4个在生化遗传特征上互不相同的克隆（克隆A、B、c和D）在4种温度（15℃、20℃、25℃和30℃）下的生活史特征及其对升高的温度的反应进行了比较研究。结果表明,温度对萼花臂尾轮虫存活率和繁殖率的影响在不同克隆间存在着差异。20℃和25℃下,4个克隆轮虫的世代时间和净生殖率均分别无显著的差异;20℃、25℃和30℃下,4个克隆轮虫的平均寿命和出生时的生命期望亦然。其余各温度下,4个克隆间轮虫的其他生命表参数均有显著的差异。20℃、25℃和30℃下,4个克隆轮虫所产后代中的混交雌体百分率间均具有显著的差异,且克隆c轮虫所产后代中的混交雌体百分率最高。15℃下,克隆D轮虫的个体适合度最高;25℃下,克隆A和B轮虫的个体适合度较高。4个克隆轮虫的生活史特征对升高的温度的反应也存在着差异。忽略温度的影响时,4克隆间,克隆D轮虫的世代时间、平均寿命和出生时的生命期望最短,净生殖率、种群内禀增长率和个体适合度均最低;克隆C轮虫所产后代中的混交雌体百分率最高。30℃下,4个克隆轮虫的种群内禀增长率存在着差异可能是不同基因型的轮虫克隆群在种群内所占的比例不同的重要原因;而它们的个体适合度相似则可能是不同基因型的轮虫克隆群在夏季镜湖中共存的主要原因之一。     

孤雌生殖累积世代数和雌体年龄对萼花臂尾轮虫繁殖的影响

采用单个体培养方法,研究了孤雌生殖的累积世代数和雌体年龄对萼花臂尾轮虫混交雌体形成和产卵量的影响,结果表明,随着轮虫孤雌生殖累积世代数和增加,各代中的总混交雌体百分率呈减小的趋势,年轮的雌体可产生较多的混交雌体,非混交雌体所产后代中的总混交雌体百分率具有随其祖母年龄的增大而增大的趋势,孤雌生殖的累积世代数对轮对轮虫非混交雌体的平均产卵量无显著的影响,非混交雌体的年龄对其报代的平均产卵量亦无显著的影响。     

不同克隆萼花臂尾轮虫的后代质量及其相关因素分析

在4个温度(15 ℃、20 ℃、25 ℃和30 ℃)下对4个不同生化遗传特征的萼花臂尾轮虫克隆(A、B、C和D)所产幼体的耐饥饿时间及其与温度、轮虫个体大小和卵大小等的关系进行研究.结果表明,15 ℃下克隆B幼体耐饥饿时间最短,为45.67 h;20 ℃和25 ℃下克隆C幼体耐饥饿时间均最长,分别为61.33 h和72.01 h;30 ℃下克隆A幼体耐饥饿时间最长,为40.11 h.4个温度间,克隆A轮虫幼体的耐饥饿时间在15 ℃下最长,克隆B和C轮虫幼体的耐饥饿时间在30 ℃下均最短,克隆D轮虫幼体的耐饥饿时间随培养温度的升高而逐步显著缩短.4个克隆轮虫的幼体耐饥饿时间均与温度呈显著负相关关系.克隆A轮虫的幼体耐饥饿时间还与卵体积呈显著负相关,克隆C相反;克隆B和克隆D轮虫幼体耐饥饿时间与个体体积呈显著正相关关系.     

镜湖花臂尾轮虫夏季种群内不同克隆的生活史特征

应用生命表统计学等方法对镜湖花臂尾轮虫夏季种群内4个在生化遗传特征上互不相同的克隆(克隆A、B、C和D)在4种温度(15℃、20℃、25℃和30℃)下的生活史特征及其对升高的温度的反应进行了比较研究。结果表明,温度对花臂尾轮虫存活率和繁殖率的影响在不同克隆间存在着差异。20℃和25℃下,4个克隆轮虫的世代时间和净生殖率均分别无显著的差异;20℃、25℃和30℃下,4个克隆轮虫的平均寿命和出生时的生命期望亦然。其余各温度下,4个克隆间轮虫的其他生命表参数均有显著的差异。20℃、25℃和30℃下,4个克隆轮虫所产后代中的混交雌体百分率间均具有显著的差异,且克隆C轮虫所产后代中的混交雌体百分率最高。15℃下,克隆D轮虫的个体适合度最高;25℃下,克隆A和B轮虫的个体适合度较高。4个克隆轮虫的生活史特征对升高的温度的反应也存在着差异。忽略温度的影响时,4克隆间,克隆D轮虫的世代时间、平均寿命和出生时的生命期望最短,净生殖率、种群内禀增长率和个体适合度均最低;克隆C轮虫所产后代中的混交雌体百分率最高。30℃下,4个克隆轮虫的种群内禀增长率存在着差异可能是不同基因型的轮虫克隆群在种群内所占的比例不同的重要原因;而它们的个体适合度相似则可能是不同基因型的轮虫克隆群在夏季镜湖中共存的主要原因之一。     

萼花臂尾轮虫种复合体内三个姐妹种生活史特征的比较研究

应用生命表统计学方法,在13℃、18℃、23℃和28℃下对采自芜湖市莲塘湖和荷花塘水体中的萼花臂尾轮虫三个姐妹种HE1、HE3和LE9的生活史特征进行了比较研究。结果表明,三个姐妹种生命表参数间的差异因温度的不同而异。13℃下,姐妹种LE9的生命期望、平均寿命和世代时间都显著长于姐妹种HE3,LE9的净生殖率和种群内禀增长率均最大,三个姐妹种所产后代中的混交雌体百分率无显著的差异。18℃下,姐妹种LE9的生命期望和平均寿命显著长于姐妹种HE3,姐妹种LE9的世代时间显著长于姐妹种HE1和HE3,姐妹种 HE3的种群内禀增长率显著高于姐妹种LE9,姐妹种HE3所产后代中的混交雌体百分率最高,三个姐妹种的净生殖率无显著的差异。23℃下,姐妹种HE1的生命期望、平均寿命和世代时间均最长,姐妹种HE1所产后代中的混交雌体百分率显著低于HE3,三个姐妹种的净生殖率和种群内禀增长率均无显著的差异。28℃下,三个姐妹种的生命期望、平均寿命、世代时间和种群内禀增长率均无显著的差异;姐妹种HE1的净生殖率最低;姐妹种HE3所产后代中的混交雌体百分率最高。三个姐妹种的生命表参数对升高的温度的响应也不相同。温度、姐妹种及两者间的交互作用对轮虫的世代时间、平均寿命、出生时的生命期望和轮虫所产后代中的混交雌体百分率均有显著的影响;温度和姐妹种对轮虫的净生殖率和种群内禀增长率均有极显著影响,但两者的交互作用对其无显著性影响。     

镜湖萼花臂尾轮虫种群内不同基因型克隆的生活史特征

应用生命表统计学等方法,比较了15、20、25和30℃4个温度下镜湖萼花臂尾轮虫种群内13个不同基因型克隆的生命表统计学参数和后代混交雌体百分率等生活史特征．结果表明：轮虫的世代时间、平均寿命、出生时的生命期望值、内禀增长率、净生殖率和后代混交雌体百分率对升高温度的反应均因克隆的不同而存在差异;温度、克隆及两者间的交互作用对其也都具有极显著影响．表明水环境在温度等方面所具有的时间异质性可能是镜湖萼花臂尾轮虫种群丰富的遗传变异得以维持的原因之一;自然选择出现在共存的克隆中,但其强度较低或作用时间较短是克隆共存的重要原因;遗传漂变可能在种群的基因型频率变化中起重要作用．不同基因型轮虫克隆的存在对其种群在水环境中的持续存在具有重要意义．     

萼花臂尾轮虫(Brachionus calyciflorus)种复合体内三个姐妹种生活史特征比较

采自芜湖市莲塘湖和荷花塘水体中的萼花臂尾轮虫3个姐妹种HE1、HE3和LE9在13℃、18℃、23℃和28℃下的生命表参数间的差异表现为13℃和18℃下姐妹种LE9的生命期望和平均寿命都显著长于姐妹种HE3,23℃下姐妹种HE1的生命期望和平均寿命均最短;13℃下姐妹种LE9的世代时间显著长于姐妹种HE3,18℃下和23℃姐妹种LE9和HE1的世代时间分别最长和最短;13℃下姐妹种LE9的净生殖率最高,28℃下姐妹种HE1的净生殖率最低;13℃下姐妹种LE9的种群内禀增长率最高,18℃下姐妹种HE3的种群内禀增长率显著高于姐妹种LE9;18℃和28℃下姐妹种HE3所产后代中的混交雌体百分率最高,23℃下姐妹种HE1所产后代中的混交雌体百分率显著低于HE3.3个姐妹种的生命表参数对升高的温度的响应也不相同.温度、姐妹种及两者间的交互作用对轮虫的世代时间、平均寿命、出生时的生命期望和轮虫所产后代中的混交雌体百分率均有显著的影响;温度和姐妹种对轮虫的净生殖率和种群内禀增长率均有极显著影响,但两者的交互作用对其无显著性影响.     

镜湖萼花臂尾轮虫种群等位酶分析和生殖参数的季节变化

应用聚丙烯酰胺垂直平板凝胶电泳分析了镜湖萼花臂尾轮虫春季和夏季种群的葡萄糖磷酸异构酶（GPI）、苹果酸脱氢酶（MDH）和葡萄糖磷酸变位酶（PGM）三种酶系统,检测出GPI和MDH酶谱在两季节种群间存在着明显的差异;根据酶谱的不同可以把春季种群内的24个克隆划分为6个基因型不同的克隆群,夏季种群内的10个克隆划分为7个基因型不同的克隆群;春、夏两个季节种群内具有2个基因型相同的克隆群;各基因型在轮虫种群内的发生频率不尽相同。对轮虫两季节种群内共13个具有不同基因型的轮虫克隆在4个温度（15℃、20℃、25℃和30℃）下的种群增长率、种群中的混交雌体率和混交雌体受精率以及休眠卵产量等生殖参数所作的研究结果表明,各克隆的生殖参数对升高温度的反应不尽相同,温度和克隆以及两者间的交互作用对轮虫各生殖参数具有极显著的影响;这可能是镜湖萼花臂尾轮虫种群丰富的遗传变异得以维持的原因之一。上述结果显示,镜湖萼花臂尾轮虫种群不仅在生化遗传特征方面存在着显著的季节变异,在孤雌生殖速率（以种群增长率为指标）以及有性生殖的发生、过程和结局-混交雌体的产生、受精作用和休眠卵形成等生态特征方面还具有丰富的季节分化。     

大型和小型萼花臂尾轮虫的遗传和生活史特征比较研究

近年来，有关生物个体大小变异规律的研究已经成为生活史对策研究的重要内容之一。研究发现，大小相似的萼花臂尾轮虫（Brachionus Calyciflorus）母体所产休眠卵孵化出的不同克隆后代个体大小变化显著，其中，最大个体是最小个体体积的6.25倍。推测种群内产生不同大小的后代个体是轮虫应对环境变化的一种适应性进化策略，然而目前对上述不同大小轮虫克隆的遗传和生活史特征的研究尚未见报道。以mtDNA COI基因和rDNA ITS序列作为分子标记，比较了个体大小差异显著的不同克隆萼花臂尾轮虫的遗传分化程度和分类地位，并在不同温度（20℃、25℃、30℃）和不同斜生栅藻（Scenedesmus obliquus）食物密度（1.0×10⁶、3.0×10⁶、5.0×10⁶个/mL）下比较了它们的生活史特征。结果表明，萼花臂尾轮虫种群内个体大小变异并非由于遗传特征的明显分化所导致，大型和小型个体轮虫克隆在两种分子标记上并不构成姐妹种，且两种形态型间还存在共享单倍型。温度、食物密度、轮虫形态型，以及温度和食物密度各自与轮虫形态型之间的交互作用，均显著影响轮虫的生活史特征。小型轮虫在1.0×10⁶个细胞/mL食物密度下显著延长了胚胎和幼体的发育时间，缩短了生殖期历时；大型轮虫在1.0×10⁶个细胞/mL和3.0×10⁶个细胞/mL食物密度下显著延长了幼体的发育时间，但是其用于胚胎发育和生殖的时间却不随食物密度的变化而变化。各温度和食物密度条件下，大型轮虫的生殖期历时、平均寿命和世代时间均显著延长，或有延长趋势；而两者的种群增长能力之间的差异却因温度和食物密度的不同而异。20℃、25℃以及3.0×10⁶个细胞/mL和5.0×10⁶个细胞/mL食物密度下两种形态型轮虫的生殖能力相似；30℃条件下小型轮虫的生殖能力更强；1.0×10⁶个细胞/mL食物密度下大型轮虫的生殖能力更强。小型轮虫在各温度和各食物密度下均未产生混交雌体后代，而大型轮虫在20℃低温下有较高的后代混交率。因此，大型和小型个体轮虫克隆具有显著不同的生活史策略，且利用有性生殖直接产生个体体积明显变异的不同克隆后代是萼花臂尾轮虫适应不可预测环境变化的一种"赌注策略"。     

Life history characteristics of three types of females in Brachionus calyciflorus Pallas (Rotifera) fed different algae

This study describes the life history characteristics of amictic, unfertilized mictic and fertilized mictic females of the rotifer Brachionus calyciflorus cultured individually on two different algae at 0.1 mg ml^–1 food concentration and 27 °C. The duration of the juvenile period of amictic females was significantly shorter on Chlorella pyrenoidosa Chick than on Scenedesmus obliquus Kütz or both algae together. The duration of the juvenile period of unfertilized mictic females was significantly longer, and the number of eggs produced by amictic females was significantly larger on Chlorella pyrenoidosa than on S. obliquus. When fed the same type of alga, the duration of the juvenile period of the fertilized mictic females was the longest among the three types of females, and the durations of the reproductive period of the amictic females and the post-reproductive period of the fertilized mictic females were longer than, or equal to those of the other two types of females, respectively. The number of eggs produced by an unfertilized mictic female was the largest among the three types of females, and that of amictic females was larger than or equal to that of fertilized mictic females, depending on the type of diet.     

Effects of Juvenile Hormone and Precocene on the Reproduction of Brachionus calyciflorus

We studied the effects of juvenile hormone and precocene on reproduction of the rotifer Brachionus calyciflorus. Amictic females of B. calyciflorus that were 2‐4 hours old were exposed to different concentrations of juvenile hormone (0.004, 0.02, 0.1, 0.5, 2.5, 12.5 mg/L) and/or precocene (0.05, 0.25, 0.75, 3.75, 7.5 mg/L) for 24 h. They were then transferred to a new medium without hormone and checked every 2 h during the next 48 h, and thereafter monitored daily until the individual died. Precocene had no effects on the length of the rotifer juvenile period, hatching time of the first neonate, lifetime reproduction, or the mixis ratio. In contrast, juvenile hormone at 0.5, 2.5, and 12.5 mg/L significantly prolonged the juvenile period by 6.1, 9.2, and 8.6%, respectively. When 26‐28‐h‐old amictic females were exposed to the same concentration series of juvenile hormone or precocene, precocene at 3.75 mg/L resulted in an increase in lifetime reproduction of 30.39%. However, at 0.75 and 3.75 mg/L precocene, a significantly lower percentage of mictic females was found, whereas juvenile hormone had no effect on the lifetime reproduction or mixis ratio. The population growth test showed that juvenile hormone had significant effects on the population growth rate and mixis ratio, but no effect on resting egg production. In comparison, precocene had no effect on any of these parameters. (© 2012 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

Endogenous regulation of environmentally induced sexuality in a rotifer: a multigenerational parental effect induced by fertilisation

SUMMARY 1. Sexual reproduction in the heterogonic life cycle of many rotifers occurs when amictic females, which produce diploid eggs developing parthenogenetically into females, are environmentally induced to produce mictic females. Mictic females produce haploid eggs which develop parthenogenetically into males or, if fertilised, into resting eggs – encysted embryos which develop into amictic females after an obligatory diapause. 2. A Florida strain of Brachionus calyciflorus was used to test the prediction that amictic females hatching from resting eggs (Generation 1), and those from the next few parthenogenetic generations, have a lower propensity to produce mictic daughters in response to crowding than those from later parthenogenetic generations. In 10 replicate clones, populations initiated by amictic females from generations 1, 5, 8, 12 and 18 were exposed to a standardised crowding stimulus, and the proportion of mictic females in the populations was determined. These proportions varied significantly across generations and clones. They were very low in the early generations and gradually increased to a mean of about 0.5 at Generation 12. 3. The mechanism for the transgenerational plasticity in response to crowding is not known. One possibility is that resting eggs contain an agent from their fertilised mictic mother's yolk gland that prevents development into mictic females and is transmitted in increasingly low concentrations through successive parthenogenetic generations of amictic females. 4. This parental effect may contribute to clonal fitness by ensuring that a clone developing from a resting egg will attain a higher population size through female parthenogenesis before maximising its commitment to sexual reproduction, even in the presence of a crowding stimulus from a high population density of other clones. Therefore, the number of resting eggs to which a clone contributes its genes should be maximised. 5. The clonal variation in propensity to produce mictic females in this strain indicates genetic variation in the trade‐off between maximising population growth via female parthenogenesis and increasing the probability of producing at least some resting eggs before local extinction from the plankton.     

Intraclonal variation in propensity for mixis in several rotifers: variation among females and with maternal age

In 14 previously published experiments with clones of three species of Brachionus, Epiphanes ukera, and Rhinoglena frontalis, females cultured singly in small volumes from birth through most of their reproductive period usually produced some mictic daughters. Here, these data are analyzed to test two hypotheses: the propensity of females in a clone to produce mictic daughters will vary significantly among females, and will decrease with female age. Significant heterogeneity (χ²) among replicate females was demonstrated in two clones of B. calyciflorus from Florida, in single clones of this species from Georgia, Texas, Spain, and Australia, in a clone of B. angularis from Argentina, and in single clones of E. ukera and R. frontalis from Germany. No significant heterogeneity was found in two other clones of B. calyciflorus from Florida and in a clone of B. variabilis from Spain. Significant heterogeneity among females of a clone could be caused by chance fluctuations during development, differences in birth order, or epimutations. This heterogeneity is an important component of a bet-hedging strategy to balance production of diapausing fertilized eggs and future population growth by female parthenogenesis. The propensity of a female to produce mictic daughters did not decrease with her age. In experiments with six different clones from four strains of B. calyciflorus, and with single clones of E. ukera and R. frontalis, only one clone of B. calyciflorus showed significant variation (ANOVA) in the proportion of mictic daughters produced in three or four successive one- or two-day periods. In this clone the proportion of mictic daughters increased with maternal age. Guest editors: S. S. S. Sarma, R. D. Gulati, R. L. Wallace, S. Nandini, H. J. Dumont & R. Rico-Martínez Advances in Rotifer research     

几种因子对灰尖巴蜗牛翻身习性的影响

将蜗牛身体倒置并记录其恢复原状的时间来研究灰尖巴蜗牛的翻身习性,并研究蜗牛体重、环境温度、光照强度、饥饿和取食等因素对翻身时间的影响。结果表明,翻身时间随体重、光照强度和饥饿时间增加而增加,随温度升高和取食时间增加而减少。体重组Ⅳ(体重0.7～0.9g)、Ⅴ(体重0.9～1.2g)的翻身时间极显著长于体重组Ⅰ(体重0.1～0.3g)、Ⅱ(体重0.3～0.5g)、Ⅲ(体重0.5～0.7g)(P<0.01),体重组Ⅰ的翻身时间显著短于体重组Ⅲ的(P<0.05);3体重组(Ⅰ、Ⅲ、Ⅴ)在较高温度和低白炽灯光照强度(204lx)下的翻身时间显著短于较低温度和强白炽灯光照强度(493lx)下的;体重组Ⅰ、Ⅴ在长饥饿时间下的翻身时间均显著长于短饥饿时间。体重组Ⅲ、Ⅴ取食较长时间后的翻身时间都显著短于取食较短时间。     

Effect of juvenile hormone and serotonin (5-HT) on mixis induction of the rotifer Brachionus plicatilis Muller

Juvenile hormone (JH) and serotonin (5-HT) were previously shown to enhance mictic (sexual) female production of the rotifer Brachionus plicatilis in batch cultures. To explore the basis of these effects, experiments were conducted on isolated individuals. JH treatment of maternal rotifers with 5 and 50 μgml(-1) (18.8 and 187.7 μM) resulted in significantly higher (P<0.05) mictic female production in the second (F(2)) and third (F(3)) generations. JH treatment was effective even at a lower food concentration of 7x10(5) cellsml(-1), but it was not effective when free ammonia was added at 2.4 and 3.1 μgml(-1). Mictic female production was not increased with exposure to 5-HT up to 50 μgml(-1) (129.1 μM) concentrations. When food level was reduced to 7x10(5) cellsml(-1), however, 5-HT-treated rotifers produced significantly (P<0.05) more mictic females than the control, particularly in F(3) generation. Mictic female production of 5-HT-treated rotifers did not differ from that of the control with or without free ammonia, but the intrinsic rate of natural increase (r) of 5-HT-treated rotifers at 3.1 μgml(-1) free ammonia was significantly higher than the control. These results show that juvenile hormone increases mictic female production under optimum and sub-optimum food levels, whereas 5-HT increases both mictic female production at low food level and population growth rate at high free ammonia concentrations. These compounds could be used to manage rotifer cultures and probe the mechanisms controlling the rotifer life cycle as it switches to mictic reproduction.     

Restoration of Tropical Peat Swamp Rotifer Communities after Perturbation: an Experimental Study of Recovery of Rotifers from the Resting Egg Bank

In order to assess the recovery potential of tropical freshwater communities after disturbance, we performed an experimental study on the effects of exposure conditions and durations of storage on hatching of rotifer resting eggs in sediment. Well-mixed surface sediment samples from Mai Khao peat swamp on Phuket Island, Thailand, were stored under three conditions (cold –4 °C & dark: CD; ambient –32–42 °C & dark: AD; and ambient & daylight conditions: AL), for different periods of time (1, 2, 4, 6, 12, 18 and 24 months).The number of species hatching from the sediment was significantly affected by treatment for both short- (1–6 months) and long-term (6–20 months) exposure. Significant effects of short- and long-term exposure within treatments were also present. Both factors interacted significantly. Regarding numbers of specimens hatching, no short-term effects of differences in treatment condition were found, but increasing the duration did have an effect. Significant effects of treatment occurred after 6 months, in addition to prolonged effects of duration. Again, both factors interacted significantly. These experiments indicate that exposure time has a strong impact on the viability of resting eggs, whereas, an effect of exposure condition appears only after 6 months. So, recovery of rotifer communities from resident sediment egg banks in disturbed peat swamps can only be effectively attained when restoration occurs within a relatively short period after perturbation.     

Compensatory population growth in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Daphniopsis tibetana</Emphasis> Sars (Crustacea: Cladocera) following starvation

We speculated that Daphniopsis tibetana may be adapted to short-term lack of food through a mechanism of population growth compensation. D. tibetana were collected from Lake Namuka Co, Tibet, and acclimated to diluted seawater in 2007. All larvae used in experiments were synchronized newborn (<24-h old) and of an average body length of 790 (770–810) μm. We evaluated the effect of continuous starvation for 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, and 11 days and intermittent periods of starvation of 0.5, 1, 1.5, and 2 days on the compensatory population growth effect in D. tibetana. The duration of starvation significantly influenced population growth, body length, and heart rate. After 1 and 3 days of continuous starvation and 0.5 days intermittent starvation, the age of first reproduction was 16.3 days and the reproduction frequency was 0.8 (10 days^?1), which were similar to the control group. In these two starved groups, lifetime fecundity values were 426.3 and 412.3, average life spans were 54.5 and 54.3 days, and intrinsic rates of increase (r _m) were 0.136 and 0.133 days^?1, respectively, which is significantly higher than the other starved groups and not different from the control group (P > 0.05). In the group with 7, 9, and 11 days of continuously starved groups, body lengths were significantly lower (P < 0.05) than those of controls. With increasing starvation time (1, 3, 5, and 7 days), heart rate progressively decreased (184, 178, 172, and 166 min^?1). Body length, measured at the end of the experiment, declined with increasing duration of intermittent starvation. After 2 days of intermittent starvation, final heart rate sharply decreased to 150 min^?1, which was highly significantly different from the other treatment groups. The results of this study conclude that D. tibetana is capable of complete compensatory population growth after short-term starvation.     

不同温度下稀土元素对展萼花臂尾轮虫的影响

15℃时,稀土元素对轮虫种群增长具有明显的促进作用,随着稀土元素含量的增加,轮虫种群密度随之上升,后代混交百分率呈逐渐上升趋势,稀土浓度为0.005mgL-1时,种群平均携卵率量高于其它浓度组,混交率居中。25℃和30℃时,稀土适宜浓度为0.001mgL-1,在该浓度下种群密度最大、混交率较低,平均携卵量居中。30℃时,0.010mgL-1对种群增长具抑制作用。       

Effect of diazinon on life stages and resting egg hatchability of rotifer Brachionus plicatilis

The effects of organophosphate pesticide, diazinon, on life history parameters and hatchability of resting eggs of rotifer Brachionus plicalitis were assessed. Newly hatched (<1 h-old) neonates were individually cultured in six varying concentrations (0/control, 0.1, 1.0, 2.5, 5.0 and 10.0 mg/l) of diazinon. The life history parameters such as time (h) the rotifers bear first egg and release first neonate, reproductive period, net reproductive rate, mixis, intrinsic rate of population increase, and life span were evaluated. Results showed that among the life history parameters, the time the rotifers took to release neonates is the most sensitive, giving the lowest EC₅₀ value of 1.24 mg/l. The fecundity of maternal females, amictic and mictic daughters was also investigated. Rotifers exposed to 10.0 mg/l produced significantly fewer amictic daughters, and at this concentration, rotifers did not produce any mictic daughter. At 5.0 mg/l, the number of male offspring was significantly lower than the control. Furthermore, the hatchability of resting eggs produced by the rotifers was evaluated when exposed to diazinon: from birth until they produced resting eggs (early development); during late developmental stage of resting eggs (before diapause); and during diapausing stage. The hatchability of the resting eggs was not affected when exposure was timed at late developmental and diapausing stages. Overall results showed that even though amictic females reproduced normally in the presence of low-concentration of diazinon, sexual reproduction is severely affected, especially the hatchability of resting eggs when the exposure was timed on its early developmental stages. Guest editors: S. S. S. Sarma, R. D. Gulati, R. L. Wallace, S. Nandini, H. J. Dumont & R. Rico-Martínez Advances in Rotifer Research