食品中金黄色葡萄球菌平板计数不确定度的评定

在金黄色葡萄球菌检测过程中,由于样品中金黄色葡萄球菌计数受到样品制备、溶液稀释、向培养基添加样液、培养时间和操作人员技能等因素的影响,使检测结果离散度较大。实验主要研究采用在同一时间段内,应用同一批次的培养基和试剂,按相同的检测过程,对同一批样品进行检测。根据检测过程和检测结果对不确定度的贡献,探讨金黄色葡萄球菌计数的不确定度评定。     

污染过程和不同天气下PM2.5质量浓度变化特征

从北京市环境保护监测中心发布的35个PM2.5监测点中选取6个监测点, 包括3对郊区与城区点, 分析了不同监测点PM2.5质量浓度污染过程和不同天气下的变化特征。结果发现: 污染过程时, 伴随着PM2.5质量浓度和AQI值增大、减小的过程, PM2.5质量浓度和AQI值在污染的各个阶段均表现为海淀北京植物园小于海淀万柳, 当PM2.5质量浓度较大时, 风速却较小, 较小的风速不利于大气污染物扩展稀释, 也无法带走水汽, 使得空气相对湿度较大; 在晴天、降雨过程和大风天气下PM2.5质量浓度表现为郊区小于城区; 晴天下, 郊区PM2.5质量浓度相对城区具有滞后性, 降雨过程和大风天气下无滞后性; 晴天下, 郊区PM2.5质量浓度变动相对城区较小, 降雨过程雨前雨中变化较大, 雨后变动较小, 大风天气下变动范围无明显变化。     

单细胞转录组数据批次效应评测的研究进展

单细胞转录组测序(Single cell RNA sequencing,ScRNA seq)是一种变革性的生物技术,以前所未有的高分辨率来解析组织复杂性,解决了普通转录组测序(Bulk RNA sequencing)无法回答的问题。但单细胞数据的高通量及复杂性给分析带来极大难度,批次效应(Batch effects,BEs)的处理便是主要挑战之一。批次效应是高通量生物数据分析中的技术性偏倚,其来源及处理具有高复杂性和研究依赖性。根据组织类型、测序技术及实验设计的不同,测序数据需采用不同的评估、分析、测量及处置流程来实现有效的批次效应处理。评测批次效应在单细胞数据分析中极易被忽略,但却有助于判断批次效应的来源、对数据变异的解释度、对数据分析结果的影响度及处理方法,是有效处理批次效应的基础。因此,本篇综述聚焦单细胞转录组数据的批次效应,分别论述批次效应的概念、与普通转录组批次效应的区别、评测方法及面临的挑战,并对未来发展做出展望。     

大气颗粒物(PM2.5、PM10)对地表景观结构的响应研究进展

颗粒物PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)是近年来我国大气首要污染物,威胁环境和人类健康。地表景观结构直接或间接影响PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)浓度,了解其影响过程和机理对于改善生态环境具有重要意义。系统总结了国内外关于PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)对地表景观结构响应的研究成果,指出研究中出现不确定性的可能影响因素,并对今后的发展方向进行展望。得出基本结论:(1)地表景观类型的构成及其格局显著影响大气颗粒物浓度,对PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)起到"源"和"汇"的作用。(2)地表景观结构引起局地气候变化并影响颗粒物的迁移转化,但其影响过程和机理复杂,研究结论并不明确。(3)颗粒物浓度和地表景观数据主要通过实际监测或遥感处理方法获得,但因为获取方法、监测点微观环境及遥感影像等因素影响,导致数据具有不确定性,加上时空尺度相对应的复杂性,大大限制了地表景观结构与PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)响应关系的研究进展,是未来要突破的难点。(4)PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)对地表景观结构响应的区域时空差异及过程,局地小气候变化对颗粒物浓度的影响过程和强度,主要景观类型尤其是水体、湿地景观对大气颗粒物浓度的影响过程、机理与贡献程度等是未来需要关注的方向。     

墒情诊断模型的理论分析、综合评价和展望

本文基于专栏论文的全部研究结果,对墒情诊断模型进行了理论分析、综合评价和展望,目的是建立更实用的墒情诊断模型。研究结果如下:(1)87个墒情监测点的降水量数据可以用就近气象站的降水量代替;(2)分别就87个墒情监测点所建立的6个独立模型和1个综合模型(分时段诊断和逐日诊断2类)的诊断合格率都达到75%以上;(3)综合模型优于6个独立模型的单独使用;(4)所有模型和参数都是按监测点建立和确定的,不存在下垫面因素的影响;(5)所有模型简单、使用3个独立变量(前期土壤含水量、时段降水量之和和2次监测之间的天数)、参数容易获得,只要有系列性的土壤含水量监测数据和对应的降水量(监测点降水量或就近气象站降水量)数据就可建模。     

关于执行护航任务舰艇官兵情绪的影响因素探讨

目的:执行护航任务过程中,有很多因素会影响舰艇官兵的情绪,出现各种不良情绪问题。本文的目的是探索究竟是哪些因素影响官兵情绪,使情绪调控更有针对性。方法:本文采取自编《护航官兵情绪调控问卷》对329名执行过不同批次护航任务的官兵进行调查分析。结果:根据问卷结果,通过对问卷进行因素分析,发现KMO值为0,934,并得出在8个因素上具有较高的载荷,分别是人际、舆论、领导、归因、管理、任务、认知和个性八种影响因素。这八种因素根据护航任务的不同阶段有不同表现,对官兵情绪产生不同程度的影响。结论:影响护航舰艇官兵情绪的因素为八种,分别是人际、舆论、领导、归因、管理、任务、认知和个性,并且这些因素对情绪产生着不同程度的影响。     

固定化脂肪酶催化毛油合成生物柴油

本研究开发了一种用石油醚提取毛油的工艺,研究了以提取的毛油和甲醇为原料,用固定化Candida sp.99-125脂肪酶催化合成脂肪酸甲酯(FAMEs)的可行性。同时考察了磷脂对固定化酶活性、反应起始速率、固定化酶使用批次的影响以及毛油和精炼油对固定化酶使用批次等的影响。研究结果表明,用磷脂质量分数为1%的石油醚悬液浸泡过的脂肪酶比仅用石油醚浸泡过的脂肪酶初始转酯化速率显著下降。当大豆油中无磷脂时,15min时FAMEs的产率为26.2%;磷脂质量分数为5%时,FAMEs降为12.4%。当大豆油中磷脂质量分数小于1%时,固定化酶使用10个批次,FAMEs产率无明显变化。固定化脂肪酶催化石油醚浸提得到的大豆和小桐子毛油,经过10个批次反应FAMEs产率都保持在70%以上,该固定化酶直接催化毛油生产生物柴油具有良好的工业化前景。     

用于分离培养结核分枝杆菌卡介苗的罗氏鸡蛋培养基质量控制

本文针对罗氏鸡蛋培养基,在不改变原材料及配方的前提下,在D级洁净区内A级层流罩下进行分装,采用经环氧乙烷辐照灭菌的塑料管作为分装容器,对分装过程进行环境监测采样,试验共制备了27批罗氏鸡蛋培养基,培养基的污染率为0%,卡介菌计数结果均能达到2.0×106Cfu/mg以上,分装过程环境监测的结果为0个菌落生长。试验达到了对罗氏鸡蛋培养基质量控制的目标,为公司节约了生产检定成本。     

千岛湖水体叶绿素a与相关环境因子的多元分析

1999年1月至2000年12月对千岛湖水体的叶绿素a和理化因子进行了为期2年的逐月监测,对监测数据进行了多元逐步回归分析,找出与叶绿素a显著相关的环境因子,建立了多元回归方程．同时分析了叶绿素a含量的时空分布情况,并应用修正的卡尔森营养状态指数(TSI)对各监测点位的营养状态进行了排序．结果表明,湖区各监测点叶绿素a含量时空差异较大,新安江来水中叶绿素a含量变化较大．在5～30mg·m^-3之间,湖区内部监测点叶绿素a含量基本在5mg·m^-3以下,春季和秋季含量高于冬季和夏季含量．东南出水湖区大坝、密山和姥山点位的TSI<37。属贫营养型。其余湖区的TSI<53,为中营养型,与20世纪90年代中期的调查一致．湖区内部各监测点位的叶绿素a与理化因子关系比较复杂．在不同的监测点位。对藻类有显著影响的环境因子各有不同,但水温、总磷表现为正相关,透明度则表现为负相关．     

Comparison of aerosol and bioaerosol collection on air filters

Air filters efficiency is usually determined by non-biological test aerosols, such as potassium chloride particles, Arizona dust or di-ethyl-hexyl-sebacate (DEHS) oily liquid. This research was undertaken to asses, if application of non-biological aerosols reflects air filters capacity to collect particles of biological origin. The collection efficiency for non-biological aerosol was tested with the PALAS set and ISO Fine Test Dust. Flow rate during the filtration process was 720 l/h, and particles size ranged 0.246–17.165 μm. The upstream and downstream concentration of the aerosol was measured with a laser particle counter PCS-2010. Tested bioaerosol contained 4 bacterial strains of different shape and size: Micrococcus luteus, Micrococcus varians, Pseudomonas putida and Bacillus subtilis. Number of the biological particles was estimated with a culture-based method. Results obtained with bioaerosol did not confirmed 100% filters efficiency noted for the mineral test dust of the same aerodynamic diameter. Maximum efficiency tested with bacterial cells was 99.8%. Additionally, cells reemission from filters into air was also studied. Bioaerosol contained 3 bacterial strains: Micrococcus varians, Pseudomonas putida and Bacillus subtilis. It was proved that the highest intensity of the reemission process was during the first 5 min. and reached maximum 0.63% of total number of bacteria retained in filters. Spherical cells adhered stronger to the filter fibres than cylindrical ones. It was concluded that non-biological aerosol containing particles of the same shape and surface characteristics (like DEHS spherical particles) can not give representative results for all particles present in the filtered air.     

Characteristics of rural dust events shown to impact on asthma severity in Brisbane, Australia

 Wind erosion in arid inland Australia leads to dust plumes which can pass over populated coastal areas in Eastern Australia, such as Brisbane. Such events can lead to concerns about respiratory health problems because they significantly increase the fine particle component of atmospheric aerosols. This paper examines the particulate characteristics of 11 dust events in Brisbane and associations with daily diary records (peak expiratory flow, symptoms) of people with asthma, and hospital emergency attendances for asthma during a number of seasons between 1992 and 1994. These dust events are frequently, but not always, characterised by higher particulate levels and higher ratios of fine to coarse particulates. The results indicate that a number of dust events were significantly associated with changes in asthma severity, but general relationships could not be determined. Given that the phenomenon of wind-blown dust is not isolated to the Australian continent, these findings raise important questions about the effects of wind-blown dust in other parts of the world. Received: 11 June 1997 / Received last revision: 10 September 1998 / Accepted: 25 November 1998     

Monitoring the stability of crosslinked protein crystals biotemplates: a feasibility study

Protein crystals, routinely prepared for the elucidation of protein 3D structures by X-ray crystallography, present an ordered and highly accurate 3D array of protein molecules. Inherent to the 3D arrangement of the protein molecules in the crystal is a complementary 3D array of voids made of interconnected cavities and exhibiting highly ordered porosity. The permeability of the porosity of chemically crosslinked enzyme protein crystals to low molecular weight solutes, was used for enzyme mediated organic synthesis and size exclusion chromatography. This permeability might be extended to explore new potential applications for protein crystals, for example, their use as bio-templates for the fabrication of novel, nano-structured composite materials. The quality of composites obtained from "filling" of the ordered voids in protein crystals and their potential applications will be strongly dependent upon an accurate preservation of the order in the original protein crystal 3D array during the "filling" process. Here we propose and demonstrate the feasibility of monitoring the changes in 3D order of the protein array by a step-by-step molecular level monitoring of a model system for hydrogel bio-templating by glutaraldehyde crosslinked lysozyme crystals. This monitoring is based on step-by-step comparative analysis of data obtained from (i) X-ray crystallography: resolution, unit cell dimensions and B-factor values and (ii) fluorescence decay kinetics of ultra-fast laser activated dye, impregnated within these crystals. Our results demonstrated feasibility of the proposed monitoring approach and confirmed that the stabilized protein crystal template retained its 3D structure throughout the process.     

结合激光雷达分析上海地区一次连续浮尘天气过程

通过分析2010年3月至20日至3月22日上海地区一次典型的连续浮尘天气过程,利用激光雷达数据资料反演得到的气溶胶消光系数图和垂直廓线图,结合地面气象数据和气溶胶观测资料以及卫星遥感资料,初步得出了此次连续浮尘天气形成的原因。外源性输入和垂直风场分布是导致此次浮尘天气发生的重要原因,大气层结变化决定着浮尘天气发生的强度,当存在接地逆温时,浮尘天气维持,而太阳辐射强度变化决定着边界层高度的变化。第一次浮尘过程以大颗粒污染为主,且在消光作用中散射性气溶胶的贡献大于吸收性气溶胶,而第二次回流浮尘过程则PM2.5比重上升,吸收性气溶胶对消光系数的贡献与散射性气溶胶大体相当。     

Dust Storms and Their Impact on Ocean and Human Health: Dust in Earth’s Atmosphere

Satellite imagery has greatly influenced our understanding of dust activity on a global scale. A number of different satellites such as NASAs Earth-Probe Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS) and Sea-viewing Field-of-view Sensor (SeaWiFS) acquire daily global-scale data used to produce imagery for monitoring dust storm formation and movement. This global-scale imagery has documented the frequent transmission of dust storm-derived soils through Earths atmosphere and the magnitude of many of these events. While various research projects have been undertaken to understand this normal planetary process, little has been done to address its impact on ocean and human health. This review will address the ability of dust storms to influence marine microbial population densities and transport of soil-associated toxins and pathogenic microorganisms to marine environments. The implications of dust on ocean and human health in this emerging scientific field will be discussed.     

冬小麦对不同海拔气候条件的反应 Ⅲ.植株光合作用特征

我们在原地测量了840米和2150米两地种植的冬小麦“凤麦13”苗期、拔节期、抽穗期和灌浆初期的光合作用速率的日变化,光合作用速率对光量子通量密度的反应和CO_2补偿点。结果表明生育前期(苗期和拔节期)和后期(抽穗期和灌浆初期)光合作用速率的一日内变化形式相反,而且低地种植的冬小麦其光合速率在前期高于高地种植的,后期高地种植的冬小麦有比低地高的光合速率。光饱和点基本相同。光补偿点在生育前期高地小麦比低地小麦低,而后期低地小麦的的光补偿点减低,并低于高地小麦的。高地小麦的光补偿点比较稳定。CO_2补偿点高地小麦比低地的较低。并就两地气候条件讨论了上述差异。     

Screening of a uniformly moving charged macroparticle in a nonequilibrium plasma

Screening of a moving charged dust particle in a nonequilibrium plasma is studied by using the point sink model. The characteristic time of the formation of a polarization charge cloud around the moving particle is determined. It is shown that the stationary potential of the moving charged macroparticle has a dipole component which becomes dominant at large distances from the macroparticle. The interaction force of the moving charged macroparticle with the induced charge cloud is determined, and it is shown that the direction of this force can coincide with the macroparticle velocity direction.     

Limitation of point source pesticide pollution: results of bioremediation system

Groundwater and surface water is at risk of contamination from the use of some agricultural pesticides. In many circumstances pesticide contamination of water resources is more likely to result from point sources than from diffuse sources following approved application to crops in the field. Such point sources include areas on farms where pesticides are handled, filled into sprayers or where sprayers are washed down. To overcome this way of contamination different kind of bio-remediation systems are nowadays in development. In Flanders, Belgium two pilot plants of bioremediation systems for the in situ retention and/or degradation of pesticides were installed. Both systems were based on the Phytobac concept, a watertight excavation filled with straw, peat, compost and soil. The channel was made in the bottom from plastic foil. All kinds of spray rests were captured by the phytobacs. This study focuses on what level pesticides leach, bio-degrade or are retained by the filling of the phytobac. The soil-properties of the filling were investigated. Pesticide tracers were added for monitoring to both phytobacs. Soil and water samples were taken during one year. Pesticides are retained at least for one month by the filling of the phytobac. Almost no pesticide leached out. In winter hardly any pesticide degradation was observed in the filling of the phytobac. In summer no detectable pesticides were still left in the phytobacs.     

Circadian rhythm of air-borne bacteria and dust particles in a mouse breeding room

The circadian rhythm of air-borne bacteria and dust particles in a mice breeding room was studied at 1-hour intervals on the first, third and fifth day after accommodation of the animals. The numbers of air-borne bacteria in the room increased day by day after accommodation, and showed a circadian rhythm which went down at about noon and rose with three peaks at about 20:00, 1:00 and 8:00. The numbers of dust particles tended to decrease from day to day, and they showed almost the same circadian rhythm as the air-borne bacteria. Correlations between air-borne bacteria and dust particles were not significant for each particle level on the first day, but were significant for all the particle levels of 0.3, 1, 2, and 5 microns at the third day, and were also significant at particles levels of 0.5 micron or more on the fifth day.     

Ageing vessel design and optimization for continuous very-high-gravity ethanol fermentation processes

A continuous very-high-gravity (VHG) ethanol fermentation process design, consisting of a chemostat vessel connected to several equal-sized ageing vessels configured in parallel, was developed. The objective of the developed process is to have complete glucose utilization during fermentation stage. The process design integrates the conservation of mass principle and the experimental data of collected residual glucose profiles measured under VHG conditions. An ageing vessel involves three consecutive time periods: filling, ageing and operating. The ageing time is biological relevance, and is affected by the initial glucose concentration, the ethanol concentration, and the yeast viability in an ageing vessel. The operating time period is adjustable; a short operating time means a high discharge rate in order to empty an ageing vessel. The filling time links to the selection of the number of equal-sized ageing vessels that are installed downstream to a chemostat device. The developed process features the use of equal sized fermenters for all chemostat and ageing vessels so that the vessel exchangeability and the flexibility of fermentation operation are increased.