鄱阳湖湿地生态能值分析研究

应用奥德姆 (H.T.Odum)创立的生态经济系统能值分析理论 ,定量分析鄱阳湖湿地生态系统内的物流和能流。研究认为分析湿地生态效益主要有 4个步骤 ,即 :(1 )建立概念性的能值分析系统 ,全面反映能值分析方法 ;(2 )能值指标系统分析表制作与能值计算 ;(3)能值指标估算 ;(4 )依能值指标系统分析表和能值图解阐述湿地生态效益。通过整理实地考察所获数据和历史资料 ,运用所提的方法进行分析研究 ,其湿地生态系统能值图解和能值指标分析表的分析结果表明 :鄱阳湖湿地的投入量太阳能值为 3.36× 1 0 1 9sej,产出量太阳能值为 3.0 7× 1 0 2 0 sej,初级生产力为 5 .0 4× 1 0 1 9sej,不可再生能源或资源为 6 .35× 1 0 1 9sej,资本投入 /产出中的生态服务、生态旅游和科研工作太阳能值分别有 8.79× 1 0 1 9sej,4 .80× 1 0 1 9sej,1 .0 5× 1 0 1 9sej,总计 1 .4 6× 1 0 2 0sej,进而得出鄱阳湖湿地生态系统整体投入 /产出的效益良好。湿地水禽的太阳能值为 1 .6 1× 1 0 2 0 sej,说明鄱阳湖湿地在保护水禽方面的地位不可替代 ,在长江流域内有着非常重要的生态功能     

广州南沙人工红树林湿地小气候效应研究

采用自动气象站定点对比观测的方法对广州南沙区万顷沙镇十九涌内红树林小气候效应进行了研究,结果表明:红树林具有良好的遮荫效果,不同季节太阳辐射的日变化格局基本相同,但夏季遮荫效果可以达到64.98%,是其他季节的4倍以上;红树林的保温效果非常显著,秋冬季林内温度变幅小于林外,而春夏季则相反;红树林对提高林带湿度具有显著作用,全年林内空气相对湿度较林外高出5.40%以上;红树林具有很高的防风效应,平均可以降低风速73.92%,其中春夏季的效果更加显著.研究结果揭示了红树林湿地系统的区域小气候调节作用,并为评价红树林湿地围垦对环境的影响提供了重要参数.     

广西恭城月柿生态农业旅游能值分析

应用奥德姆（H.T.Odum）创立的生态经济系统能值（emergy）分析理论和方法,定量分析广西恭城瑶族自治县月柿生态农业旅游经济系统的物流和能流,以期为当地和中国欠发达地区的可持续发展提供科学依据。研究结果表明：2004年,该县红岩月柿生态“农业-旅游”经济系统经济投入为12.74×10^5$,经济产出为35.47×10^5$,实现经济净收益22.73×10^5$。与原生态农业系统相比,复合系统在经济投入增加17.2%的情况下,经济产出增加126%以上,经济净收益约为原生态农业系统的4.75倍,经济产投比由原系统的1.44变为复合系统的2.78。发展生态旅游之后,当地新的生态农业旅游系统在环境投入不变的情况下,增加对环境资源的经济反馈9.24×1017sej,使能值产出增加9.79×10^18sej,新系统净效益是原生态农业系统的4.74倍,净能值产出率为原生态农业系统的1.94倍,能值投资率比原生态农业系统提高17%。研究结果还指出：目前恭城县红岩月柿生态农业旅游经济系统正处于发展的初级阶段。     

从能值效益角度研究互花米草生态工程资源配置

应用能值分析的方法 ,分别对江苏省射阳河口的 3种治理方法 :海滨潮间带盐沼湿地 (方案 A)、互花米草湿地 (方案B)和互花米草生态工程 (方案 C)进行能值计算和评价。计算结果为能值投放 A:2 .84 E 1 2 sej/a· m2 ;B:3.67E 1 1 sej/a1· m2 ;C:8.94 E 1 1 sej/a·m2 ;能值产出 A:5.78E 0 9sej/a· m2 ;B:3.4 4E 1 1 sej/a· m2 ;C:3.4 6E 1 2 sej/a·m2。从主要能值指标看 ,A的持续性需以人类活动的不断投入来维持 ,B和 C较 A具有明显的优越性 ,C的能值产出更大。以能值为单位 ,考察资源的最佳配置点 ,B的自然资源对资本和服务的边际技术替代率较大 ,其 MRTS=MP2 /MP1较大说明 B的人类经济活动所投入占的比例较小 ,增加少量的资本和服务投入可取得更大的边际产出。     

广州南沙与珠海淇澳红树林湿地的温湿度效应比较

于2017年期间,每日间隔1h自动监测1次,同步测定广州南沙湿地与珠海淇澳红树林林内、林外旷地的气温及大气相对湿度,比较研究不同地点红树林生境的生态效应。结果表明,两地红树林林内气温一直低于林外旷地,相对湿度则高于旷地。南沙红树林日降温最大值6.832℃,平均降温0.733℃,平均降温率3.092%;日增湿最大值23.416%,平均增湿5.528%,平均增湿率6.345%。淇澳红树林日降温最大值6.607℃,平均降温1.722℃,平均降温率7.011%;日增湿度最大值45.044%,平均增湿1.681%,平均增湿率1.942%。两地红树林林内气温年均值比较,南沙比淇澳高0.126℃,林外旷地气温年均值淇澳比南沙高0.862℃;红树林林内湿度年均值南沙比淇澳高4.427%,林外旷地湿度年均值南沙比淇澳高0.581%。总体上,两地红树林的降温、增湿效应均明显,其中淇澳红树林降温效应更明显,而南沙红树林增湿效应更明显。     

人工红树林湿地系统净化污水研究进展

咸淡水交接处这种特殊的生境造就了红树植物“抗污”和“降污”的功能,但能否将自然红树林湿地作为污水处理场所目前仍有争议。按照构建的人工红树林湿地的类型,分为三大类：模拟潮汐湿地系统、人工红树林污水处理系统以及红树林种植-养殖生态耦合系统。第一类系统模拟了自然海滩上的潮涨潮落的情形,第二类系统与一般人工湿地相类似,而第三类系统是指在养殖塘种植红树植物以去除有机物和营养盐。不同的类型反映了该领域研究工作的不断深入,展现了红树林湿地净化污水从理论探索向实际应用不断靠近的过程。应用人工红树林湿地净化污水具有较大的可行性,前景可观。     

湖南省农业生态系统能值演变与趋势

应用能值分析方法,对1999-2008年湖南省农业生态系统的能值总量、投入和产出结构以及各能值指标的变化进行趋势分析.结果表明： 研究期间,湖南省农业生态系统总能值使用投入量基本保持平稳,但能值投入结构有变化,其中,不可更新工业辅助能值投入量由400E+22 sej增至5.53E+22 sej,可更新有机能值投入量由1.32E+23 sej降至1.20E+23 sej;系统能值产出总量和产出效率均有较大幅度的提高,2008年总能值产出达1.69E+23 sej,比1999年提高23.8%,净能值产出率由0.79升至0.96;由于环境负载率也呈不断上升的趋势（由1.12上升到1.79）,可持续发展指数呈缓慢下降趋势,由0.71降至0.54,说明湖南省农业总体属于高消费驱动型生态系统,具有较明显的粗放式发展特征.     

红树林 海陆交错带上的森林

保存完整的红树林地区的总的纯现值至少为每公顷1 000美元(甚至可能高达每公顷36000美元),而当红树林被开垦为养虾场后,其纯现值仅约为每公顷200美元。此处所指的保存完整的湿地总的纯现值,即包括鱼类等上市交易产品的经济价值,也包括湿地所提供的抵御风暴侵袭和吸收碳等未上市交易的服务功能的价值。一旦红树林系统遭到围垦,原红树林覆被所产生的大量社会效益(木材、木炭、非木材林产品、海洋渔业以及抵御风暴等产生的效益)就会丧失殆尽。     

红树林 海陆交错带上的森林

保存完整的红树林地区的总的纯现值至少为每公顷1 000美元(甚至可能高达每公顷36000美元),而当红树林被开垦为养虾场后,其纯现值仅约为每公顷200美元。此处所指的保存完整的湿地总的纯现值,即包括鱼类等上市交易产品的经济价值,也包括湿地所提供的抵御风暴侵袭和吸收碳等未上市交易的服务功能的价值。一旦红树林系统遭到围垦,原红树林覆被所产生的大量社会效益(木材、木炭、非木材林产品、海洋渔业以及抵御风暴等产生的效益)就会丧失殆尽。     

西溪国家湿地公园生态经济效益能值分析

应用生态经济系统能值分析理论和方法,定量分析了西溪湿地公园建立前后生态经济系统的物流和能流,并通过建立新的能值指标从生态环境和经济角度评价了系统的可持续发展能力和产出效率,以期为湿地公园保护模式研究提供借鉴.研究结果表明,西溪湿地公园建立以后,每年能值总投入增加到原来的1.6倍,能值总产出是原来的1.9倍;能值总产出中经济收入减少,但环境产出大幅度增加,其中有机物质产出和生态系统服务能值产出分别是原来的1.5倍和2.3倍.能值指标分析结果表明,湿地公园建立以后系统净环境效益提高,可持续发展能力增强,经济产出率有所降低.研究结果证明,建立湿地公园增加经济投入,改善生态环境,并适当发展湿地旅游增加经济收入,保障系统反馈,能够提高系统可持续发展能力,是湿地资源保护与合理开发利用的有效模式.     

The decomposition of mangrove litter in a subtropical mangrove forest

Decomposition of Avicennia marina (Forsk.) Vierh. leaf and woody litter (twigs) was studied using litter bag experiments in a subtropical mangrove forest at two tidal levels (high and low) with different inundation regimes and during two seasons (summer and winter). Losses in dry weight were best described by a single exponential model which showed loss rates of both leaves and twigs were significantly higher low down on the shoreline (greater inundation) and in summer. The time (days) required for the loss of half of the initial dry weight (t ₅₀) was summer: high 59, low 44; winter: high 98, low 78. For twigs the values (days) were summer: high 383, low 179; winter; high 1327, low 1207. There is an exponential relationship between leaf litter t ₅₀'s and latitude which indicates the importance of temperature and therefore season, to the dynamics of organic cycling and export in mangrove systems.     

Establishment and growth of mangrove seedling in mangrove forests of southern Thailand

The demography and growth of mangrove seedlings in southern Thailand were studied for an 18-month period. Plots for measurement of seedlings were established using gradients of light and surface soil texture. The number of established propagules peaked from April to August, the peak forRhizophora being earlier than that forBruguiera. Under the mangrove forest canopy, the survivorship of seedlings established during May to December 1982 was 33% in June 1983. Light conditions and soil texture did not strongly affect initial seedling establishment, and the relationship between species seed size and water depth at a particular site influenced that were able to become established there. The elongation growth was large during the rainy season and in open sites. The growth ofR. apiculata Blume,B. parviflora Wight & Arn. andB. cylindrica Blume in open sites was more than ten times that of seedlings established in the shade. It has noted that light conditions affected the growth of young trees (>1 year old) to a greater degree than that of current-year seedlings.     

Origins of mangrove ecosystems and the mangrove biodiversity anomaly

1. Mangrove species richness declines dramatically from a maximum in the Indo-West Pacific (IWP) to a minimum in the Caribbean and Western Atlantic. Explaining this ‘anomalous’ biogeographic pattern has been a focus of discussion for most of this century. 2. Two hypotheses have been put forward to explain the mangrove biodiversity anomaly. The ‘centre-of-origin hypothesis’ asserts that all mangrove taxa originated in the IWP and subsequently dispersed to other parts of the world. The ‘vicariance hypothesis’ asserts that mangrove taxa evolved around the Tethys Sea during the Late Cretaceous, and regional species diversity resulted from in situ diversification after continental drift. 3. Five lines of evidence are used to test between these two hypotheses. First, we review the mangrove fossil record. Second, we compare modern and fossil distributions of mangroves and eight genera of gastropods that show high fidelity to the mangrove environment. Third, we describe species-area relationships of mangroves and associated gastropods with respect to area of available habitat. Fourth, we analyse patterns of nestedness of individual plant and gastropod communities in mangrove forests. Fifth, we analyse patterns of nestedness of individual plant and gastropod species. 4. All five lines of evidence support the vicariance hypothesis. The first occurrences in the fossil record of most mangrove genera and many genera of gastropods associated with mangrove forests appear around the Tethys Sea from the Late Cretaceous through the Early Tertiary. Globally, species richness in any given mangrove forest is tightly correlated with available area. Patterns of nestedness at the community and species-level both point towards three independent regions of diversification of mangrove ecosystems: South-east Asia, the Caribbean and Eastern Pacific, and the Indian Ocean region.     

Cyanobacteria in mangrove ecosystems

Mangroves are subject to the effects of tides and fluctuations in environmental conditions, which may reach extreme conditions. These ecosystems are severely threatened by human activities despite their ecological importance. Although mangroves are characterized by a highly specialized but low plant diversity in comparison to most other tropical ecosystems, they support a diverse microbial community. Adapted microorganisms in soil, water, and on plant surfaces perform fundamental roles in nutrient cycling, especially nitrogen and phosphorus. Cyanobacteria contribute to carbon and nitrogen fixation and their cells act as phosphorus storages in ecosystems with extreme or oligotrophic environmental conditions such as those found in mangroves. As the high plant productivity in mangroves is only possible due to interactions with microorganisms, cyanobacteria may contribute to these ecosystems by providing fixed nitrogen, carbon, and herbivory-defense molecules, xenobiotic biosorption and bioremediation, and secreting plant growth-promoting substances. In addition to water, cyanobacterial colonies have been detected on sediments, rocks, decaying wood, underground and aerial roots, trunks, and leaves. Some mangrove cyanobacteria were also found in association to algae or seagrasses. Few studies on mangrove cyanobacteria are available, but together they have reported a substantial number of species in these ecosystems. However, the cyanobacterial diversity in this biome has been traditionally underestimated. Though mangrove communities generally host cyanobacterial taxa commonly found in marine environments, unique microhabitats found in mangroves potentially harbor several undescribed cyanobacterial taxa. The relevance of cyanobacteria for mangrove conservation is highlighted in their use for the recovery of degraded mangroves as biostimulants or in bioremediation.     

Methanogenic bacteria in mangrove sediments

The occurrence of methanogenic bacteria in the Kodiakkarai (10° 18 N; 79° 52 E) mangrove sediments, whereAvicennia spp are predominant, was studied. Trimethylamine under N₂:CO₂ (80:20% v/v) was used as the substrate. Most Probable Number (MPN) of methanogenic bacteria was determined for a period of one year from July 1987 to June 1988 with monthly sampling. The methanogenic bacterial populations were found to be at the maximum of 1.1 × 10⁵ MPN gm^–1 of wet sediment during August 1987 and from February to June 1988. The bacterial numbers were found to decrease during October to December 1987 with a minimal value of 3.6 × 10² MPN gm^–1 during December 1987. Environmental factors were correlated with the methanogenic bacterial population.     

Biodegradation of nonylphenol in mangrove sediment

This study investigated the biodegradation of nonylphenol (NP) in mangrove sediments collected at five sites along the Tanshui River in northern Taiwan. NP biodegradation rate constants (k₁) and half-lives (t_1/2) ranged from 0.039 to 0.139 day⁻¹ and 5.0 to 17.8 days, respectively. The biodegradation of NP was enhanced by the addition of yeast extract, hydrogen peroxide, brij 35, sodium chloride, or cellulose. However, NP biodegradation was inhibited by the addition of humic acid, heavy metals, or phthalic acid esters (PAEs). Of the microorganism strains isolated from the mangrove sediment, we found that strains A9, A10 and A13 (all identified as Bacillus sp.) expressed the best biodegrading ability. NP biodegradation rate constants (k₁) and half-lives (t_1/2) by the three strains ranged from 0.291 to 0.630 day⁻¹ and 1.1 to 2.4 days, respectively. The highest NP biodegradation rate was found in the sediment with the inoculation containing strains A9, A10 and A13, whereas the sediment without any inoculation had the lowest biodegradation rate.     

Transport of sediment in mangrove swamps

The transport of suspended sediment in mangrove swamps is controlled by three dominant processes. First, the transport processes in the estuaries and coastal waters draining the swamp, including flocculation, tidal pumping, baroclinic circulation, trapping of the smallest particles in the turbidity maximum zone, and the effect of the mangrove tidal prism. Second, the mechanical and chemical reactions in mangrove waters destroying flocs of cohesive sediment in suspension. Third, biological processes have a dominant influence on the ultimate fate of clay particles in mangroves.     

Tidal asymmetry in mangrove creeks

We model the dynamics of a tidal creek — mangrove swamp system. In the creek, a tidal asymmetry prevails. The ebb flow dominance at spring tides helps flush out the coarse sediment from the creek. Results from the numerical model suggest that the ebb dominance is due to friction in the mangrove forest and in turn this is controlled by the density of the vegetation. The tidal asymmetry of the current is negligible for a very small or a very large vegetation density, and is maximum for an intermediate vegetation density typical of that in undisturbed healthy mangroves.     

Respiratory metabolism in mangrove seedlings

The respiratory gaseous exchanges of detached whole mangrove seedlings (Avicennia, Bruguiera, Rhizophora) in a range of O₂ concentrations from 0 to 21% (air) were markedly reduced by the presence of external CO₂. Aerobic respiration decreased steadily for 16 days but the RQ remained at unity.     

中国红树植物种质资源现状与苗木繁育关键技术

红树植物种质与种苗生产是所有红树林生态恢复工程的基础.本文根据工程实践并结合已有研究资料,采用聚类分析等方法,对中国红树植物资源现状与苗木繁育关键技术进行初步分析.结果表明:中国红树群落可分为低温广布型、广布型、嗜热广布型和热带分布型4种类型;资源分布可划分为琼东沿海、北部湾沿海、珠江口至粤东沿海、闽南和台湾沿海、闽东至浙南沿海5个区域.其中,北部湾沿海红树林种质资源占全国的75.3％.目前中国红树植物苗木种类开发利用率为52.6％,以胎生红树植物为主.红树林苗木生产应注意繁育方法、种实采集与储存、育苗方式、水分和盐度选择、病虫害防治及越冬防寒措施6个技术环节.结合调查和生产实践,归纳分析了中国现有5种红树林苗圃类型(旱地设施苗圃、红树林滩涂苗圃、光滩苗圃、基围塘苗圃和米草滩涂苗圃)的结构和用途特点,为红树林生态恢复工程的系统集成管理提供参考.