飞机喷药防治马尾松毛虫对林内昆虫多样性的影响研究

近年我省采用飞机喷药防治森林病虫害的面积不断扩大,本文在飞防区防治前后随机采取昆虫样本,以研究飞防喷药对昆虫及其多样性的影响,采用Bt＋病毒、灭幼脲、苦参碱·烟碱乳油和森得保飞机喷药防治的各试验区内,调查发现飞机喷药防治前后各试验区出现的优势类群均为蜘蛛、鞘翅目、同翅目、膜翅目和双翅目昆虫。灭幼脲和森得保飞机喷药防治后生物多样性指数指数有所增加,且差异显著;Bt＋病毒和苦参碱·烟碱乳油飞防后生物多样性指数指数有变化,但差异不显著。     

长白山苔原带昆虫群落组成与时间动态

【目的】苔原是一种极地景观类型,本研究调查了长白山苔原带昆虫的物种组成与时间动态,以期为苔原带昆虫保护以及昆虫与苔原植物协同进化研究提供基础依据。【方法】2005-2007年每年6-9月,在长白山北坡、西坡苔原带利用网捕、灯诱、巴氏罐法采集昆虫标本。【结果】2005-2007年从长白山苔原带共获得昆虫标本4 634头,隶属于11目105科550种,其中鳞翅目、鞘翅目、膜翅目、双翅目的种类和个体数量较为丰富,这4个类群的物种数与个体数的最高峰都出现在7月份。对应分析显示,鳞翅目昆虫对7月份,鞘翅目昆虫对8和9月,膜翅目和双翅目昆虫对6月的适应性较强。苔原带7月份昆虫的物种数(382种)、个体数(2 571个个体)和多样性指数(4.673)都最高,物种数和个体数在9月份最低,仅22种265个个体。不同月份昆虫的物种数与个体数之间呈显著正相关(R=0.992)。不同月份间昆虫的相似性低(相似性系数＜0.20)。【结论】长白山苔原带昆虫多样性较低,7月为昆虫的活跃高峰期,9月昆虫的个体数和物种数均较少。鳞翅目昆虫的物种最丰富,对7月份气侯的适应性相对较强,鞘翅目对季节变化的适应能力强于其他类群,在维持苔原带生态平衡中起着重要作用。     

豫西山地传粉昆虫物种多样性对地貌和季节的响应

通过野外试验布设陷阱捕捉传粉昆虫,调查豫西山地春秋两季不同人为强度土地利用下的传粉昆虫多度、丰富度等,并结合实地的植被群落特征,研究传粉昆虫的多样性、群落相似性及物种重要度(重要值).结果表明: 春秋两季累计捕获传粉昆虫23275头,优势类群多为膜翅目、双翅目等.春季捕获传粉昆虫的数量约是秋季数量的1.8倍,且两个季节传粉昆虫的个体多度差异达到极显著水平.春秋季捕获的双翅目、膜翅目相对多度较高,且季节之间变化不大.鳞翅目、鞘翅目个体数量较少,其中春季捕获的鳞翅目数量极少,秋季的鞘翅目数量也偏低.丘陵的Shannon多样性指数、Pielou均匀度指数和Margalef丰富度指数要明显高于其他两种地貌类型;山地的优势度指数和物种的个体数均高于其他两种地貌类型.不同地貌传粉昆虫的多样性和优势度差异达到显著水平,丘陵传粉昆虫多样性与山地和平原均有显著差异,山地的优势度与丘陵有显著差异.季节变化对传粉昆虫群落影响较小,但群落内各物种组成之间存在一定差异.从Morisita-Horn和Sørensen相似系数来看,仅有膜翅目群落在山地和丘陵间有显著差异.春秋季的物种重要值也存在差异,春季中胡蜂科的重要值最高,寄蝇科、果蝇科次之;秋季中花蝇科重要值最高,胡蜂科次之.传粉昆虫与农作物密切相关,影响着作物生长和粮食产量.在种植作物过程中因地制宜,合理规划土地利用方式,根据不同地貌内的植被类型适当调整物种组成,保护其多样性,对维持农业可持续发展和提高生态系统服务意义重大.     

西双版纳热带雨林不同生长时期昆虫群落结构的初步比较

１９９７年９月和１９８８年４月,采用样地调查法对西双版纳热带季节雨林林窗期、建群期、成熟期森林昆虫进行调查,共获得昆虫２４５５头,分属１５目。对昆虫群落类群组成、数量结构及群落多样性和相似性研究结果表明：双翅目、鞘翅目和膜翅目成为３种生境昆虫群落的主要优势类群,鳞翅目为常见类群。在雨林循环生长最旺盛阶段的建群期次生林昆虫群落物种丰富度和优势度指数最高;林窗期先锋次生林最低,均匀性指数较高;成熟期原     

灭幼脲Ⅲ号在好气水环境中的降解代谢的初步研究

本文研究了新农药灭幼脲Ⅲ号在好气水环境中的降解与代谢。在避光条件下,观察了灭菌组与实验组中灭幼脲Ⅲ号及其主要代谢产物的消长过程,比较了它的化学水解与微生物降解的差异。在室内模拟好气系统中,研究了母体化合物在水体中的残留动态和生物降解半衰期,及其初期主要代谢途径的转化产物,同时分别用高效液相色谱法,紫外吸收光谱扫描,以及特征有机质谱图,对灭幼脲Ⅲ号的两种主要代谢产物进行了定性定量测定。结果表明:灭幼脲Ⅲ号在室内好气环境中较易水解,而且水中微生物的存在能加速它的降解,母体化合物在水体中初期代谢主要途径为分子中的苯甲酰碳与脲氮键首先开裂,生成邻氯苯甲酸(CBA)和对氯苯基脲素(CPU)。     

灭幼脲引致蚊虫畸形的扫描电镜观察

目前对有害昆虫以灭幼脲Ⅰ号的效果最好,它是一种昆虫生长调节剂。它与一般的化学杀虫剂不同,根据目前国外资料的报道,其杀虫作用主要是抑制昆虫表皮几丁质的合成,使昆虫的生长发育和变态受到阻滞而死亡。本文报道灭幼脲Ⅰ号对致倦库蚊和骚扰阿蚊引起形态变化的扫描电镜及组织学观察结果。     

南京地区外来植物一年蓬上访花昆虫的多样性及其访花选择性的影响因素分析

为揭示外来植物一年蓬Erigeron annuus上的本土访花昆虫多样性和影响访花行为的因素, 本研究在南京郊区进行了连续2年的野外调查, 采用跨栏模型分析了环境因素如何影响昆虫的访花选择性, 即接受概率（测度是否接受一年蓬花）和访问频数（测度接受一年蓬花的程度）。调查发现, 访问一年蓬花的昆虫共计9目54科145种, 其中, 科丰富度占优势的是膜翅目、 鳞翅目和鞘翅目（均占总科数的20.75%）, 其次是双翅目（18.87%）和半翅目（13.21%）; 物种丰富度占优势的是双翅目（26.39%）, 其次是膜翅目（18.75%）、 半翅目（18.75%）、 鞘翅目（17.36%）和鳞翅目（15.38%）。多数目的物种丰富度在6-7月最高, 9月最低, 仅双翅目（食蚜蝇为主）在5月最高。运用跨栏模型对物种优势度最大的半翅目、 膜翅目和双翅目等的访花个体数量及其影响因素的分析结果表明： 影响半翅目和膜翅目对一年蓬花访问倾向（接受概率）的因素多于影响其访问频数的因素, 由此预测这些访花昆虫可能参考较多因素做出是否接受一年蓬花, 而依据较少线索做出访问程度的访花行为决策; 一年蓬植株密度影响半翅目和膜翅目昆虫的接受概率, 而花密度影响半翅目和双翅目昆虫的接受概率和访问频数, 说明靶标植物花的特性可能对访花昆虫的访花行为决策起主要作用。     

灭幼脲对4种真菌菌丝生长的影响

研究了杀灭鳞翅目类害虫的农药灭幼脲对镰刀菌(Fusarium sp.)、疣孢漆斑霉(Myrothecium verrucaria)、粉红黏帚菌(Gliocladium roseum)和蛹虫草(Cordyceps militaris)4种真菌菌丝生长的影响。将灭幼脲按一定的浓度梯度加入到PDA培养基中,接菌后采用十字交叉法每7 d测量1次菌落直径,并计算抑制率,当空白组长满培养皿时终止测量。试验结果表明:灭幼脲对4种真菌菌丝生长有明显的抑制作用,且不同浓度的灭幼脲对不同真菌菌丝的生长影响程度不同。当灭幼脲浓度为800 mg/L时,对镰刀菌和疣孢漆斑霉的抑制率均为100%;对粉红黏帚菌的抑制率为95.24%;对蛹虫草的抑制率为99.49%。由此表明灭幼脲不仅能杀灭鳞翅目类的害虫,且对真菌菌丝的生长也起到一定的抑制作用。     

江西新岗山森林昆虫种内遗传距离研究

DNA条形码目前广泛用于昆虫多样性研究。本研究采用DNA条形码（即线粒体细胞色素c氧化酶亚基I基因COI 5′端），通过比较所获分子分类操作单元（Molecular operational taxonomic units，MOTU）的种内遗传距离，探究DNA条形码在亚热带森林（位于我国江西省新岗山）不同昆虫类群中的物种鉴定和界定效用。数据分析中结合数据库比对信息，采用jMOTU、ABGD、bPTP、GMYC 这4种物种界定方法获得MOTU，从而开展种内遗传距离分析。本研究共挑选出479个昆虫样本，获得475条COI序列，经NCBI、BOLD在线数据库比对属于6个目，与形态初步划分一致；物种界定分析获得288个MOTU，其中鳞翅目最多，达85个，膜翅目、双翅目、半翅目、鞘翅目次之，分别为80、74、21和20个，直翅目最少，仅8个。膜翅目和双翅目的种内遗传距离均值及标准偏差较大（膜翅目：0.89%±0.87%；双翅目：0.73%±0.58%），鳞翅目的最小（0.28%±0.20%）。研究表明：不同昆虫类群的种内遗传距离虽然整体在一定范围，但仍然存在一定的差异，因此不能笼统地依靠遗传距离的距离阈值进行物种划分；现有数据库需要补充足够的昆虫物种信息，才能提升物种鉴定效率。本研究丰富了亚热带森林昆虫分子数据库，同时也为进一步探索基于分子分类学开展昆虫多样性研究提供了基础数据和参考。     

DNA条形码在膜翅目昆虫中的应用分析

DNA条形码的提出,实现了分类学的一次质的飞跃,简便、快捷以及精确的优点使其被广泛应用在物种的分类工作中。膜翅目为昆虫纲的第3大目,其物种具有高度的多样性,种类鉴定工作复杂艰巨。DNA条形码在膜翅目中得到广泛应用。本文针对DNA条形码在膜翅目昆虫的物种分类鉴定、物种发现和隐存种、食物网与生物多样性等方面研究情况予以综述。     

贵州玉米田害虫绿色灯光防控技术研究

为探明贵州玉米田昆虫群落结构和杀虫灯对害虫的防治效果,选取贵州玉米田3个具有代表性的点分别安装诱虫灯,进行诱集调查,并对近灯区（距离灯20 m以内）、远灯区（距离灯20~150 m）和对照区的昆虫种群消长情况进行田间调查。结果表明,贵州玉米田昆虫共有11目66科132种,主要为同翅目、鞘翅目、鳞翅目、膜翅目、直翅目、双翅目和半翅目类昆虫;灯诱共获得89个种类,其中害虫占64.77%,益虫占15.91%,中性昆虫占19.32%。田间调查结果显示,近灯区物种丰富度最高,对照区次之,远灯区最低;近灯区玉米螟Ostrinia furnacalis、黏虫Mythimna seperata (Walker)、灰飞虱Laodelphax striatellus和条赤须盲蝽Trigonotylus coelestialium (Kirkaldy)等趋光性昆虫的种群数量长期高于其他区域。综上所述,风吸式诱虫灯对玉米田害虫有较好的防治效果,为玉米田害虫的绿色防控提供了参考。     

Diversity of some insect fauna in industrial and non-industrial areas of West Bengal, India

The present work is designed to study diversity of five insect orders (viz., Hemiptera, Orthoptera, aculeate Hymenoptera, Lepidoptera and Coleoptera) in the industrial region of Haldia (India) and in non-industrial area of the same district and to evaluate the impact of industrialization on the biodiversity of those insect orders. The objective also extended to find out the possibility of existence of bioindicator, if any. Eight study sites were selected from the East part of Midnapur district covering 40 km aerial distance. Out of eight different study sites, five were distributed in and around Haldia industrial complex and three in industry-free area. During this study, a total of 120 species under 98 genera in 37 families of insects were collected. Binary data of 5 orders revealed that the species richness of Hemiptera, Orthoptera and Lepidoptera is higher in non-industrial zone in comparison to that of industrial zone. Aculeate Hymenoptera shows no particular trend whereas Coleoptera shows higher species richness in industrial areas. Results of multivariate analyses are compared with the species richness data for all the eight study sites. It is concluded that even in an apparently homogeneous ecological condition species richness may drastically change with the influence of industries. Total insect fauna decline by at least 23.33% is noticed in industrial areas. It is found that some species of lepidopteran, hemipteran and orthopteran insects are susceptible to industrial pollution and some of the members of these orders may be considered as a bioindicator group.     

北洛河流域的昆虫多样性初步调查

报道北洛河流域昆虫多样性的初步调查结果,同时结合文献资料分析北洛河流域13目96科346种昆虫的群落结构。研究表明,数量较多的有鞘翅目(33.62%)、鳞翅目(25.80%)、直翅目(15.65%),其它各目种类所占比例都小于10%,其中植食性类群占58.26%,而捕食性类群只占14.20%,同时6～7月份昆虫活动最频繁,之后随时间推移,昆虫数量逐渐减少。以拟步甲科为例的分析结果显示,吴起的拟步甲多样性指数、丰富度指数和均匀度指数均为最高,而优势度指数最低,洛川优势度指数最高。     

中国特有植物四合木的昆虫群落与多样性特征

对中国特有植物四合木(Tetraena mongolica)植株上昆虫群落进行调查和多样性特征分析,共采得四合木上昆虫标本1935号,隶属于8目42个科(或总科)136种。包括同翅目、膜翅目、半翅目、鞘翅目、双翅目、缨翅目、直翅目和脉翅目的种类。同翅目昆虫在数量上占有绝对的优势,达67.96%。膜翅目丰富度最高,有59种;优势类群(>10%)是叶蝉,常见类群(1%～10%)包括小蜂、粒脉蜡蝉、天牛、蚂蚁、皮蝽、蚜虫和盲蝽等。调查所得昆虫群落中植食性昆虫有59种共1610只,丰富度和个体数量在群落中占有绝对的优势。其中尤以吸食类昆虫为最,其个体数量和优势度指数最大,但均匀度最低。寄生性天敌昆虫在群落中多样性最大,优势度最低,多为膜翅目种类。中性昆虫优势度指数较高。捕食性昆虫物种丰富度和个体数量较小,但多样性高,仅次于寄生性昆虫。     

Corazonin and corazonin-like substances in the central nervous system of the Pterygote and Apterygote insects

Antisera against corazonin were used to investigate distribution of immunoreactive cells in the central nervous system (CNS) of representatives of six insect orders: Ctenolepisma lineata (Zygentoma), Locusta migratoria (Orthoptera), Oxya yezoensis (Orthoptera), Gryllus bimaculatus (Orthoptera), Pyrrhocoris apterus (Hemiptera), Arge nigrinodosa (Hymenoptera), Athalia rosae (Hymenoptera), Bombyx mori (Lepidoptera) and Anomala cuprea (Coleoptera). Corazonin-like immunoreactive (CLI) cells were detected in the brain and ventral ganglia of all insects studied except for the albino strain of L. migratoria and the beetle A. cuprea. Implantation of the brain or different ganglia from insects with detected immunoreactivity induced dark coloration in the albino locust, providing further evidence for the presence of authentic corazonins [His(7)- and Arg(7)-isoforms] in these insects. The protocerebral lateral neurosecretory cells projecting into the ipsilateral retrocerebral neurohemal organs and bilateral longitudinal tracts extending and branching throughout the entire CNS seem to be a well-conserved part of the corazonin system in insects. The bilateral longitudinal tracts were formed by species-specific numbers of bilateral interneurons segmentally distributed in the ventral ganglia. Additional immunoreactive somata, mostly interneurons, were detected in the CNS of various insects. The distribution of corazonin in the cephalic neurosecretory system and in the bilateral interneurons suggests that corazonin acts as a hormone as well as a neurotransmitter or a neuromodulator. An ancient origin of corazonin is suggested by the presence of a corazonin-like substance in the primitive insect, C. lineata. These results support previous findings on the common occurrence of corazonin among insects, except for the albino strain of L. migratoria and the Coleoptera.     

Prospecting for cellulolytic activity in insect digestive fluids

Efficient cellulolytic enzymes are needed to degrade recalcitrant plant biomass during ethanol purification and make lignocellulosic biofuels a cost-effective alternative to fossil fuels. Despite the large number of insect species that feed on lignocellulosic material, limited availability of quantitative studies comparing cellulase activity among insect taxa constrains identification of candidate species for more targeted identification of effective cellulolytic systems. We describe quantitative determinations of the cellulolytic activity in gut or head-derived fluids from 68 phytophagous or xylophagous insect species belonging to eight different taxonomic orders. Enzymatic activity was determined for two different substrates, carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) and microcrystalline cellulose (MCC), approximating endo-β-1,4-glucanase and complete cellulolytic activity, respectively. Highest CMC gut fluid activities were found in Dictyoptera, Coleoptera, Isoptera, and Orthoptera, while highest MCC gut fluid activities were found in Coleoptera, Hymenoptera, Lepidoptera, and Orthoptera. In most cases, gut fluid activities were greater with CMC compared to MCC substrate, except in Diptera, Hymenoptera, and Lepidoptera. In contrast, cellulolytic activity levels in most head fluids were greater on the MCC substrate. Our data suggests that a phylogenetic relationship may exist for the origin of cellulolytic enzymes in insects, and that cellulase activity levels correlate with taxonomic classification, probably reflecting differences in plant host or feeding strategies.     

Prey Capture Behaviour in the Social Spider Anelosimus eximius (Araneae: Theridiidae): Responses to Prey Size and Type

Some species of web building spiders use different capture tactics for different prey types. The main factors influencing the attack behaviour are the ability of the insect to escape, the risks of injury to the spiders and prey size. This study evaluated the effects of size and prey type on prey capture behaviour of the social spider Anelosimus eximius as influenced by the number of spiders attracted by prey movements that did not bite until the immobilization (bystanders) and the number of spiders that contributed to prey immobilization (catchers). We carried out a two‐factor (prey size and type) experiment offering prey belonging to four orders: Diptera, Lepidoptera, Hymenoptera and Orthoptera, in a size gradient within each prey type. Both factors influenced the number of spiders recruited as bystanders, but only prey body size influenced the number of catchers in the subduing process. The possible advantages of the presence of bystanders around the interception site are discussed.     

Long-Term Storage of Infective Microsporidian Spores in Liquid Nitrogen

Thirty-one species of microsporidia, isolated from insects and stored in liquid nitrogen for up to 25 yr, were infectious when removed from liquid nitrogen. The natural hosts of all of these microsporidia were terrestrial insects, representing six different insect orders: Coleoptera, Diptera, Hemiptera, Hymenoptera, Lepidoptera, and Orthoptera. All microsporidia from terrestrial insects that were tested survived storage in liquid nitrogen, while Nosema algerae , a microsporidium from aquatic mosquito hosts did not survive freezing in liquid nitrogen. A Nosema species from the alfalfa weevil, Hypera postica , lost some infectivity in a water storage medium after 25 yr in liquid nitrogen. Liquid nitrogen storage of microsporidian spores in 50% and 100% glycerol media reduced loss of infectivity and is recommended for extended storage of microsporidia from terrestrial insect hosts.     

Seasonal pattern of insect abundance in the Brazilian cerrado

Abstract In Brazil, a severe dry season lasting for approximately 5 months and frequent fires make life difficult for cerrado insects. In certain aspects, the cerrado can be considered to be an understudied ecosystem; even basic information such as knowledge about the annual peak in abundance of different insect orders is unknown. Insect abundance patterns have only been investigated for a few groups in the cerrado region. Thus, our study concerns the temporal distribution of insect abundance in the savanna‐like vegetation of the central Brazilian cerrado (sensu stricto) in Distrito Federal. The region has a well‐defined, long dry season between May and September. The insects were sampled by window, malaise tent and pitfall traps within 1 year. We used a multiple linear regression to analyse the relationship between abundance of insects of each order and climate variables. A total of 50 127 individuals from 15 orders was collected. The orders were Coleoptera (26%), Hymenoptera (23%), Diptera (20.5%), Isoptera (20%), Homoptera (4%), Lepidoptera (4%), Orthoptera (1.5%) and Hemiptera (1%). The abundance of Diptera, Homoptera, Lepidoptera and Orthoptera was randomly distributed over time, Isoptera peaked in the first half of the wet season, Coleoptera and Hemiptera in the second half of the wet season and Hymenoptera in each season. A significant correlation was found only between Coleoptera and delayed climatic variables. There were no obvious trends that might help explain the abundance patterns observed. The study provides baseline information about phenological patterns of insect abundance and permits evaluation of this group as a resource for various food chains and different trophic levels.     

Occurrence of proctolin in six orders of insects

Nine representatives of six orders of insects (Orthoptera, Diptera, Coleoptera, Hemiptera, Hymenoptera, Lepidoptera) were extracted and partially processed by means used in the recent isolation of proctolin, a pentapeptide transmitter candidate in insects. Each insect yielded a substance with pharmacological activity on cockroach proctodeal muscle similar to that of proctolin. Like the responses evoked by proctolin and nerve stimulation, responses to the purified extracts were inhibited by tyramine. All of the active substances behaved as proctolin when subjected to paper chromatography or high voltage paper electrophoresis at pH 6.4 and 3.5. Proctolin appears to be widely and perhaps universally present in the Insecta occurring in most at levels of 2 to 9 μg/kg body weight.