)种群密度制约实验的统计分析

本文研究了我国特有、分布区极狭窄的一年生草本植物——杭州石荠苎(Mosla hangchowensis)种群的密度制约规律。结果表明：在生长季内,种群的死亡率与密度密切相关。种群的最适密度为200～1000株/m²左右。不同密度种群的平均株高、开花数等性状随时间的动态关系均符合“logistic”模型。高密度种群中60%左右的个体能完成生活史;低密度种群中80%以上的个体能完成生活史。种群密度较高制约杭州石荠苎的植株形态和繁殖投资。     

杭州石荠苎和石香薷的遗传多样性研究

杭州石荠苎分布于华东沿海少数地区,石香薷则分布于长江以南的广大地区。采用淀粉凝胶电泳方法,分析了１５个酶系统,获得２８个位点的资料。分析结果表明,杭州石荠苎和石香薷均具较低的遗传多样性水平。杭州石荠苎常用的遗传多样性指标为Ａ＝１．２５,Ｐ＝２１．４３％,Ｈｅ＝０．０８２,Ｈｔ＝０．１０１４;石香薷为Ａ＝１．１０,Ｐ＝９．５２％,Ｈｅ＝０．０２１,Ｈｔ＝０．０４５０。在有限的遗传多样性中,杭州石荠苎的遗传多样性主要存在于居群之内（Ｇｓｔ＝０．２２１９）,石香薷的遗传多样性主要存在于居群之间（Ｇｓｔ＝０．５５３３）。石香薷维持更低的遗传多样性是受该种繁育系统类型和进化历史的制约。分析了同工酶多样性和形态多样性的关系,并根据杭州石荠苎的遗传多样性分布式样提出了杭州石荠苎遗传多样性保护的策略。     

石荠苎属的遗传分化与种间关系分析

杂交实验结果表明,石荠苎属(唇形科)中国产的7个种,即小花荠苎Mosla cavaleriei、石香薷M． chinensis、小鱼仙草M．dianthera、杭州石荠苎M．hangchouensis、疏花荠苎M．pauciflora、石荠苎M． scabra和苏州石荠苎M．soochouensis,彼此之间生殖隔离。这7个种中,疏花荠苎是四倍体,由杂交伴随多倍化产生。根据21个代表居群在15个酶系统的28个位点的等位酶资料分析,其余6个二倍体种组成3个亲缘关系密切的种对。杭州石荠苎和石香薷的亲缘关系最近,石香薷可能由于涉及繁育系统类型的大突变而与杭州石荠苎分化开来。小花荠苎与小鱼仙草比较接近,但它们的遗传分化很显著,除了突变之外,染色体结构也有大的变异,最明显的表现是随体的位置不同,小花荠苎的随体位于长臂上,而小鱼仙草与其它种一样,随体位于短臂上。石荠苎和苏州石荠苎在酶基因位点上的分化不大,但生境隔离、花期隔离和繁育系统的差别等能有效地保持种的独立性。不同的生境要求、不同的花期、花的形态结构的分化、繁育系统类型的不同、杂种F_l代高度不育、染色体数目和核型的差异等均为石荠苎属下种间有效的隔离机制,而且近缘种间常是多种机制共同起作用。     

杭州石荠苎生态学特性的研究

杭州石荠苎的种子完全靠风传播,但由于种子大,传播距离不远,种子在冬季休眠,春天（２月末３月初）萌发,种子萌发率很低,尤其是水选上层种子,主要原因是质量差,杭州石荠苎的营养期从３月初到８月上旬,株高在８月中旬以前基本为匀速增加,早期生长极为缓慢,形态和生殖力的环境可塑性极强,自然生长的植株冠幅变动在４￣５６１６ｃｍ＾２之间。杭州石荠苎在自然生境中有时形成单优群落,通常与其它植物伴生。由于早期生长慢,     

红葱种群地上和地下构件的密度制约调节

虽然个体大小和密度的关系是植物生态学研究的中心问题, 但是大多数基础研究只观测植株地上部分的生物量, 即地上部分大小-密度关系, 而对于地下构件大小-密度关系的研究十分薄弱。因为植物个体的生长是构件变化的过程, 所以个体大小和密度的关系不仅表现为种群水平和个体水平, 也表现为构件水平。该文研究了5个密度(36、49、64、121和225株·m^-2)的红葱(Allium cepa var. proliferum)种群地下构件密度制约调节规律及其与地上构件密度制约调节规律的关系, 地下部分和全株(包括地上部分和地下部分)的密度制约调节规律, 及二者与地上部分密度制约调节规律的关系。结果表明: (1)不同密度环境下, 植物的表型可以通过各器官形态的可塑性反应发生调整; 植株地下构件和地上构件的各个特征(株高、叶片长、叶片数、鳞茎直径、分蘖重)均与密度呈显著的线性相关关系; (2)平均根、鳞茎、叶片和鞘生物量均与密度呈显著的幂函数负相关关系, 但异速指数不同: 鳞茎(-1.14)<叶片(-1.03)<根(-0.78)<鞘(-0.49), 表明地下构件的大小和地上构件的大小随密度的变化不一致; (3)平均地下、地上和个体生物量均与种群密度呈显著的幂函数负相关关系, 但异速指数不同, 分别为: -1.13、-0.95和-0.98, 表明地上部分大小和全株大小随种群密度的变化基本一致, 但与地下部分大小的变化不一致。总之, 密度制约对植株地下构件的调节作用大于地上构件, 对地下部分的调节作用大于地上部分, 红葱种群对地下资源的竞争占主导地位。     

杭州石荠苎的光合特性及其对土壤水分的响应

本文通过控制土壤水分条件杭州石荠苎光合的生理生态研究,解释了１９９３￣１９９５年野外种各生态和生理生态研究中发现的问题,并分析了该种的濒危机制,结果表明;（１）杭州石荠苎的光饱和点较低,在土壤水分充足时仅３０ｋＬｕｘ左右,当土壤含水率从５％增加至２１％时,光饱和点,最大净光合速率和初始Ｐ／Ｌ值随之增加,而光补偿点则随之降低,但当土壤湿度超过２１％时,各参数的变化呈现出相反趋势。（２）在诸环境因子中     

杭州石荠苎

本文研究了我国特有、分布区极狭窄的一年生草本植物——杭州石荠苎     

杭州石荠苎和石香薷（唇形科）的传粉生物学比较研究

杭州石荠苎（ＭｏｓｌａｈａｎｇｃｈｏｕｅｎｓｉｓＭａｔｓｕｄａｓ）和石香薷（Ｍ．ｃｈｉｎｅｎｓｉｓＭａｘｉｍ．）是一对种对,前零星分布于浙江,后广布于长江流域以南地区。杭州石荠苎以异花传粉为主,花粉／胚珠（Ｐ／Ｏ）为７５６＝－６１６３;石香薷以自花传粉为主,Ｐ／Ｏ＝１１０。     

根田鼠母体捕食应激对其雄性子代性行为去雄性化的效应

母体应激效应是母体在妊娠期经历的环境变化对子代发育、繁殖及存活等特征的影响(MousseauandFox ,1 998;Bernado ,1 996 )。该效应不仅能使子代生活史特征产生迟滞性效应(Beckermanetal.,2 0 0 2 ) ,而且在密度制约过程中,导致对种群的迟滞性密度制约(Delayeddensitydependenc     

松嫩平原羊草种群营养繁殖的季节动态及其生物量与密度关系的分析

本文根据野外定位定期观测,分析了羊草[Aneurolepidium chinense(Trin.)Kitag.]种群和羊草个体群营养繁殖的特点。结果表明,在整个生长季,羊草能不断地进行营养繁殖。在移植当年,羊草分蘖株个体群的营养繁殖潜力比实生苗个体群的更大,两个实验个体群的数量均符合于逻辑斯谛曲线增长。生殖生长对羊草的营养繁殖有较大的影响。天然割草场上的羊草种群在生物量达最高时期,种群植株的大小受密度的制约,平均单株重量与密度之间遵循-0.6699 幂的规律性变化。综合分析表明,在松嫩平原天然割草场上,羊草种群依靠营养繁殖更新延续、自我调节,但该种群尚未达到环境所能容纳的最大数量。     

Evaluation of the bioherbicide Myrothecium verrucaria for weed control in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum)

An isolate of the fungus Myrothecium verrucaria was evaluated for its biocontrol potential against common purslane, horse purslane, spotted spurge, and prostrate spurge, all serious weed pests in commercial tomato fields in the southeastern US. In greenhouse and field tests, M. verrucaria was highly virulent against these weeds when applied as conidial sprays formulated in 0.2% Silwet L-77 surfactant, even in the absence of dew. In field test plots naturally infested with these weeds, seedlings in the two-to-three leaf growth stage treated with M. verrucaria at 2×10⁷ conidia mL^-1 in 0.2% Silwet, exhibited leaf and stem necrosis within 24 h following inoculation, with mortality occurring within 96 h. After 7 days, M. verrucaria had killed 90-95% of both purslane species and 85-95% of both spurge species. Tomatoes that were transplanted into plots treated with M. verrucaria remained healthy and vigorous throughout the growing season. Since M. verrucaria effectively controlled several common weeds under field conditions, this fungus appears to have potential as an effective bioherbicide for pre-plant weed control in production systems with transplanted tomato.     

Myriophyllum quitense Kunth (Haloragaceae) in Bolivia: A terrestrial growth-form with bisexual flowers

A terrestrial growth-form of Myriophyllum quitense growing in a lake bed in the interandean valley region of Bolivia represents the first report of a terrestrial growth-form for this species. While typically M. quitense possesses leaves and flowers in whorls of (3–) 4, this population is noteworthy for possessing 2–5% of individuals with both leaves and flowers in whorls of five, and for the presence of bisexual flowers. Observations regarding the distribution, habitat preferences and intraspecific variation of M. quitense in Bolivia are also given.     

Control of preharvest and postharvest fruit rot in Strawberry by Metschnikowia fructicola

The yeast Metschnikowia fructicola was tested as a preharvest treatment to control preharvest and postharvest rots of strawberry fruit in Turkey and Israel. In greenhouse trials, the efficacy of the yeast antagonist against preharvest rots was equal to that of a chemical control (fenhexamid) in two growing seasons. In an open-field experiment, the yeast reduced the incidence of rot to commercially acceptable levels. M. fructicola reduced the incidence of fruit rot by 56-69% in greenhouses, open-field culture, and in low plastic tunnels. The yeast suppressed postharvest incidence of fruit rot significantly better than fenhexamid. Among fruit from greenhouses, open-field culture, or tunnels, M. fructicola treatment reduced the incidence of fruit rot during postharvest storage by 70, 64, and 72%, respectively. When applied weekly in the greenhouse or in the field, the population density of M. fructicola was about 1×10⁵ cfu/fruit. Similar population density of the antagonist was also observed during storage of the fruit at 0° C.     

模拟降雨格局变化对亚热带地区两树种液流特征的影响

在全球变化的影响下, 中国亚热带地区近几十年降水格局发生了急剧变化。这种变化对亚热带常绿阔叶林植物的生长和森林水分平衡的影响尚不清楚。为此, 该研究从植物整树蒸腾角度出发, 通过在天然次生林中进行人工隔除降雨模拟降水格局变化, 研究降水变化对植物水分利用的影响。试验于2012年9月至2014年12月在广东鹤山森林生态系统国家野外科学观测研究站内的常绿阔叶林内进行, 通过林下搭建遮雨棚, 截留干季(10月至次年3月)的降雨, 并在湿季(次年4至9月)等量返还到样地中, 在保证总降水量不变的前提下模拟干季更干、湿季更湿(DD)的降雨格局变化。在此期间对样地内的木荷(Schima superba)与火力楠(Michelia macclurei)树干液流特征进行连续监测。运用独立样本t检验对对照组(AC)两个树种间的平均最大液流通量密度(¯J_S)差异性进行分析, 并将DD处理下两个树种的¯J_S与AC进行对比, 来检验隔除降雨对森林蒸腾的效应。结果表明: 当光合有效辐射(PAR)大于1 100 μmol·m ^-2·s ^-1时, 对照样地火力楠和木荷的¯J_S分别为(49.5 ± 1.7)和(43.6 ± 2.0) mL∙m ^-2∙s ^-1, 且前者表现出对光合有效辐射(PAR)更强的敏感性。截留降雨处理开始后(2012-10), 两个树种DD与AC处理的¯J_S比值(DD:AC)均先减小后增加, 其中木荷的比值从处理前的0.74下降到了第1次截留降雨处理期(2012-10至2013-03)的0.68, 增加到了第2次截留降雨处理期(2013-10至2014-03)的0.93以及第3次截留降雨处理期(2014-10至2014-11)的1.04; 火力楠则从处理前的1.00下降到了第1次截留降雨处理期的0.94, 在第2次截留降雨处理期增长到1.06, 变化幅度小于木荷。此外, 在第3次截留降雨处理期, 木荷在相同的水汽压亏缺及PAR下能够保持更高的¯J_S。这些结果表明, 短期干旱事件会促使森林蒸腾急剧下降, 然而在长期干旱下, 植物会通过提高¯J_S来弥补干旱带来的损失, 而木荷由于具有较大的¯J_S可塑性, 从而使其在干旱条件下维持更高的水分传输速率。     

种植密度对苜蓿生长及生物量的影响

种植密度作为影响作物产量和品质的重要因素, 会造成植物对于光照、水分和养分的竞争。为研究种植密度对苜蓿生长与产量的影响, 在日光温室环境下, 以紫花苜蓿(Medicago sativa)为材料, 设置25、100、400、800、1 500、2 000株·m ^-2, 共6个种植密度, 对紫花苜蓿的种群密度和生长状况进行了观测。结果表明, 各处理播种后15天的平均种植密度分别为25、100、373、745、1 255、1 938株·m ^-2; 随着紫花苜蓿的生长, 除了低密度(25、100株·m ^-2)处理没有发生植株数量的变化外, 其余4个密度处理植株数量均有所减少, 即发生不同程度的自疏, 至第二茬收获时(播种后第187天)种群数量分别减少为297、571、759、839株·m ^-2。植株个体的株高、基径和分枝数量随着现存密度的增加呈指数下降; 个体生物量与现存密度的关系满足竞争密度效应的幂函数关系, 即随着密度的增加而减小。紫花苜蓿单位面积地上生物量符合最终产量恒定法则, 然而, 随着密度的增加, 地下生物量有先增加后减小的趋势。     

Serotiny and seed germination in three threatened species of Mammillaria (Cactaceae)

Individuals of some species of Mammillaria (Cactaceae) store some seeds on the plant over periods exceeding 1 year (serotiny). We examined the phenomenon of serotiny and germination behaviour of three rare and endangered Mammillaria species that occur in central Mexico. The species with the highest seed retention was Mammillaria solisioides, whose individuals kept on average 24% of their total seed crop throughout their observable lifetime. Individuals of Mammillaria napina and Mammillaria hernandezii did not differ in their degree of seed retention (about 5%). In M. solisioides and M. hernandezii, seed germination declined significantly with seed age, whereas in M. napina germination increased slightly. In all three species, over 70% of retained seeds were still alive after 8 years. Increasing fractions of dormant seeds were observed with seed age in M. solisioides and M. hernandezii, whereas in M. napina this fraction followed the opposite trend. All three species showed strict light dependence for germination. Serotiny was positively correlated with the harshness of the environment when species and populations were assumed independent. However, these correlations were not significant at the 5% level when the degree of relatedness of species and populations was taken into account using phylogenetically independent constrasts. We hypothesise that serotiny in these species represents a mechanism by which they can cope with a harsh, unpredictable environment. To our knowledge, this is the first assessment of serotiny in cacti.     

Prospects of a fungus-contamination device for the control of tsetse fly Glossina fuscipes fuscipes

The prospects of the fungus Metarhizium anisopliae (Metsch.) Sorok. applied in contamination devices (Cds) to control tsetse fly Glossina fuscipes fuscipes Newstead was tested in a field experiment in Lake Victoria from 2 March 1999 to 31 August 2000. One hundred and sixty pyramidal traps mounted with Cds were deployed along the lakeshore and rivers on Mfangano Island. Contamination devices were loaded with 1.5-2.0 g of dry conidia/Cd. On the second island, Nzenze Island, four pyramidal traps fitted with plastic bags were deployed and served as the conventional 'trap and kill' population suppression method. A third island, Ngodhe Island, remained untreated and served as a control. Cds were recharged monthly with fresh conidia; plastic bags were also changed monthly. The apparent changes in population density were monitored weekly using biconical traps set at random on the three islands. To assess the incidence of M. anisopliae in tsetse flies on Mfangano Island, flies captured during monitoring were maintained in the laboratory and their mortality recorded. Fly population was reduced to 82.4 and 95.8% relative to untreated control on Mfangano and Nzenze islands, respectively, during the experimental period. Compared to the fungus-treated island, the number of flies caught in monitoring traps increased considerably in 'trap kill' treatment at 5 months after the treatments were removed. The incidence of M. anisopliae in fly populations was low during the 12 weeks following the initiation of the experiment but increased afterward until termination of the treatment. M. anisopliae could still be recovered from fly populations at 3 months after termination of the treatment, although the incidence was low. The results of this study have shown that application of M. anisopliae in a contamination device can suppress the population of G. fuscipes fuscipes comparable to the 'trap and kill' technology.     

Population genetics and evolutionary history of Miscanthus species in China

Miscanthus species have received considerable attention as a potential biomass source for renewable energy production because of their ability to produce high yields of biomass and adapt to a wide range of climates and soils. To explore the genetic diversity and phylogenetic relationship of Miscanthus species in China, we used 24 simple sequence repeat markers to genotype 100 natural populations representing all four Chinese Miscanthus species (M. sinensis Andersson, M. floridulus (Lab.) Warb. ex K. Schum. & Lauterb., M. sacchariflorus (Maxim.) Hack., and M. lutarioriparius L. Liu ex Renvoize & S. L. Chen). Based on phylogenetic, principal coordinate, and Structure analyses, we found that the 100 populations formed two major groups corresponding to sect. Triarrhena and sect. Miscanthus. Group 1 (i.e., sect. Triarrhena) was further subdivided into two subgroups corresponding to M. sacchariflorus and M. lutarioriparius; Group 2 (i.e., sect. Miscanthus) was subdivided into three subgroups, group 2a (M. sinensis populations in southern China), group 2b (M. sinensis populations in northern China), and group 2c (all the M. floridulus populations). Population genetics analyses indicated high levels of the genetic diversity at both population (H_E = 0.468–0.599) and species (H_E = 0.559–0.708) levels, indicative of the potential of these wild resources in future breeding programs. The species distribution modeling showed that M. sacchariflorus and M. lutarioriparius have experienced population reductions during the last glacial maximum and population expansion afterward; in contrast, M. sinensis and M. floridulus both underwent gradual population expansions from the last interglaciation to the present. We also suggest that M. floridulus originated from M. sinensis in southeast China through ecological speciation. The understanding of the evolutionary history and population dynamics of these species not only provides valuable information for further genetic improvement and breeding of this energy crop but also gives important insights into the origin and speciation processes of the Miscanthus species.     

A comparison of hemoglobins in five species of Microtus

The composition of tryptic peptides was determined for Hb (major or fast electrophoretic component) from four additional species of Microtus; M. p. pennsylvanicus, M. abbreviatus, M. miurus, and M. oeconomus, The amino acids from the four Hb were compared with Hb from M. p. tananaensis, and, on the basis of the combination of analyses for the several Hb. Ca 95% of the overall amino acid composition was considered. The compositions of most of the homologous peptides were identical, and two deletions in the sequence of 21 amino acids β 41–61 are believed to characterize the Hb of all four species. From differences in peptide composition the following substitutions were inferred. In the β chain, M. pennsylvanicus (2 ssp) differed from other species at two positions, 8: Ser vs Thr and 12: Thr vs Ash. In the β chain M. pennsylvanicus (2 ssp) differed from other species at two positions, β45: Phe vs Leu, and β50: Ser-Glx vs Thr. M. p. pennsylvanicus differed from M. p. tananaensis at position β88: Val-Leu vs Leu. All species showed ambiguity among the amino acids Ala-Ser-Phe-Leu centred presumably in positions β129 and β130. On the basis of an incomplete examination, the slow electrophoretic component of M. abbreviatus Hb could not be seen to differ from the fast component in its peptide map or in the general composition of its and β peptides.     

水杉原生种群结构及空间分布格局

水杉(Metasequoia glyptostroboides)是我国特有濒危极小种群物种, 其种群的状态一直被国内外学者广泛关注。分析现存水杉原生种群结构和空间分布格局及其空间关联性, 可以从空间格局角度深入认识水杉原生种群结构和分布格局及可能的形成机理。本文基于湖北利川境内水杉原生种群的野外调查数据, 分析其径级和高度级结构, 同时运用点格局分析中的成对相关函数g(r)以及3个零模型(完全空间随机模型、异质泊松模型、先决条件模型)分析水杉原生种群空间分布格局、各龄级空间分布格局及空间关联性。结果表明: (1)分布于研究区域内的水杉原生种群个体数共5,663株, 已死亡33株, 现存活5,630株, 其中40株濒临死亡, 465株处于衰弱状态, 部分个体呈现不同的形态特征和生长状况, 断梢和蚁害最为常见, 雷击是最致命的危害。(2)水杉原生种群结构分析显示, 其径级结构和高度级结构均呈纺锤型, 自然更新不良。(3)基于完全空间随机模型, 水杉原生种群在各尺度下均呈现聚集分布, 中龄树在较小尺度(r < 3,300 m)上呈现聚集分布, 成年树和老龄树在较大尺度(r < 4,700 m)上呈现聚集分布; 排除生境异质性影响后, 聚集尺度均减小, 所以种群及不同龄级的聚集尺度分别为0-3,000 m、0-2,100 m、0-2,900 m和0-2,500 m, 随后呈现为微弱的随机分布和均匀分布。(4)基于完全空间随机模型, 3个龄级之间在所有尺度均为正关联; 在排除生境异质性影响后, 不同龄级的正关联尺度减小, 均在0-2,800 m呈正关联。综上, 水杉原生种群个体数量正呈现逐步减少的趋势, 种群主要呈聚集分布, 各个龄级间具有正向的关系, 从现有的空间格局来看, 生境异质性、扩散限制和种内竞争是导致该格局的主要原因。