类人胶原蛋白-丝素蛋白血管支架的制备及性能表征

为了提高血管支架的力学性能,将生物相容性良好的新型生物材料类人胶原蛋白(基因工程技术、高密度发酵生产)与丝素蛋白以质量比9:1、7:3、5:5复合,采用真空冷冻方法制备管状血管支架。研究了不同配比血管支架材料的表面结构、表面元素组成、力学性能、降解和生物相容性。结果表明:当类人胶原蛋白与丝素蛋白的质量比为7:3混合时,类人胶原蛋白-丝素蛋白管状支架具有均匀的多孔结构,孔径为(60±5)μm,孔隙率达到85%以上;获得了较理想的力学性能:应变为50%±5%,应力为(332±16)kPa;具有相对慢的降解速率;提高了细胞的黏附与增殖,具有良好的生物相容性。     

磷铵两性离子改性血管脱细胞支架可以有效体外抗血栓和内皮化

由于自体血管(由同一受体的血管用于血管移植材料)的有限可用性,以及非自体血管(人工制成的血管移植材料)的生长能力不足,组织工程血管越来越受到重视。文中构建了一种磷铵两性离子改性的血管脱细胞支架附以高度生物相容的骨髓源内皮祖细胞为内层的新型血管移植材料。通过一种简便的方法——共沉淀法改性血管脱细胞支架,评价其体外血小板粘附实验、溶血实验、复钙实验和细胞毒性等相关指标。磷铵两性离子改性后抗凝血活性提高,可以有效地促使类似于天然血管腔表面凹凸结构的脱细胞支架表面内皮祖细胞的附着。改性后的脱细胞支架具有与天然血管相似的力学性能,在体外可以有效地构建内皮化。研究结果为血管脱细胞支架通过改性实现体外抗血栓和内皮化方面进行了初步探索。     

胶原蛋白-壳聚糖支架的构建及其与骨髓基质干细胞复合的实验研究

目的:构建一种组织工程神经支架,并观察体外培养的骨髓基质干细胞在其内部的生长情况,为后续种子细胞的移植提供阶段性实验数据.方法:以Ⅰ型胶原蛋白和壳聚糖为原料通过冷冻干燥技术制备神经支架,扫描电镜观察其内部结构,测量其孔径大小、孔隙率等指标.将体外培养的骨髓基质干细胞与Ⅰ型胶原蛋白-壳聚糖神经支架复合,共培养2天;扫描电镜观察细胞在支架内部的生长情况.结果:构建的神经支架均为圆柱状,内部为纵向平行排列的孔径均匀的微管样结构,细胞紧密贴附在支架微孔内壁上,细胞生长状况良好.结论:Ⅰ型胶原蛋白-壳聚糖支架具有良好的内部三维结构和生物相容性,可与细胞复合后用于修复周围神经缺损.     

人工软骨支架中TGF-β1缓释壳聚糖微球对ATDC-5细胞生长的促进作用

为了提高本课题组前期构建的Ⅱ型胶原蛋白-透明质酸-硫酸软骨素的人工三维软骨支架对软骨细胞生长的促进作用,采用乳化交联法以壳聚糖为原料,加入细胞转化生长因子TGF-β1,并通过真空冷冻干燥技术制备了包裹TGF-β1的壳聚糖微球。然后分别将其与空白壳聚糖微球整合进软骨支架中,并接种小鼠软骨细胞ATDC-5,通过观察细胞生长状态来评价缓释微球在人工软骨支架中对软骨细胞生长是否具有促进作用。结果显示所制得的壳聚糖微球球体表面光滑,分散均匀,直径在100 nm左右,吸水率良好可达983.73%±4.38%,抗酶解作用较强,第28天时降解率仅达到51.0%±1.8%。由TGF-β1累积释放曲线可知TGF-β1在开始的24 h内释放最快,之后逐渐减慢,在120 h之后进入平台期,具有缓释效果。MTT试验以及荧光染色试验充分表明,由Ⅱ型胶原蛋白、透明质酸以及硫酸软骨素构建的三维软骨支架适合ATDC-5细胞的生长增殖,并且壳聚糖微球对TGF-β1的缓释能够显著促进细胞的生长。     

III型类人胶原蛋白在大肠杆菌重组表达及发酵制备

【背景】胶原蛋白广泛应用于日用化工及生物医药中,相比传统方法,基因工程方法制备胶原蛋白具有避免病毒隐患、产量高等优点,逐步受到广泛关注。【目的】获得III型类人胶原蛋白基因,实现大肠杆菌中的异源表达。【方法】以人III型胶原蛋白α1链为模板,(Gly-X-Y)为最小研究单位,优选亲水性氨基酸,设计目标基因kit,构建重组大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli) pET-28a(+)-kit/BL21(DE3),并对其结构进行表征。【结果】类人胶原蛋白基因kit成功在大肠杆菌体系中表达,表达量约为0.53 g/L,7 L发酵罐上补料发酵后其最大表达量提高至3.02 g/L,亲和层析纯化类人胶原蛋白纯度约为91%,对其进行N端测序、氨基酸分析、质谱分析及圆二色谱分析,确定类人胶原蛋白成功表达。【结论】类人胶原蛋白的成功表达为未来规模化制备及其在日用化工及生物医药行业的应用奠定了基础。     

林蛙皮胶原蛋白的提取及其生物学特征分析

目的:建立林蛙皮胶原蛋白低温提取及纯化方法,保证胶原蛋白的活性,并对其生物学特性进行初步探讨。方法:采用低温酸酶提取结合的方法提取林蛙皮中的胶原蛋白,并对提取过程中过氧化氢的加入量进行考察;对纯化的胶原蛋白进行含量、相对分子质量分布等定性及定量检测,同时观察其对间充质干细胞增殖情况的影响。结果:在4℃经脱色脱脂处理(过氧化氢浓度为0.025%)后,用0.5 mol/L的醋酸提取48 h,沉淀再分别用0.67%、1.34%、2%的胃蛋白酶提取,在此工艺条件下,酸溶性胶原蛋白(ASC)的提取率为8.77%±0.44%,纯度为75.83%±3.78%;酶溶性胶原蛋白(PSC)的提取率为30.69%±0.83%,纯度为66.39%±1.79%。紫外扫描图谱表明提取物具有胶原蛋白的特征吸收。SDS-PAGE分析表明所得ASC与PSC均由2条α1链与1条α2链组成,为保持了三股螺旋结构特征的Ⅰ型胶原蛋白。对细胞生长影响的实验表明,ASC与PSC在0.05~20 mg/m L浓度范围对间充质干细胞的生长无抑制作用,并且在某些浓度下具有促进干细胞增殖的作用。结论:低温酸酶法可高效提取林蛙皮粉中的胶原蛋白,提取的胶原蛋白具有良好的生物学活性,本方法及提取的胶原蛋白在组织工程等领域具有良好的应用前景。     

仿生技术构建小口径人造血管

目的：研究以改性猪小肠粘膜下层组织(SIS)为支架,利用仿生技术构建小口径人造血管的可行性。方法：自犬隐动脉分离出血管内皮细胞和平滑肌细胞,与胶原蛋白凝胶均匀混合,分别种植于改性SIS膜表面,制成3 mm 仿生三层人造血管为实验组;制成单层人造血管为对照组,分别植入修复15例犬双侧股动脉缺损,术后进行彩超、组织学检测和电镜检测鉴定。结果：植入12周,14个仿生人造血管保持通畅,通畅率93.3%,有血管样生物结构形成,管腔内壁有完整的内皮覆盖,管壁中层见大量平滑肌细胞;对照组通畅率60%,有少许内皮细胞覆盖。结论：仿生小口径人造血管具有良好的血液相容性,并能在体内保持良好通畅性, 修复动脉缺损效果满意。     

冻融联合灌注法优化大鼠肾脏脱细胞支架的制备

本研究旨在探索优化肾脏脱细胞支架的制备方法,为肾脏组织工程及肾脏体外病理、毒理研究提供实验基础。取大鼠肾脏灌注PBS作为对照组 (Control组),在不同流速下分别以十二烷基磺酸钠 (Sodium dodecyl sulfate,SDS) 灌注 (S组),Triton X-100联合SDS灌注 (TS组),反复冻融后Triton X-100联合SDS灌注(FTS组),制备肾脏脱细胞支架,并测定其流体分布及脉管阻力。HE染色、DAPI染色、DNA定量检测脱细胞支架脱细胞程度,Masson染色、PAS染色、免疫组织化学染色检测脱细胞支架主要成分的保留和结构的完整,扫描电镜检测支架的超微结构,MTT法检测支架的细胞毒性,ELISA检测支架中生长因子的含量。结果显示,FTS组脱细胞用时较S组、TS组少,10 mL/min组支架脉管阻力较低,S组、TS组、FTS组流体分布与Control组存在差异。HE染色和DAPI染色显示各组支架未见细胞成分残留,DNA含量＜50 ng/mg。Masson染色和PAS染色可见细胞外网状胶原及多糖,免疫组织化学染色见Ⅰ型胶原 (CollagenⅠ)、Ⅳ型胶原蛋白 (Collagen Ⅳ)、纤维连接蛋白 (Fibronectin)、层粘连蛋白 (Laminin) 表达。扫描电镜见支架呈蜂窝状结构。MTT法检测支架细胞毒性分级在0–1级之间。ELISA检测提示FTS组VEGF、EGF、IGF-1、PDGF含量明显高于S组和TS组。综上,联合冻融和灌注法能够制备更为理想且有效的大鼠肾脏整器官脱细胞支架,为肾脏组织工程及肾脏体外病理、毒理学研究奠定基础。     

应用多种水凝胶支架材料构建三维神经干细胞培养模型

该研究以鼠尾胶原、透明质酸以及海藻酸钠为主要成分,同时添加功能化的层粘连蛋白形成12种生物材料支架。应用大鼠神经干细胞(rat neural stem cells,r NSCs)体外培养,比较了支架的生物相容性和功能特点。结果显示,鼠尾胶原和透明质酸支架形成的三维多孔结构利于r NSCs的黏附,培养7 d后,1 mg/m L胶原组内的细胞活力更强,而含15%交联剂的层粘连蛋白–透明质酸支架内细胞与神经突触相互缠绕,展现出更明显的神经元样生理形态和特异性蛋白。1.5%海藻酸钠胶珠内的细胞呈球体生长,更适用于进行细胞的大规模动态培养。该研究构建的支架与r NSCs具有良好的生物相容性,利于其增殖和分化。因此,r NSCs分化后的神经元与水凝胶构成的三维培养模型,有望进一步应用于神经退行性疾病的研究和相关药物检测中。     

透明质酸联合盐酸米诺环素对大鼠金黄色葡萄球菌感染创口的治疗效果

目的:探讨透明质酸联合盐酸米诺环素对大鼠金黄色葡萄球菌感染创口的治疗效果。方法:选择32只Wistar大鼠,在背部脊柱两侧各制备1个全层皮肤缺损模型。创面接种细菌形成感染创口并将大鼠随机地分为4个组,每个组共有16个创口。实验组(1.5%透明质酸联合0.1%盐酸米诺环素凝胶治疗组)、对照组1(0.9%生理盐水治疗组)、对照组2(1.5%透明质酸凝胶治疗组)、对照组3(0.1%盐酸米诺环素凝胶治疗组)。观察分析创口愈合情况及创口愈合率,HE染色组织形态学分析,免疫组织化学染色法分析创口中肿瘤坏死因子α的表达。结果:透明质酸联合盐酸米诺环素组创口愈合率为(78.13±3.04)%,显著高于生理盐水对照组、透明质酸对照组和盐酸米诺环素对照组(均P0.05);透明质酸联合盐酸米诺环素组创口可见大量成熟的纤维组织,生理盐水组创口可以观察到组织发生坏死,结构不清;透明质酸组可见富含血管的新生肉芽组织;盐酸米诺环素组可见大量纤维组织;透明质酸联合盐酸米诺环素组创口TNF-α表达为10.84±1.49,显著低于生理盐水对照组、透明质酸对照组和盐酸米诺环素对照组(均P0.05)。结论:1.5%透明质酸联合0.1%盐酸米诺环素凝胶对大鼠金黄色葡萄球菌感染创口有较好的治疗效果。     

Change of hyaluronic acid synthesis during differentiation of myogenic cells and its relation to transformation of myoblasts by Rous sarcoma virus

Hyaluronic acid synthesis was examined in cultures of differentiating chick embryo muscle cells before, during and after fusion. Prior to fusion, hyaluronic acid was synthesized and secreted into the medium, but once fusion began this synthesis was reduced significantly. Synthesis then increased again after completion of fusion. Thus, production of hyaluronic acid was lowest at the time of or right before cell fusion. When myoblasts were transformed by Rous sarcoma virus (RSV), a higher amount of hyaluronic acid was synthesized, and cells were not able to fuse. The turnover rate of hyaluronic acid might be different between myotubes and RSV-transformed myoblasts. The addition of exogenous hyaluronic acid to myoblast cultures resulted in the partial inhibition of fusion. The effect was reversible because fusion took place after removal of the exogenous hyaluronic acid. These observations suggest that hyaluronic acid plays an important role in the differentiation of myogenic cells, and that elevated hyaluronic acid synthesis may partly be the reason for inhibition of myotube formation upon transformation by Rous sarcoma virus.     

Optimization of hyaluronic acid production and its cytotoxicity and degradability characteristics

Abstract

In the present study, culture conditions of Streptococcus equi was optimized through Box–Behnken experimental design for hyaluronic acid production. About 0.87?gL^?1 of hyaluronic acid was produced under the determined conditions and optimal conditions were found as 38.42?°C, 24?hr and 250?rpm. The validity and practicability of this statistical optimization strategy were confirmed relation between predicted and experimental values. The hyaluronic acid obtained under optimal conditions was characterized. The effects of different conditions such as ultraviolet light, temperature and enzymatic degradation on hyaluronic acid produced under optimal conditions were determined. 118?°C for 32?min of autoclaved HA sample included 63.09 µg mL^?1 of d-glucuronic acid, which is about two-fold of enzymatic effect. Cytotoxicity of hyaluronic acid on human dermal cells (HUVEC, HaCaT), L929 and THP-1 cells was studied. In vitro effect on pro or anti-inflammatory cytokine release of THP-1 cells was determined. Although it varies depending on the concentration, cytotoxicity of hyaluronic acid is between 5 and 30%. However, it varies depending on the concentration of hyaluronic acid, TNF-α release was not much increased compared to control study. Consequently, purification procedure is necessary to develop and it is worth developing the bacterial hyaluronic acid.     

Depolymerization of Hyaluronic Acid by D-Fructose 6-Phosphate

Depolymerization of hyaluronic acid obtained from Streptococcus zooepidemicus by D-fructose 6-phosphate was investigated for characterization of reducing sugar-mediated degradation of biopolymers under physiological conditions. The extent of depolymerization was monitored by the decrease of viscosity of a reaction mixture containing 1.0% hyaluronic acid, D-fructose 6-phosphate, and 1.0 × 10^?2 mM of Cu²⁺ in phosphate buffer, pH 7.4. It was found that the depolymerization of hyaluronic acid was dependent on the concentration of the reducing sugar and was specifically accelerated by the presence of Cu²⁺. The reaction was found to be significantly inhibited by catalase, superoxide dismutase (SOD), 1,2-dihy­ droxybenzene 3,5-disulfonic acid (Tiron), and chelating agents such as EDTA and diethylene triamine penta­ acetic acid (DETAPAC), although the inhibition by SOD was low. Almost the same depolymerization rates were observed in hyaluronic acid preparations of different molecular weight (1.1 × 10⁶, 8.8 × 10⁵, and 6.8 × 10⁵). The rates, however, were different for hyaluronic acids obtained from S. zooepidemicus, rooster comb, and umbilical cord. It was concluded that depolymerization of the polysaccharide was caused by active oxygen species generated by the autoxidation of D-fructose 6-phosphate in the presence of Cu²⁺, in a mechanism similar to that previously reported for the degradation of DNA and inactivation of virus in vitro.     

Growth-related production of proteoglycans and hyaluronic acid in synchronous arterial smooth muscle cells.

1. The growth-stimulating effect of serum on the proteoglycan and hyaluronic acid production in arterial smooth muscle cells was investigated, using cells synchronized by serum deprivation. 2. After stimulation, synthesis of [35S]sulfated proteoglycans and [14C]hyaluronic acid increased during G1 and G2 phases (about 2- and 5-fold, respectively, in the culture medium), in comparison with quiescent cells. 3. Neither the size, nor the charge, nor the relative proportions of [35S]glycosaminoglycans of the proteoglycans were modified. 4. However, when the cells were stimulated to divide, increased synthesis of large [14C]hyaluronic acid was observed concomitantly with the production of higher hydrodynamic size [35S]proteoglycans, which aggregated with hyaluronic acid (20%).     

Glycosaminoglycans of brain during development.

The concentration of hyaluronic acid, chondroitin sulfate, and heparan sulfate was measured in rat brain at 2-day intervals from birth to 1 month of age, and in 40-day-old and adult animals. The levels of all three glycosaminoglycans increased after birth to reach a peak at 7 days after which they declined steadily, attaining by 30 days concentrations within 10% of those present in adult brain. The greatest change was seen in hyaluronic acid, which decreased by 50% in 3 days, and declined to adult levels (28% of the peak concentration) by 18 days of age. Only heparan sulfate showed a significant change in metabolic activity during development (a fourfold increase in the relative specific activity of glucosamine), most of which occurred after 1 week of age. In 7-day-old rats almost 90% of the hyaluronic acid in brain is extractable by water alone, as compared to only 15% in adult animals, and this large amount of soluble hyaluronic acid in young rat brain is relatively inactive metabolically. On the basis of our data we propose that the higher amounts of hyaluronic acid found in very young brain may be responsible for the higher water content of brain at these ages, and that the hydrated hyaluronic acid serves as a matrix through which neuronal migration and differentiation may take place during early brain development.     

In vitro and in vivo assessment of the antioxidant activity of melatonin and related indole derivatives

Effects of melatonin and some structurally related indole compounds were studied by in vitro methods such as (i) an inhibition of the hyaluronic acid degradation and (ii) a standard lipid peroxidation assay. In vivo approach was based on the alloxan model of hyperglycaemia. Reduction of the viscosity of a hyaluronic acid solution in the reaction mixture was inhibited by tryptamine (91% inhibition), as well as by indole-3-carboxylic acid and indomethacin (80% and 77% inhibition, respectively). Lipid peroxidation with tert-butyl hydroperoxide as a source of radicals was followed by the formation of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances. Tested drugs inhibited lipid peroxidation in the order: tryptamine (59%) > indole-2-carboxylic acid (38%) > indomethacin (26%) > melatonin and indole-3-carboxylic acid (13%). In vivo, alloxan-induced hyperglycaemia was reduced in mice pretreated with drugs tested. The highest protective effect was observed with indomethacin (52% inhibition), followed by tryptamine and melatonin (18% and 16% inhibition, respectively).     

Hyaluronic acid in cartilage and proteoglycan aggregation

1. Dissociation of purified proteoglycan aggregates was shown to release an interacting component of buoyant density higher than that of the glycoprotein-link fraction of Hascall & Sajdera (1969). 2. This component, which produced an increase in hydrodynamic size of proteoglycans on gel chromatography, was isolated by ECTEOLA-cellulose ion-exchange chromatography and identified as hyaluronic acid. 3. The effect of pH of extraction showed that the proportion of proteoglycan aggregates isolated from cartilage was greatest at pH4.5. 4. The proportion of proteoglycans able to interact with hyaluronic acid decreased when extracted above or below pH4.5, whereas the amount of hyaluronic acid extracted appeared constant from pH3.0 to 8.5. 5. Sequential extraction of cartilage with 0.15m-NaCl at neutral pH followed by 4m-guanidinium chloride at pH4.5 was shown to yield predominantly non-aggregated and aggregated proteoglycans respectively. 6. Most of the hyaluronic acid in cartilage, representing about 0.7% of the total uronic acid, was associated with proteoglycan aggregates. 7. The non-aggregated proteoglycans were unable to interact with hyaluronic acid and were of smaller size, lower protein content and lower keratan sulphate content than the disaggregated proteoglycans. Together with differences in amino acid composition this suggested that each type of proteoglycan contained different protein cores.     

A new viscosupplement based on partially hydrophobic hyaluronic acid: a comparative study

A novel partially hydrophobized derivative of hyaluronic acid (HYADD? 4), containing a low number of C16 side-chains per polysaccharide backbone, provides injectable hydrogels stabilized by side-chain hydrophobic interactions. The rheological properties of Hymovis?, a physical hydrogel based on the hyaluronic acid derivative HYADD? 4, were evaluated using as reference a solution of the parent natural polysaccharide, hyaluronic acid. The rheological measurements were performed both in flow and oscillation regimes at the physiological frequency values of the knee, typically spanning the range from 0.5 Hz (walking frequency) to 3 Hz (running frequency). Moreover, the viscoelastic features of Hymovis? were compared with the market-available viscosupplementation products in view of its use in joint diseases.The different behavior of the investigated materials in crossover frequency measurements and in structure recovery experiments can be explained on the basis of the structural and dynamic properties of the polymeric systems.     

Isolation and characterization of a link protein from bovine aorta proteoglycan aggregate

Proteoglycan aggregates were isolated from bovine aorta by extraction with 0.5 M guanidine hydrochloride in the presence of proteinase inhibitors and purified by isopycnic CsCl centrifugation. The bottom two-fifths (A1) of the gradient contained 30% of proteoglycans in the aggregated form. The aggregate had 14.8% protein and 20.4% hexuronic acid with hyaluronic acid, dermatan sulfate and chondroitin sulfates in a proportion of 18:18:69. A link protein-containing fraction was isolated from the bottom two-fifths by dissociative CsCl isopycnic centrifugation. The link protein that floated to the top one-fifth of the gradient was purified by chromatography on Sephadex G-200 in the presence of 4 M guanidine hydrochloride. It moved as a single band in SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis with a molecular weight of 49 000. The amino acid composition of link protein resembled that of link protein from cartilage, but was strikingly different from that of the protein core of the proteoglycan monomer. The neutral sugar content of link protein was 3.5% of dry weight. Galactose, mannose and fucose constituted 21, 62 and 16%, respectively of the total neutral sugars. In aggregation studies the link protein was found to interact with both proteoglycan monomer and hyaluronic acid. Oligosaccharides derived from hyaluronic acid decreased the viscosity of link protein-free aggregates of proteoglycan and hyaluronic acid but not of link-stabilized aggregates, demonstrating that the link protein increases the stability of proteoglycan aggregates.     

A simple method for hyaluronic acid quantification in culture broth

The carbazole assay has been used for determination of the percentage of hyaluronic acid in biological fluids. However, it is difficult to measure the concentration of hyaluronic acid in culture broth because glucose and polysaccharides remaining after cultures can react with sulfuric acid and carbazole. The glucose and polysaccharide remnants must be completely removed in order to get the correct value for hyaluronic acid. The turbidity assay, another method for estimating the concentration of hyaluronic acid, is based on the formation of insoluble complexes between hyaluronic acid and cetyltrimethylammonium bromide. This method is very easy and fast compared with the carbazole assay. Because concentrations of hyaluronic acid measured by the turbidity assay were ranged around 100% of those measured by the carbazole assay, the content of hyaluronic acid in culture broth can be determined by the turbidity assay. The turbidity method also has the advantage of being safer than the carbazole assay.