组蛋白去乙酰化酶6与人类疾病

组蛋白去乙酰化酶6 (histone deacetylase 6, HDAC6)属于IIb类组蛋白去乙酰化酶家族,是一种依赖锌的,主要靶向非组蛋白的去乙酰化酶。越来越多的研究表明,HDAC6的表达和活性在多种疾病的发生发展过程中是异常的,因此,HDAC6被认为是潜在治疗的靶点。临床前数据表明,许多特异性靶向HDAC6的小分子抑制剂在多种疾病的治疗中发挥作用。该文讨论了HDAC6结构和功能的最新研究,并结合其小分子抑制剂在恶性肿瘤、神经退行性疾病、肾纤维化和自身免疫及炎症等方面的研究进展进行综述。     

组蛋白去乙酰化酶11的免疫调控功能及其在免疫相关疾病中的作用研究进展

组蛋白乙酰化是一种重要的表观遗传修饰,受到组蛋白乙酰转移酶和组蛋白去乙酰化酶的动态调节。组蛋白去乙酰化酶11 (histone deacetylases 11, HDAC11)是IV类HDAC的唯一成员,能够催化组蛋白和非组蛋白赖氨酸残基去乙酰化并具有去脂酰化活性。HDAC11与免疫细胞的成熟、分化和功能密切相关,多数研究显示HDAC11通过负调控IL-10和上调促炎细胞因子发挥免疫激活作用,但HDAC11也负调控中性粒细胞和T细胞的功能,发挥免疫抑制作用。最近报道HDAC11在炎症反应、肿瘤免疫、移植免疫、自身免疫疾病中发挥重要作用,是免疫治疗的重要靶点。该文就HDAC11的生物学特性、免疫调控功能、在免疫相关性疾病中的作用及其抑制剂开发的最新研究进展作一综述。     

组蛋白去乙酰化酶4与人类疾病北大核心CSCD

组蛋白去乙酰化酶4(histone deacetylase 4,HDAC4)是一类依赖锌的去乙酰化酶,属于Ⅱ类组蛋白去乙酰化酶(histone deacetylases,HDACs),主要具有去乙酰化酶的活性。HDAC4由去乙酰化酶结构域发挥去乙酰化酶的作用,还具有核定位序列和核输出序列,通过转录后与翻译后水平的修饰可在细胞核和细胞质之间穿梭,进而参与多种调节过程。近年来的研究发现,HDAC4可参与基因的转录调控、细胞凋亡、代谢等诸多生物进程,在多种疾病的发生发展中发挥重要作用。本文主要从HDAC4的结构、去乙酰作用、自身的修饰及其在核浆中的穿梭作用对其进行概述,同时对其在骨关节炎、心血管疾病、肌萎缩性侧索硬化症等不同疾病中的作用、相关的分子机制及组蛋白抑制剂在肿瘤中的应用等方面的研究进展进行综述。     

HDAC2:阿尔茨海默病治疗靶点

表观调节机制在阿尔茨海默病的发生、发展过程中起着重要作用。乙酰化组蛋白和乙酰化非组蛋白在基因表达与信号转导过程中具有重要的调控作用。组蛋白去乙酰化酶抑制剂可以改善AD患者突触可塑性与学习记忆能力。HDAC2在控制神经元形成中起关键作用。HDAC2参与海马区域记忆形成相关蛋白表达,对学习和记忆的形成具有负调节作用,影响神经突触可塑性和数量。目前应用的HDAC抑制剂为广谱药物缺乏特异性,分析HDAC2作用机制有利于研究出针对疾病的靶点药物。     

组蛋白去乙酰化酶4与人类疾病

组蛋白去乙酰化酶4（histone deacetylase 4,HDAC4）是一类依赖锌的去乙酰化酶,属于Ⅱ类组蛋白去乙酰化酶（histone deacetylases,HDACs）,主要具有去乙酰化酶的活性。HDAC4由去乙酰化酶结构域发挥去乙酰化酶的作用,还具有核定位序列和核输出序列,通过转录后与翻译后水平的修饰可在细胞核和细胞质之间穿梭,进而参与多种调节过程。近年来的研究发现,HDAC4可参与基因的转录调控、细胞凋亡、代谢等诸多生物进程,在多种疾病的发生发展中发挥重要作用。本文主要从HDAC4的结构、去乙酰作用、自身的修饰及其在核浆中的穿梭作用对其进行概述,同时对其在骨关节炎、心血管疾病、肌萎缩性侧索硬化症等不同疾病中的作用、相关的分子机制及组蛋白抑制剂在肿瘤中的应用等方面的研究进展进行综述。     

组蛋白去乙酰化酶抑制剂在乳腺癌方面的研究进展

乳腺癌是威胁女性生命的最常见肿瘤,它的发生和转移严重影响了患者的生存和生活状况。研究表明,组蛋白去乙酰化酶(HDAC)可以调节体内组蛋白乙酰化和去乙酰化的平衡,它的过度表达与乳腺癌的发生、发展密切相关。而组蛋白去乙酰化酶抑制剂(HDACi)对HDAC的抑制作用为肿瘤的治疗带来曙光,成为近年来研究的热门话题。该文通过对多种组蛋白去乙酰化酶抑制剂在乳腺癌方面的应用和研究进展做一综述,希望为临床治疗乳腺癌提供更充分的依据。     

组蛋白去乙酰化酶6:异常蛋白降解的关键调控因子

组蛋白去乙酰化酶6(HDAC6)是位于胞浆中的一种去乙酰化酶,参与调控细胞内多种重要的生物活性,可使α-微管蛋白(α-tubulin)、热休克蛋白90(Hsp90)和皮肌动蛋白(cortactin)去乙酰化,并与多种蛋白质缔结形成复合物。在细胞培养中,当产生的错误折叠蛋白超过了分子伴侣再折叠及泛素蛋白酶体系统(UPS)处理能力时,HDAC6可将其特异转运到细胞核周结构——异常蛋白包涵体(aggresome)中,从而使之被自噬有效降解,因此认为HDAC6在异常蛋白降解中发挥了关键的调控功能,是"蛋白构象病"的潜在治疗靶点。     

组蛋白去乙酰化酶6与阿尔兹海默病

组蛋白去乙酰化酶6(histone deacetylase 6,HDAC6)在细胞中参与了许多蛋白质的修饰过程,最新证据显示其在阿尔茨海默病(Alzheimer’s disease,AD)发展过程中起了越来越重要的作用,HDAC6不仅可与tau蛋白相互作用并影响其磷酸化过程,而且同时也受到GSK-3β的调控。本文主要介绍了HDAC6在阿尔兹海默病中的作用机制,同时介绍下HDAC6抑制剂对AD的治疗作用。     

果蝇组蛋白去乙酰化酶HDAC1和HDAC3选择性调控形态发生素靶基因转录

在真核细胞中,组蛋白的乙酰化状态对于基因转录的正常进行具有重要的调控作用。组蛋白的乙酰化修饰由组蛋白乙酰转移酶(histone acetyltransferases,HATs)执行,这种修饰是动态的、可逆的,负责去乙酰化修饰的酶是组蛋白去乙酰化酶(histone deacetylases,HDACs),推测HDACs可能通过影响组蛋白的乙酰化状态在基因的转录过程中发挥调控作用。该文以组蛋白去乙酰化酶HDAC1和HDAC3为对象,研究了它们在果蝇翅膀发育过程中对Wg(Wingless)、Hh(Hedgehog)以及Dpp(Decapentaplegic)信号通路下游靶基因转录的调控作用。结果发现,HDAC1功能缺失可导致Dpp下游靶基因Omb(optomotor-blind)和Hh下游靶基因Ptc(patched)的表达上调。Real-time quantitative PCR(RT-q PCR)结果显示,在HDAC1基因敲除的果蝇中,Ptc、Ci(cubitus interruptus)以及Omb的转录水平增加。HDAC3缺失导致Sal(spalt)的表达上调。RT-q PCR结果证实了HDAC3基因敲除果蝇的Sal转录增加,同时发现Vg(vestigial)的转录下降。而过表达HDAC1或HDAC3对下游靶基因的表达则没有影响。综上所述,该研究表明,HDAC1和HDAC3可以选择性地调控形态发生素下游靶基因的转录。     

神经退行性疾病中的乙酰化内稳态

近年来对神经退行性疾病机制的研究发现,乙酰化和去乙酰化在这一过程扮演了重要角色。组蛋白乙酰化酶(histone acetylase,HAT)和组蛋白去乙酰化酶(histone deacetylase,HDAC)两大家族分别催化组蛋白的乙酰化和去乙酰化,两者相互拮抗,维持体内乙酰化内稳态的平衡。乙酰化内稳态的概念就是在这样的基础上提出的。在神经退行性疾病的发病过程中,组蛋白乙酰基转移酶含量下降,乙酰化内稳态被打破,影响了神经细胞内重要基因的转录,从而导致了神经细胞功能失调甚至死亡。该文主要介绍HAT和HDAC两大家族在神经退行性疾病中的作用机制,以及针对乙酰化内稳态平衡机制的治疗策略。     

Recent advances in the study of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus replication and pathogenesis

It has now been over twenty years since a novel herpesviral genome was identified in Kaposi's sarcoma biopsies. Since then, the cumulative research effort by molecular biologists, virologists, clinicians, and epidemiologists alike has led to the extensive characterization of this tumor virus, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus(KSHV; also known as human herpesvirus 8(HHV-8)), and its associated diseases. Here we review the current knowledge of KSHV biology and pathogenesis, with a particular emphasis on new and exciting advances in the field of epigenetics. We also discuss the development and practicality of various cell culture and animal model systems to study KSHV replication and pathogenesis.     

A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility

正Dear Editor,In December 2019, a novel human coronavirus caused an epidemic of severe pneumonia(Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, China(Wu et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020). So far, this virus has spread to all areas of China and even to other countries. The epidemic has caused 67,102 confirmed infections with 1526 fatal cases     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

Comparative morphology of the carpel in the Liliaceae: Hewardieae, Petrosavieae, and Tricyrteae

The young pistils in the melanthioid tribes, Hewardieae, Petrosavieae and Tricyrteae, are uniformly tricarpellate and syncarpous. They lack raphide idioblasts. All are multiovulate, with bitegmic ovules. The Petrosavieae are marked by the presence of septal glands and incomplete syncarpy. Tepals and stamens adhere to the ovary in the Hewardieae and the Petrosavieae but not in the Tricyrteae. Two vascular bundles occur in the stamens of the Hewartlieae and Tricyrtis latifolia. Ventral bundles in the upper part of the ovary of the Hewardieae are continuous with compound septal bundles and placental bundles in the lower part. Putative ventral bundles occur in the alternate position in the Tricyrteae and putative placental bundles in the opposite. position in the Petrosavieae. The dichtomously branched stigma in each carpel of the Tricyrteae is supplied by a bifurcated dorsal bundle.     

Synthesis and antimicrobial studies of hydrazone derivatives of 4-[3-(2,4-difluorophenyl)-4-formyl-1H-pyrazol-1-yl]benzoic acid and 4-[3-(3,4-difluorophenyl)-4-formyl-1H-pyrazol-1-yl]benzoic acid

Microbial resistance to antibiotics is an unresolved global concern, which needs urgent and coordinated action. One of the guidelines of the Centers for Disease Control and Preventions (CDC) to combat antibiotic resistance is the development of new antibiotics to treat drug-resistant bacteria. In our effort to find new antibiotics, we report the synthesis and antimicrobial studies of 30 new pyrazole derivatives. These novel molecules have been synthesized by using readily available starting materials and benign reaction conditions. Some of these molecules have shown activity with MIC values as low as 0.78?µg/mL against four bacterial strains; Staphylococcus aureus, methicillin-resistant S. aureus, Bacillus subtilis, and Acinetobacter baumannii. Furthermore, active molecules are non-toxic to mammalian cell line.

     

Novel compounds with potent CDK9 inhibitory activity for the treatment of myeloma

Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) and Polo-like kinases (PLKs) play key role in the regulation of the cell cycle. The aim of our study was originally the further development of our recently discovered polo-like kinase 1 (PLK1) inhibitors. A series of new 2,4-disubstituted pyrimidine derivatives were synthesized around the original hit, but their PLK1 inhibitory activity was very poor. However the novel compounds showed nanomolar CDK9 inhibitory activity and very good antiproliferative effect on multiple myeloma cell lines (RPMI-8226).