一种简单的高产2,3-丁二醇发酵生产方法

利用一株克雷伯氏菌(Klebsiellasp.LN145)在以葡萄糖和磷酸氢二铵为主要成分的培养基中发酵生产2,3-丁二醇。在补料发酵培养过程中,通过补糖,2,3-丁二醇和3-羟基丁酮的最大产量分别达到了84.0 g/L和10.5 g/L,二醇的摩尔转化率达到理论水平的91%,转化速率达到1.8 g/(L.h)。     

2,3-丁二醇生产菌株生产能力的比较和培养基优化

对5株克雷伯氏肺炎杆菌 (包括两株乳酸途径被敲除的工程菌株) 发酵生产2,3-丁二醇能力进行了比较,其中K. pneumonia HR521 LDH (乳酸合成途径中ldhA基因被敲除) 具有最佳的发酵性能。通过正交试验优化了其发酵培养基的主要组分,优化后的培养基组成为：葡萄糖 90 g/L,(NH4)2HPO4 3 g/L,玉米浆 (CLSP) 6 g/L,乙酸钠 5 g/L,KCl 0.4 g/L,MgSO4 0.1 g/L,FeSO4·7H2O 0.02 g/L,MnSO4 0.01 g/L。在优化后的发酵培养基中进行摇瓶发酵,24 h发酵乙偶姻和2,3-丁二醇的终浓度为37.46 g/L,比未优化前增加了10 g/L,2,3-丁二醇得率达到了理论得率的90.53％,生产强度1.56 g/(L·h),检测不到副产物乳酸的生成,利于后提取工艺的进行和工业生产的应用。     

地衣芽孢杆菌高产2,3-丁二醇菌株的选育和发酵研究

目前2,3-丁二醇生产菌株大部分为致病菌,对人类健康和环境具有一定威胁。从牛奶样品中分离到1株产2,3-丁二醇的芽孢杆菌127-7,分析其16S rRNA基因序列,确定该菌株为地衣芽孢杆菌(Bacillus licheniformis)。进一步对菌株127-7进行紫外诱变,筛选耐受高浓度葡萄糖和高产乙偶姻的菌株。摇瓶发酵结果显示,突变株BL41的2,3-丁二醇产量较出发菌株127-7提高了41.1%。对发酵副产物分析发现,不控制发酵液pH可以显著降低乳酸产量,2,3-丁二醇产量在72 h达到81.4 g/L。进一步调整补糖策略,维持最低残糖浓度为30 g/L,菌株BL41产2,3-丁二醇83.4 g/L,最高产率为1.9 g/L·h,发酵时间缩短至46 h。结果表明,地衣芽胞杆菌BL41可以作为候选菌株,用于工业规模2,3-丁二醇的生产。     

细菌3-羟基丁酮及氧化还原产物代谢的研究进展

3-羟基丁酮及氧化还原产物是重要的4碳平台化合物,以糖质原料为底物的生物法制备是当今研究与生产的主流。介绍了3-羟基丁酮及氧化还原产物2,3-丁二醇、丁二酮产生的主要细菌,这些细菌积累3-羟基丁酮及氧化还原产物的代谢途径,主要的代谢及调控方式,代谢关键酶:乙酰乳酸合成酶、α-乙酰乳酸脱羧酶、2,3-丁二醇脱氢酶的结构与功能等国内外研究进展;并对3-羟基丁酮及氧化还原产物细菌代谢、发酵制备的未来研究提出了展望。     

pH与溶氧控制对解淀粉芽胞杆菌发酵粗甘油生产2,3-丁二醇的影响

首次利用一株安全菌株解淀粉芽胞杆菌发酵生物柴油副产物粗甘油生产2,3-丁二醇。溶氧和pH是影响微生物法生产2,3-丁二醇的最主要因素。结果表明,发酵过程中不控制pH更有利于2,3-丁二醇合成;采用三阶段控制搅拌转速策略,2,3-丁二醇产量最大值达到?38.1?g/L,生产强度达到1.06?g/(L·h),与恒定转速获得的最好结果相比较,分别提高了14.8%和63.1%。采用脉冲流加发酵时,2,3-丁二醇产量达到71.2 g/L,2,3-丁二醇生产强度达到0.99 g/(L·h),这是目前报道的利用粗甘油合成2,3-丁二醇的最高产量。     

光滑球拟酵母生产2,3-丁二酮的系统代谢工程策略

【目的】调控丙酮酸工业生产菌株光滑球拟酵母(Torulopsis glabrata)CCTCC M202019碳代谢流分布促进2,3-丁二酮积累。【方法】过量表达来源于枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)的乙酰乳酸合成酶(ALS);在此基础上,借助T.glabrata全基因组规模代谢网络模型(GSMM)iNX804解析敲除基因ILV5的必要性;敲除基因BDH以阻断2,3-丁二酮的降解。【结果】过量表达ALS将ALS活性提高了4.6倍,发酵液中2,3-丁二酮浓度从0.01 g/L提高至0.57 g/L。敲除基因ILV5使2,3-丁二酮浓度提高28.1%。敲除基因BDH导致丁二酮还原酶和丁二醇脱氢酶活性分别降低74.4%、76.1%,同时2,3-丁二酮进一步代谢产物3-羟基丁酮和2,3-丁二醇浓度则分别降低52.2%和71.4%,2,3-丁二酮浓度为0.95 g/L。【结论】基于GSMM的系统代谢工程策略能够将碳代谢流从丙酮酸节点导向2,3-丁二酮,实现2,3-丁二酮的有效积累。     

耐高糖高产2,3-丁二醇产酸克雷伯氏杆菌的选育

以产酸克雷伯氏杆菌(Klebsiella oxytoca) ME-UD-3为出发菌株,经紫外线及硫酸二乙酯复合诱变后分别在葡萄糖浓度逐渐提高的液体培养基中进行富集培养,筛选获得了一株耐高糖的2,3-丁二醇高产突变菌株K. oxytoca ME-UD-3-4;该菌株的初始葡萄糖耐受浓度从出发菌株的120g/L提高到300g/L以上,在初始葡萄糖浓度为95 g/L的条件下发酵培养,与出发菌株相比发酵时间缩短了8h,2,3-丁二醇的产量由原来的38.5g/L提高到43.0g/L,生产强度从0.80 g/L·h提高到1.08 g/L·h,转化率达到了理论值的91%。     

高产光学纯(R,R)-2,3-丁二醇工程菌株构建与发酵优化

[目的]构建能够专一性合成光学纯(R,R)-2,3-丁二醇的大肠杆菌工程菌,并进行发酵条件优化。[方法]将来源于多粘芽孢杆菌的(R,R)-2,3-丁二醇脱氢酶基因bdh,来源于阴沟肠杆菌的α-乙酰乳酸合成酶基因bud B和α-乙酰乳酸脱羧酶基因bud A与表达载体p Tr C99A连接,导入大肠杆菌中构建人工合成途径。筛选最适的培养基和发酵条件,提高(R,R)-2,3-丁二醇的产量、产率和得率。[结果]获得高效合成(R,R)-2,3-丁二醇的工程菌株GXASB,筛选到最适碳源及其浓度为120 g/L木薯淀粉,最适pH为6.5,最适接种量为10%,在发酵罐中进行同步糖化法发酵,(R,R)-2,3-丁二醇产量达到105.28 g/L,光学纯为99.1%,得率为0.47 g/g,生产强度为1.95 g/(L·h)。[结论]在大肠杆菌中表达基因簇bud B-bud A-bdh能够专一性合成光学纯(R,R)-2,3-丁二醇,经优化发酵条件后,能够显著提高(R,R)-2,3-丁二醇的合成效率。同时工程菌能够利用非粮原料木薯淀粉高效生产(R,R)-2,3-丁二醇,补料发酵产量达到105.28 g/L,为使用廉价原料工业化生产(R,R)-2,3-丁二醇提供参考。     

乙酸、糠醛和5-羟甲基糠醛对产酸克雷伯氏菌发酵生产2,3-丁二醇的影响

为了解产酸克雷伯氏菌对木质纤维素水解液中主要抑制物的耐受和代谢,考察了产酸克雷伯氏菌发酵生产2,3-丁二醇(2,3-butanediol,2,3-BDO)过程中对3种发酵抑制物乙酸、糠醛和5-羟甲基糠醛(5-hydroxymethylfurfural HMF)的耐受以及抑制物浓度的变化,检测了糠醛和HMF的代谢产物.结果表明:产酸克雷伯氏菌对乙酸、糠醛和HMF的耐受浓度分别为30 g/L、4 g/L和5 g/L.并且部分乙酸可作为生产2,3-丁二醇的底物,在0～30 g/L浓度范围内可提高2,3-丁二醇的产量.发酵过程中产酸克雷伯氏菌可将HMF和糠醛全部转化,其中约70％HMF被转化为2,5-呋喃二甲醇,30％HMF和全部糠醛被菌体代谢.研究表明在木质纤维素水解液生产2,3-丁二醇的脱毒过程中可优先考虑脱除糠醛,一定浓度的乙酸可以不用脱除.     

盐析萃取生物基化学品的研究进展

廉价生物质的生物炼制研究主要集中在菌种和发酵方面,对下游分离研究较少。廉价生物质资源的利用导致发酵液中引入更多杂质,成分较单糖发酵更复杂,致使生物基化学品的下游分离过程成为其工业化生产亟需解决的关键问题。文中介绍了一种基于两相分配差异分离亲水性生物基化学品的盐析萃取技术及其在生物基化学品分离方面的应用,重点阐述了短链醇和盐对双水相形成的影响,并对1,3-丙二醇、2,3-丁二醇、乙偶姻、乳酸等的盐析萃取研究进展进行了总结和展望。盐析萃取技术可有效地回收发酵液中的小分子亲水性产品,同时除去大多数的杂质 (细胞和蛋白质等),在生物基化学品的分离过程中将是一种有前景的分离技术。     

Separation of 2,3-butanediol from fermentation broth by reactive-extraction using acetaldehyde-cyclohexane system

Biochemical 2,3-butanediol is a renewable material with the potential to be used as an alternative fuel. However, in the lack of an effective separation process has limited its industrial application. In this paper, an effective process was achieved to separate 2,3-butanediol by reactive-extraction. Acetaldehyde and cyclohexane were chosen as the reactant and extractant, respectively. Ion-exchange resin HZ732 was used as the catalyst. Reaction equilibrium and a kinetic study on the reaction between 2,3-butanediol and acetaldehyde were investigated to provide basic data for process development. The reaction enthalpy and activation energy of reaction of 2,3-butanediol and acetaldehyde were ?30.05 ± 1.62 KJ/mol and 45.29 ± 2.89 KJ/mol, respectively. Feasible conditions were obtained as follows: operating temperature = 20°C, acetaldehyde: 2,3-butanediol = 0.5:1 (w/w), cyclohexane: fermentation broth = 0.5:1 (w/w), catalyst amount = 100 g/L, stirring rate = 500 rpm and three-stage counter-current extraction method was used. Under these conditions, the total yield rate of 2,3-butanediol from fermentation broth was over 90% and the mass fraction of 2,3-butanediol in the final product reached 99%.     

Aqueous two-phase extraction of 2,3-butanediol from fermentation broths using an ethanol/ammonium sulfate system

Separation of 2,3-butanediol from the fermentation broth is a difficult task that has become a bottleneck in industrial production. Aqueous two-phase systems composed of hydrophilic solvents and inorganic salts could be used to extract 2,3-butanediol from fermentation broth. The ethanol/ammonium sulfate system was investigated in detail, including phase diagram, effect of phase composition on partition, removal of cells and biomacromolecules from the broths and recycling of ammonium sulfate. The highest partition coefficient (7.10) and recovery of 2,3-butanediol (91.7%) were obtained by a system composed of 32% (w/w) ethanol and 16% (w/w) ammonium sulfate. The maximum selective coefficient of 2,3-butanediol to glucose was 30.74 in the experimental range. In addition, cells and proteins could be simultaneously removed from the fermentation broth. The removal ratio of cells and proteins reached 99.7% and 91.2%, respectively. The recovery of ammonium sulfate in the bottom phase reached 97.14% when two volumes of methanol were added to the salt-rich phase.     

Effect of deletion of 2,3-butanediol dehydrogenase gene (bdhA) on acetoin production of Bacillus subtilis

The present work aims to block 2,3-butanediol synthesis in acetoin fermentation of Bacillus subtilis. First, we constructed a recombinant strain BS168D by deleting the 2,3-butanediol dehydrogenase gene bdhA of the B. subtilis168, and there was almost no 2,3-butanediol production in 20?g/L of glucose media. The acetoin yield of BS168D reached 6.61?g/L, which was about 1.5 times higher than that of the control B. subtilis168 (4.47?g/L). Then, when the glucose concentration was increased to 100?g/L, the acetoin yield reached 24.6?g/L, but 2.4?g/L of 2,3-butanediol was detected at the end of fermentation. The analysis of 2,3-butanediol chiral structure indicated that the main 2,3-butanediol production of BS168D was meso-2,3-butanediol, and the bdhA gene was only responsible for (2R,3R)-2,3-butanediol synthesis. Therefore, we speculated that there may exit another pathway relating to the meso-2,3-butanediol synthesis in the B. subtilis. In addition, the results of low oxygen condition fermentation showed that deletion of bdhA gene successfully blocked the reversible transformation between acetoin and 2,3-butanediol and eliminated the effect of dissolved oxygen on the transformation.     

Aqueous two-phase extraction of 2,3-butanediol from fermentation broths using an ethanol/phosphate system

Separation of 2,3-butanediol from the complex fermentation broths is a difficult task and becomes a bottleneck in industrial production. Aqueous two-phase systems composed of hydrophilic solvents and inorganic salts could be used to extract 2,3-butanediol from fermentation broths. Aqueous two-phase extraction of 2,3-butanediol from fermentation broths was studied by ethanol and dipotassium hydrogen phosphate system. The influences of phase composition on partition of 2,3-butanediol, removal of cells and biomacromolecules were investigated. The partition coefficient and recovery of 2,3-butanediol reached up to 28.34 and 98.13%, respectively, and the selective coefficient of 2,3-butanediol to glucose was 615.87 when the system was composed of 24% (w/w) ethanol and 25% (w/w) dipotassium hydrogen phosphate. Simultaneously, cells and proteins could be removed from the fermentation broths and the removal ratio reached 99.63 and 85.9%, respectively. This process is convenient and economic, furthermore, the operation is easy to scale-up, that is, this method provides a new possibility for the separation and refining of 2,3-butanediol.     

Bioconversion of inulin to 2,3-butanediol by a newly isolated Klebsiella pneumoniae producing inulinase

Inulin could be converted to bio-based chemicals by an inulinase producer without external inulinase, and the production of 2,3-butanediol was less than 50 g/L. In this work, a novel inulinase producer of Klebsiella pneumoniae H3 was isolated, and inulinase catalytic properties as well as 2,3-butanediol fermentation were investigated. The enzyme was an intracellular inulinase with an optimal pH of 6 ∼ 7 and a temperature of 30 °C. The use of inulin by H3 was dependent on the degree of polymerization (DP), and the average DP of inulin in fermentation broth increased from 2.82 to 8.08 in 24-h culture of batch fermentation. Acidic pretreatment was developed to increase inulin utilization by adjusting medium pH to 3.0 prior to sterilization. In batch fermentation with optimized medium and fermentation conditions, the concentration of target product (2,3-butanediol and acetoin) was 80.4 g/L with a productivity of 2.23 g/(L⋅h), and a yield of 0.426 g/g inulin.     

In situ recovery of 2,3-butanediol from fermentation by liquid–liquid extraction

End-product conversion, low product concentration and large volumes of fermentation broth, the requirements for large bioreactors, in addition to the high cost involved in generating the steam required to distil fermentation products from the broth largely contributed to the decline in fermentative products. These considerations have motivated the study of organic extractants as a means to remove the product during fermentation and minimize downstream recovery. The aim of this study is to assess the practical applicability of liquid–liquid extraction in 2,3-butanediol fermentations. Eighteen organic solvents were screened to determine their biocompatibility, and bioavailability for their effects on Klebsiella pneumoniae growth. Candidate solvents at first were screened in shake flasks for toxicity to K. pneumoniae. Cell density and substrate consumption were used as measures of cell toxicity. The possibility of employing oleyl alcohol as an extraction solvent to enhance end product in 2,3-butanediol fermentation was evaluated. Fermentation was carried out at an initial glucose concentration of 80 g/l. Oleyl alcohol did not inhibit the growth of the fermentative organism. 2,3-Butanediol production increased from 17.9 g/l (in conventional fermentation) to 23.01 g/l (in extractive fermentation). Applying oleyl alcohol as the extraction solvent, about 68% of the total 2,3-butanediol produced was extracted. An erratum to this article can be found at     

Isolation and identification of an acetoin high production bacterium that can reverse transform 2,3-butanediol to acetoin at the decline phase of fermentation

Acetoin (3-hydroxy-2-butanone), a very popular food spice is now used in many industries (pharmaceuticals, chemicals, paint, etc.). In this study, an acetoin high producing strain, numbered as JNA-310, was newly isolated and identified as Bacillus subtilis which is safe on food industry, based on its physiological, biological tests and 16S rDNA sequence analysis. When glucose was used as carbon source in fermentation, the fermentation characterizations of this strain were analyzed, and a new phenomenon of reverse transforming 2,3-butanediol which was synthesized from glucose in the fermentation broth to acetoin was detected. Before 96 h, glucose which was mainly transformed to 2,3-butanediol and acetoin was totally consumed, and the yield of the two products were 41.7 and 21.0 g/l respectively. Acetoin was only a by product in the fermentation broth at prophase of fermentation. At the end of fermentation, the yield of acetoin was greatly improved and the yield of 2,3-butanediol was declined and the yield of them were about 42.2 and 15.8 g/l, respectively. The results indicated that 2,3-butanediol was reversely transformed to acetoin.     

Aqueous two-phase extraction of 2,3-butanediol from fermentation broths by isopropanol/ammonium sulfate system

A novel aqueous two-phase system consisted of 2-propanol/ammonium sulfate was used for the extraction of 2,3-butanediol from fermentation broths. The maximum partition coefficient and recovery of 2,3-butanediol reached 9.9 and 93.7%, respectively, and more than 99% of the cells and about 85% of the soluble proteins were removed when 34% (w/w) 2-propanol and 20% (w/w) ammonium sulfate were used. The separated cells could be re-used as inocula for subsequent fermentations. The aqueous two-phase system described in this study may have potential application in the extraction of 2,3-butanediol produced by industrial fermentation processes.     

Microbial production of 2,3-butanediol from Jerusalem artichoke tubers by <Emphasis Type="Italic">Klebsiella pneumoniae</Emphasis>

2,3-Butanediol is one of the promising bulk chemicals with wide applications. Its fermentative production has attracted great interest due to the high end concentration. However, large-scale production of 2,3-butanediol requires low-cost substrate and efficient fermentation process. In the present study, 2,3-butanediol production by Klebsiella pneumoniae from Jerusalem artichoke tubers was successfully performed, and various technologies, including separate hydrolysis and fermentation (SHF) and simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF), were investigated. The concentration of target products reached 81.59 and 91.63 g/l, respectively after 40 h in batch and fed-batch SSF processes. Comparing with fed-batch SHF, the fed-batch SSF provided 30.3% higher concentration and 83.2% higher productivity of target products. The results showed that Jerusalem artichoke tuber is a favorable substrate for 2,3-butanediol production, and the application of fed-batch SSF for its conversion can result in a more cost-effective process.