马鹿阿拉善亚种遗传多样性和群体结构

马鹿阿拉善亚种（Cervus elaphus alashanicus）又称阿拉善马鹿,目前仅分布于贺兰山地区,是我国马鹿亚种分布范围最狭窄的一个隔离种群。为了解阿拉善马鹿的种群遗传多样性及遗传变异情况,以对该种群的保护提供科学参考,对在贺兰山采集的93个野生个体新鲜粪便样本的线粒体控制区部分序列（991 bp）进行扩增和分析,共检测到68个变异位点,定义16种单倍型,平均单倍型多样性为0.405,平均核苷酸多样性为0.00232,说明种群遗传多样性水平较低。中性检验和错配分布分析表明阿拉善马鹿曾出现过种群扩张,贝叶斯天际线分析（BSP）显示扩张时间约在末次冰盛期（0.028—0.010 Ma）。FST检验表明阿拉善马鹿种群内存在显著遗传分化,系统发育树和单倍型网络图分析表明群体间没有明显的系统地理格局。本研究表明阿拉善马鹿目前种群遗传多样性较低,建议加大对该亚种的关注和保护力度。       

基于线粒体Cyt b基因的雉鸡甘肃亚种的种群遗传结构

采用聚合酶链式反应(PCR)和直接测序法分析雉鸡甘肃亚种的种群遗传结构。测序获得了8个种群79个样本的长819bp的线粒体细胞色素b(Cytb)基因序列,发现7个变异位点,界定了6种单倍型(Haplotype),其中Hap-1是共享单倍型,占79.75%。在8个种群中,除ZJC和CHX种群外,其它种群的核苷酸多样性和单倍型多样性都很低,种群间遗传分化小,基因流大。ZJC种群由于亚种间的基因渗透,导致其遗传多样性最高。CHX种群受徽成盆地周边山地的森林隔离作用,单倍型最多。分子方差分析(AMOVA)表明,遗传变异主要发生在种群内,占86.44%。种群间和地理种群组间差异不显著。地理种群组的核苷酸多样性(π)同形态上的变异规律一致。FS值检测表明,雉鸡甘肃亚种曾发生过快速扩张。     

基于线粒体基因的广西变色树蜥种群分子系统关系与遗传多样性

物种分子系统关系是进化生物学领域最基本也是最重要的问题之一。本研究通过测序分析了来自广西等地90个变色树蜥Calotes versicolor的ND2-tRNA基因片段,分析了不同地理种群的单倍型、种群间的遗传分化程度(F_(st))和历史动态,构建了单倍型之间的分子系统关系。结果发现,所研究的地理种群共检测到45个单倍型,总体呈现较高的单倍型多样性(0.941 8)和较低的核苷酸多样性(0.005 5),其中有6个地理种群的个体共享1个单倍型。大部分种群间F_(st)值较高且差异显著,遗传分化程度较高。分子方差分析结果表明,遗传变异主要来自种群内的遗传差异。系统进化分析结果表明,所研究的地理种群并没有出现明显的遗传分支且在地理上没有严格的分布范围和分化,这可能是由于种群间存在渐渗杂交或不完全的谱系筛选。网络关系图也显示各采样种群间不存在明显的谱系结构。种群历史动态分析表明,各地理种群不存在扩张现象。把所有地理种群合并在一起分析表明,贝叶斯轮廓图分析与碱基错配分析方法均检测到种群在历史上发生过快速扩张,约0.05 Ma前存在种群扩张现象。     

三个地理种群的董氏须鳅遗传多样性及种群历史动态

研究采用线粒体DNA Cyt b和D-loop基因分析西辽河、松花江和穆棱河3条水系董氏须鳅(Barbatula toni)的遗传多样性和种群结构, 并探讨其种群演变历史。结果表明: 3条水系119个董氏须鳅样本共检测出57个单倍型, 各群体间不存在共享单倍型; 3个董氏须鳅地理群体均呈现出较高的单倍型多样性(0.805—0.926)和较低的核苷酸多样性(0.00095—0.00458); AMOVA分子方差分析、群体间分化指数(F_ST)、系统发育树及单倍型网络图均表明3个地理种群已经出现高度分化, 群体间遗传变异占总变异的79.45%, 遗传分化显著(P<0.01)。中性检验和错配分析表明, 松花江和穆棱河群体历史上发生了群体快速扩张。参考鳅科鱼类Cyt b基因0.68—0.84%/Ma的进化速率, 估算3个地理群体的分歧时间为1.082—0.669 Ma前, 松花江和穆棱河群体扩张时间为0.071—0.047 Ma前, 推测我国董氏须鳅在中更新世期随冰期迁移至不同避难所, 形成各地理群体, 并于晚更新世早期经历了群体扩张事件。     

基于COI和ND5序列的中国南部唇鱼骨和间鱼骨群体遗传结构

唇鱼骨和间鱼骨均为分布较广的初级淡水鱼类,是理想的亲缘地理研究材料;且两者形态特征较为相似,不易鉴别,故两者的分布记述和物种有效性存在争议.为了解我国南部唇鱼骨和间鱼骨的群体遗传结构并探讨两者的物种有效性,本研究对8条水系的唇鱼骨和9条水系的间鱼骨共130尾个体的COI和ND5基因序列片段进行了测定,并对这两个基因的组合序列(2151 bp)进行了分析.结果表明: 在130尾个体的COI和ND5基因组合序列中,共有196个核苷酸变异位点,共检测出50个单倍型,单倍型多样性为0.964,核苷酸多样性为0.019,遗传多样性较高.基于COI和ND5基因组合序列构建的 NJ 树显示,所有种群可分为两支,支系Ⅰ包含了韩江和九龙江的全部单倍型以及瓯江的部分单倍型,余下的单倍型组成了支系Ⅱ.两支系间的遗传距离为0.036,而唇鱼骨与间鱼骨之间的遗传距离为0.027.单倍型网络图表明,韩江、九龙江种群和其他水系种群分化较大;漠阳江种群由海南岛种群扩散而来;海南岛各种群及漠阳江种群的单倍型分支与珠江水系单倍型的分支之间的亲缘关系较近,与长江水系单倍型分支之间的亲缘关系则较远;湘江、桂江和柳江之间的亲缘关系较近.AMOVA分析结果显示,地理区之间的变异约占71.2%,地理区内种群间变异约占16.6%,种群内的变异占12.2%,表明其遗传分化主要来自地理区之间.错配分析及中性检验结果显示,全部种群、唇鱼骨种群、间鱼骨种群、支系Ⅰ和支系Ⅱ在历史上均没有发生过明显的扩张.     

基于线粒体Cyt b基因的中国南方唇(Hermibarbus labeo)和间(Hermibarbus medius)种群分化及亲缘地理研究

为了解中国南方唇(Hermibarbus labeo)和间(Hermibarbus medius)的种群分化、亲缘地理格局及物种有效性,作者对唇8个水系及间9个水系共148尾样本的Cyt b基因全序列进行了测定。在所有序列中,共有128个变异位点,共检测出了41个单倍型,单倍型多样性为0.954,核苷酸多样性为0.02153。基于Cyt b基因全序列构建的NJ树显示,中国南方的唇与间合聚为两大支,其中韩江和九龙江的全部唇样本组成了Ⅰ支,而其他水系的唇和间样本则组成了Ⅱ支。两支系间的遗传距离为5.1%,而唇和间之间的遗传距离为3.2%。现有证据不支持间与唇达到种一级的分化。单倍型网络图显示,韩江、九龙江种群和其他水系的种群分化较大;海南岛三大水系种群和漠阳江种群的单倍型分支与代表珠江水系单倍型的分支之间的亲缘关系较近,与其他地理区间种群的亲缘关系则相对较远;西江可能为珠江水系、漠阳江水系和海南岛三大水系间种群的扩散中心,其中一支往东向北江和东江扩散;另一支往南向海南岛扩散,海南岛三大水系种群尔后在冰期海退时向北扩散至漠阳江水系及珠江水系。AMOVA分析表明,唇和间地理区之间变异约占54.50%,地理区内种群间变异约占18.64%,种群内的变异占26.86%,这说明,唇和间种群Cyt b的遗传分化主要是来自地理区之间。错配分析及中性检验显示,全部种群、唇种群、间种群在历史上均没有发生过明显的扩张,两个mt DNA支系亦未发生过扩张,而海南岛的昌化江种群曾发生过种群扩张。     

基于COI和ND5序列的中国南部唇魚骨和间魚骨群体遗传结构

唇魚骨和间魚骨均为分布较广的初级淡水鱼类,是理想的亲缘地理研究材料;且两者形态特征较为相似,不易鉴别,故两者的分布记述和物种有效性存在争议.为了解我国南部唇魚骨和间魚骨的群体遗传结构并探讨两者的物种有效性,本研究对8条水系的唇魚骨和9条水系的间魚骨共130尾个体的COI和ND5基因序列片段进行了测定,并对这两个基因的组合序列(2151bp)进行了分析.结果表明:在130尾个体的COI和ND5基因组合序列中,共有196个核苷酸变异位点,共检测出50个单倍型,单倍型多样性为0.964,核苷酸多样性为0.019,遗传多样性较高.基于COI和ND5基因组合序列构建的NJ树显示,所有种群可分为两支,支系Ⅰ包含了韩江和九龙江的全部单倍型以及瓯江的部分单倍型,余下的单倍型组成了支系Ⅱ.两支系间的遗传距离为0.036,而唇魚骨与间魚骨之间的遗传距离为0.027.单倍型网络图表明,韩江、九龙江种群和其他水系种群分化较大;漠阳江种群由海南岛种群扩散而来;海南岛各种群及漠阳江种群的单倍型分支与珠江水系单倍型的分支之间的亲缘关系较近,与长江水系单倍型分支之间的亲缘关系则较远;湘江、桂江和柳江之间的亲缘关系较近.AMOVA分析结果显示,地理区之间的变异约占71.2%,地理区内种群间变异约占16.6%,种群内的变异占12.2%,表明其遗传分化主要来自地理区之间.错配分析及中性检验结果显示,全部种群、唇魚骨种群、间魚骨种群、支系Ⅰ和支系Ⅱ在历史上均没有发生过明显的扩张.     

基于COI和ND5序列的中国南部唇鱼骨和间鱼骨群体遗传结构

唇鱼骨和间鱼骨均为分布较广的初级淡水鱼类,是理想的亲缘地理研究材料;且两者形态特征较为相似,不易鉴别,故两者的分布记述和物种有效性存在争议.为了解我国南部唇鱼骨和间鱼骨的群体遗传结构并探讨两者的物种有效性,本研究对8条水系的唇鱼骨和9条水系的间鱼骨共130尾个体的COI和ND5基因序列片段进行了测定,并对这两个基因的组合序列(2151 bp)进行了分析.结果表明: 在130尾个体的COI和ND5基因组合序列中,共有196个核苷酸变异位点,共检测出50个单倍型,单倍型多样性为0.964,核苷酸多样性为0.019,遗传多样性较高.基于COI和ND5基因组合序列构建的 NJ 树显示,所有种群可分为两支,支系Ⅰ包含了韩江和九龙江的全部单倍型以及瓯江的部分单倍型,余下的单倍型组成了支系Ⅱ.两支系间的遗传距离为0.036,而唇鱼骨与间鱼骨之间的遗传距离为0.027.单倍型网络图表明,韩江、九龙江种群和其他水系种群分化较大;漠阳江种群由海南岛种群扩散而来;海南岛各种群及漠阳江种群的单倍型分支与珠江水系单倍型的分支之间的亲缘关系较近,与长江水系单倍型分支之间的亲缘关系则较远;湘江、桂江和柳江之间的亲缘关系较近.AMOVA分析结果显示,地理区之间的变异约占71.2%,地理区内种群间变异约占16.6%,种群内的变异占12.2%,表明其遗传分化主要来自地理区之间.错配分析及中性检验结果显示,全部种群、唇鱼骨种群、间鱼骨种群、支系Ⅰ和支系Ⅱ在历史上均没有发生过明显的扩张.     

基于线粒体Cytb 和COⅠ基因对珠江、海南和红河长臀鮠群体遗传结构分析

为了解3 个种群的野生资源状况, 并对3 个种群的物种有效性进行分析, 采用Cytb 和COⅠ基因序列测定技术, 分析了珠江水系、海南水系和越南红河水系长臀鮠种群的群体遗传结构及其变异, 结果发现, 三个群体平均遗传距离分别为0.003(cytb)和0.002(coⅠ); 94 尾个体分别存在35(Cytb)和13(COⅠ)个变异位点, 分别检测出24 (Cytb)和13 (COⅠ)个单倍型, 总群体单倍型多样性(Hd)分别为0.875 (Cytb)和0.787 (COⅠ), 平均核苷酸差异数(K)分别为3.194(Cytb)和1.328(COⅠ), 核苷酸多样性指数(Pi)分别为0.00295 (Cytb)和0.00213 (COⅠ)。珠江长臀鮠单倍型多样性(Hd)和核苷酸多样性(Pi)最高, 海南最低; 对长臀鮠群体进行历史动态分析,三个种群各自无明显扩张趋于稳定, 但将三个种群作为一个群体时发现长臀鮠可能在某一个时期产生了扩张。研究结果表明, 三个种群遗传距离显著小于临界值2%,应为同一个种; 长臀鮠野生资源较为贫乏, 且海南群体最为严重。     

中国北鳅谱系地理学分析

北鳅(Lefua costata)为冷水性鱼类, 分布于淮河以北, 分析遗传结构能够反映其适应环境变迁的响应。基于线粒体D-loop区211条序列分析了我国北鳅的谱系地理学和遗传多样性, 样本采自9条水系共18个样点。单倍型分析显示共计55个单倍型, 呈高单倍型多样性(h=0.9304)和高核苷酸多样性(π=0.0087)。单倍型多样性和核苷酸多样性最高的为辽东半岛种群(LD) (h=0.8920, π=0.0074), 其他地理种群距辽东半岛越远, 单倍型多样性越低。遗传距离(K2P)、群体间的遗传分化指数(F_ST)及AMOVA分子方差分析均显示LD种群与其他地理种群存在显著分化。基于单倍型构建的分子系统发育树和单倍型网络关系图均显示9条水系的单倍型不能各自聚类, 形成3大分支: 分支A以LD种群为主; 分支B含所有地理种群; 分支C以淮黄河种群(HH)和海滦河种群(HL)为主。中性检验和错配分析显示不同地理种群有扩张现象。基于化石校准点和北鳅鱼类D-loop序列1.00%Ma的平均进化速率评估各地理种群的分歧时间, 为2.3784— 0.0477Ma前, LD种群与其他地理种群分化时间最早(2.3784 Ma前), 推测LD种群受第四纪冰期影响较小, 辽东半岛为我国北鳅起源地之一, 其他地理种群以辽东半岛为中心借助松辽古大湖和黄渤海平原河口等发生多次迁移。     

Mitochondrial and Wolbachia markers for the sandfly Phlebotomus papatasi: little population differentiation between peridomestic sites and gerbil burrows in Isfahan province, Iran

In Iran, Phlebotomus papatasi (Scopoli) (Diptera: Psychodidae) is the main vector of Leishmania major Yakimoff & Schokhor (Kinetoplastida: Trypanosomatidae), the causative agent of rural zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis. This sandfly is abundant both in villages and in the burrows of the main reservoir host, the gerbil Rhombomys opimus (Licht.) (Rodentia: Gerbillidae). Populations of P. papatasi were sampled from the edges of villages in Isfahan province, using CDC miniature light traps in peridomestic sites and sticky papers placed at the entrances to gerbil burrows. Single peridomestic sites in two northern provinces were also sampled. Individual sandflies were characterized by PCR amplification and sequencing of fragments of their mitochondrial cytochrome b gene and of the wsp gene of endosymbiotic Wolbachia pipientis Hertig (alpha-Proteobacteria: Rickettsiaceae). The distributions of the haplotypes of these two maternally inherited genes were analysed to assess the population differentiation of P. papatasi, knowledge of which will be needed for planning control measures. For the first time these markers were used to characterize P. papatasi from gerbil burrows, and they indicated the absence not only of sympatric cryptic species but also of any long-term differentiation of lineages in different habitats. A single lineage of cytochrome b haplotypes was found, and both sexes in all populations had a high infection rate of the same A-group strain of Wolbachia (wPap). The distributions of cytochrome b haplotypes were consistent with females dispersing more than males, which has been reported for P. papatasi in other countries. The widespread distribution of wPap suggests that Wolbachia could be used to spread transgenes between populations of P. papatasi in different habitats.     

Distribution and status of bustards in China

This article presents the distribution and status of bustards, which are listed as first-category protected animals according to the survey results during 1990-2002 in China. The Chinese populations of Otis tarda dybowskii are breeding in south-west of Heilongjiang Province, west-ern Jilin Province, east and middle Inner Mongolia, north Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, and Gansu Province. A few can winter in the south breeding-range. Its winter-range lies from the south to the Yellow River, as far as to Guizhou Province and Jiangxi Province. Its population number is about 200-300 or 500-800. The Chinese popula-tions of O. t. tarda are breeding in the north and west of Xinjiang. It is unclear about its winter-range, which is pre-sumed to be in south Asia. Recently we found individuals wintering in Chabuchaer and west Xinjiang. The popu-lation number is about 2000-3000. The habitat in breeding range includes steppe, grassland, desert grassland, and farmland. The habitat in winter range is the beach of rivers and lakes, meadows, meadow-grassland, and wheatland. The Chinese populations of Chlamydotis undulata mac-queeni are breeding in the fringe of the Jungar Basin, the banks of the Ulungur River, Balikun and south Turpan Basin in Xinjiang, west Inner Mongolia, and west Gansu. Northeast Mulei in eastern Jungar Basin of Xinjiang is the main breeding-range in the world. The bird uses desert and desert grassland as its habitat. Its winter-range is west Asia and south Asia. Its population number is about 2000. The Chinese populations of Tetrax tetrax are breeding in north Xinjiang, and China is located on the east border of its breeding-range. Its habitat is grassland and semi-desert, and its winter-range lies in south Asia. Its population in China is very scarce. In addition, we analyzed the causes of their endangerment and put forward protection tactics of Chinese Bustards.     

内蒙古草原五种啮齿动物肾脏形态学特征比较

啮齿动物的水平衡能力对其适应干旱环境至关重要。为理解啮齿动物对水环境的适应性,本研究以分布于内蒙古草原的长爪沙鼠 (Meriones unguiculatus)、布氏田鼠 (Lasiopodomys brandtii)、小毛足鼠 (Phodopus roborovskii)、坎氏毛足鼠 (Phodopus campbelli) 和黑线仓鼠 (Cricetulus barabensis) 为研究对象,测定了肾脏形态学指标、肾单位密度指标和尿液渗透压等,比较分析了肾脏形态结构与栖息地环境之间的关系。结果发现：5种啮齿动物肾脏髓质厚度随动物分布区域的变化,呈现从典型草原地区、半荒漠地区至荒漠和沙漠地区逐渐增加的趋势,干旱地区动物的尿液渗透压较高。5种动物的皮质肾单位密度无显著差异。近髓肾单位密度统计显示,黑线仓鼠大于小毛足鼠与坎氏毛足鼠,布氏田鼠与长爪沙鼠居中。这些结果表明,啮齿动物的肾脏形态指数和组织学指数可以在一定程度上反映哺乳动物肾脏浓缩尿液的能力,肾脏的结构具有可塑性以应对环境的变化。     

Distribution and status of bustards in China

This article presents the distribution and status of bustards, which are listed as first-category protected animals according to the survey results during 1990–2002 in China. The Chinese populations of Otis tarda dybowskii are breeding in south-west of Heilongjiang Province, western Jilin Province, east and middle Inner Mongolia, north Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, and Gansu Province. A few can winter in the south breeding-range. Its winter-range lies from the south to the Yellow River, as far as to Guizhou Province and Jiangxi Province. Its population number is about 200–300 or 500–800. The Chinese populations of O. t. tarda are breeding in the north and west of Xinjiang. It is unclear about its winter-range, which is presumed to be in south Asia. Recently we found individuals wintering in Chabuchaer and west Xinjiang. The population number is about 2000–3000. The habitat in breeding range includes steppe, grassland, desert grassland, and farmland. The habitat in winter range is the beach of rivers and lakes, meadows, meadow-grassland, and wheatland. The Chinese populations of Chlamydotis undulata macqueeni are breeding in the fringe of the Jungar Basin, the banks of the Ulungur River, Balikun and south Turpan Basin in Xinjiang, west Inner Mongolia, and west Gansu. NortheastMulei in eastern Jungar Basin of Xinjiang is the main breeding-range in the world. The bird uses desert and desert grassland as its habitat. Its winter-range is west Asia and south Asia. Its population number is about 2000. The Chinese populations of Tetrax tetrax are breeding in north Xinjiang, and China is located on the east border of its breeding-range. Its habitat is grassland and semi-desert, and its winter-range lies in south Asia. Its population in China is very scarce. In addition, we analyzed the causes of their endangerment and put forward protection tactics of Chinese Bustards. __________ Translated from Arid Zone Research, 2007, 24(2): 179–186 [译自: 干旱区研究]     

Low genetic diversity in the vulnerable Goitred Gazelle,Gazella subgutturosa (Cetartiodactyla: Bovidae), in Iran: potential genetic consequence of recent population declines

The Goitered Gazelle, Gazella subgutturosa, is the most widespread gazelle species in the Middle East and central Asia inhabiting desert and semi-desert habitats. Today it is threatened and its geographic range and population size have experienced significant decline in the last decades. In Iran, the remnant populations are confined to fragmented habitats. We aimed to characterise genetic diversity and phylogenetic status of the populations of Goitered Gazelle in Central Iran and to evaluate the potential effect of a historic population bottleneck on the genetic variation of today’s population. We used noninvasive sampling to uncover structure and level of genetic variation in a fragment of the cytochrome-b gene from 170 samples. Genealogical analyses were performed using HKY+I model and phylogenetic trees reconstructed using Bayesian inference and maximum likelihood. We found extremely low levels of genetic variation, with altogether only five haplotypes in samples from different populations. Overall haplotype diversity was 0.081 and nucleotide diversity 0.0003. The mean observed mismatch between any two sequences was 0.093 with the largest peak for small numbers. The mismatch distribution fit the model of population expansion and suggested that gazelles had experienced a sudden expansion. An unrooted median-joining network analysis of mtDNA haplotypes showed a star-like structure which few mutations steps separating the haplotypes from other regions. Our findings strengthen the urgency of preserving the species’ genetic diversity to prevent local extinction.     

豆科植物阿拉善黄耆的分类订正

对内蒙古、宁夏、甘肃等荒漠和半荒漠地区的气候和其他一些因素所导致的阿拉善黄耆(Astragalus grubovii Sancz.)的多态现象和变异规律进行了分析,对其存在的分类问题予以订正,将长期以来混乱不清的8个名称处理为异名,为阿拉善黄耆种的界定提供分类学依据.     

基于细胞色素b基因的中国岩羊不同地理种群遗传差异分析

为了揭示中国岩羊不同地理种群的遗传差异,探讨岩羊亚种分化的分子机制,采用中国岩羊不同地理种群的细胞色素b(Cyt b)基因的全序列,分析了碱基变异情况、遗传距离以及核苷酸序列差异。用最大似然法和贝叶斯法构建分子系统树并对获得的拓扑结构进行分析。结果发现,西藏亚种与四川亚种Cyt b基因平均序列差异为4.2%(±0.007),处于偶蹄目亚种的序列差异范围内,支持了目前对岩羊西藏亚种的分类地位。四川亚种内部各地理种群之间的遗传距离(0.033±0.0 111)与它们分别到西藏种群的遗传距离(0.042±0.007)差异不显著(t=1.824,P=0.084),说明四川亚种内部各地理种群间已经发生较显著的遗传分化。其中,四川、甘肃和青海种群亲缘关系较近,并与四川亚种内部的其它种群已产生了显著的遗传分化。因此认为四川亚种内部各地理种群的种下分化需要深入研究。     

中国西北地区天然胡杨群体遗传多样性及核心保护单元的构建

胡杨(Populus euphratica)是极端干旱荒漠区的珍稀乔木树种。为了确定天然胡杨群体遗传多样性保护单元并挖掘优异的种质资源, 本研究以中国西北地区新疆、青海、甘肃、宁夏、内蒙古的58个天然胡杨群体为研究对象, 利用120个位点的SNPs标记对这些胡杨群体进行群体遗传结构和遗传多样性分析, 并根据不同群体间Nei’s遗传相似度, 采用逐步聚类优先取样法对初始群体、遗传多样性保护单元和剩余群体进行t检验。群体结构和主成分分析表明, 胡杨群体可分为新疆南疆(SX)、新疆北疆(NX)、青海(QH)和混合群(甘肃、宁夏和内蒙古混合群, GNM) 4个分支, 遗传多样性分析表明新疆南疆(SX)遗传多样性高于其他群体。分子方差分析(AMOVA)表明天然胡杨群体的遗传变异主要分布在各个群体内。构建了天然胡杨群体一级核心保护单元3个群体(CU3), 二级核心保护单元33个群体(CU33)。南疆存在较多优异抗逆的天然胡杨古树资源, 南疆分布区的平均遗传多样性水平最高。综上所述, 南疆地区胡杨古树遗传多样性整体高于北疆及疆外地区, 结合新疆地区干旱严重指数等生境信息, 建议加大对南疆胡杨古树群体的保护力度, 重视北疆胡杨林的更新换代。     

Molecular phylogeography of the red deer (Cervus elaphus) populations in Xinjiang of China: comparison with other Asian,European, and North American populations

To illustrate phylogeography of red deer (Cervus elaphus) populations of Xinjiang, we determined their mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) control region sequences, and then investigated geographic variations and phylogenetic relationships between Xinjiang populations and other populations from Asia, Europe, and North America. The C. elaphus mtDNA control region shared different copy numbers of tandem repeats of 38 to 43-bp motifs which clearly distinguished the Western lineage from the Eastern lineage of this species in Eurasia. The western lineage comprised the Tarim populations from southern Xinjiang and the European populations, all of which had four copies of the motifs. By contrast, the Eastern lineage consisted of populations from northern Xinjiang (Tianshan and Altai Mountains), other Asian areas (Alashan, Gansu, Tibet, Mongolia, and northeastern China), and North America, all of which shared six copies of the motifs. MtDNA phylogenetic trees showed that there are two major clusters of haplotypes which referred to the Western and Eastern lineages, and that subgroupings of haplotypes in each cluster were congruent with their geographic distributions. The present study revealed that a boundary separating the Western lineage from the Eastern lineage occurs between Tarim Basin and Tianshan Mountains in Xinjiang. Meanwhile, North American populations were genetically closer to those of northern Xinjiang, northeastern China, and Mongolia, supporting that C. elaphus immigrated from northeastern Eurasia to North America through the glacier-induced land-bridge (Beringia) which had formed between the two continents after Late Pleistocene.     

Mitochondrial DNA analysis provides new insights into the origin of the Chinese domestic goat

Many studies have focused on modern goats, however, few reports focused on origin and genetic structure of Chinese ancient goats. In this study, we analyzed the 289-bp fragment of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) control region from 14 Chinese ancient goats excavated from two archaeological sites in Inner Mongolia, China dating back about 2500 years. 10 haplotypes were successfully obtained from the 14 ancient goats. Phylogenetic analysis revealed the multiple maternal origins of Chinese domestic goats, three mtDNA lineages A, B, and D were identified in the Chinese ancient individuals, in which lineage A was predominant (70%), lineages B was moderate (20%), and lineage D was present at low frequency (10%). The network analysis showed that lineage B was subdivided into two subgroups B1 and B2. One of the Chinese ancient goats shared the founder haplotype in the center of subgroup B1, and the shared sequences of the founder haplotypes of subgroups B1 and B2 distributed mainly in China. These results implied that lineage B including subgroups B1 and B2 probably originated from China, and further supported the hypothesis that China may be one of the goat domestication centers. In addition, the analysis of shared sequences indicated that the ancient goats from Inner Mongolia were closely genetically related to Chinese modern goats, suggesting that the ancient goats from Inner Mongolia had the genetic contribution to Chinese modern goats.