广西三种主要海草的茎叶解剖结构研究

利用光学显微镜观察了分布于广西北部湾沿岸的三种主要海草(矮大叶藻、二药藻和喜盐草)的茎叶解剖构造。结果表明：(1)三种海草的叶片结构和根状茎均有发达的气腔组织,叶肉及皮层细胞数量较少,且胞间隙明显;(2)叶肉及皮层中夹杂有纤维群,皮层薄壁细胞均有不同程度的木质化现象;(3)维管束结构简化,主要起机械支持作用而非输导功能。这些特征反映出矮大叶藻、二药藻和喜盐草对海洋环境中海浪和潮汐冲击、光等胁迫的高度适应。     

濒危海草贝克喜盐草在海南东寨港的分布及其群落基本特征

贝克喜盐草( Halophila beccarii)是当前全球面临灭绝风险的10种海草之一,被国际自然保护联盟( IUCN)列为易危( VL)种。由于贝克喜盐草生境的特殊性(受涨退潮影响的潮间带)及个体十分纤小且易被沉积物覆盖,加之种群更新速率极快,导致通常难以被发现。据报道,贝克喜盐草仅在我国的广西、广东、台湾、香港、福建和海南6个省(区)有小面积的分布。该研究首次报道了位于海南东寨港的贝克喜盐草海草的分布、群落基本特征以及生境概况。结果表明：与国内其它地区的贝克喜盐草相比,调查期间东寨港的贝克喜盐草面积较大,为15.4 hm2;密度适中,为(10394±576)茎.m-2;覆盖度较低,为~5％;生物量较低,总生物量仅(9.224±1.151) gDW.m-2,地上生物量为(2.339±0.245) gDW.m-2,地下为(6.886±1.055) gDW.m-2,地上与地下生物量之比值较低(0.34);叶片较小,叶长为(4.83±0.87) mm,叶宽为(1.44±0.21) mm,调查时在植物体上未发现有花或果,但在沉积物中发现有一定数量的贝克喜盐草种子(2105±664)粒.m-2。该研究区的海水受到一定程度的水体污染。建议海南东寨港国家级自然保护区在今后的管理工作中,应把海草也作为重点保护对象。     

山东荣成天鹅湖矮大叶藻种群的生态特征

在山东荣成天鹅湖发现较大面积的矮大叶藻,因天鹅湖独特的地理位置和矮大叶藻的高生物量,可以作为山东沿海矮大叶藻的典型代表.2011年9月至2012年10月,对天鹅湖东岸矮大叶藻及其生境进行了周年调查,初步掌握了该种的分布情况及其生境的生态特征.结果表明:矮大叶藻床沉积物成分以砂(81％)和粉砂(14％)为主,沉积物C、N含量在冬季最高,C/N秋季最高;矮大叶藻的密度、高度和地上生物量与水温显著相关(P＜0.05),生长呈现明显的季节变化,8-9月生物量最大.叶片的C、N含量及C/N因生长季节的不同而存在一定差异,C含量秋季显著高于春、夏季,N含量夏季显著低于春、秋季(P＜0.01),C/N夏季显著高于春季(P＜0.05).经估算,天鹅湖矮大叶藻的年固碳能力为111.4 g C·m-2.     

渤海曹妃甸新发现的海草床及其生态特征

2015年10月通过对渤海曹妃甸海域的现场调查,在龙岛西北侧海域发现10 km2的大面积海草床,为中国黄渤海海域已发现的面积最大的海草床,主要种类为大叶藻(Zostera marina)。大叶藻种群在整个海草床呈斑块状分布,覆盖度为2.8±1.1%,茎枝密度为28.21±6.35~101.33±17.99 shoots·m~(-2);现存植株的叶片数量为2.00±0.00~4.70±0.64枚,株高15.20±5.84~62.10±7.34 cm,根状茎长2.67±1.70~22.20±3.92 cm,根长3.67±2.36~8.00±1.90 cm。单位面积海草的生物量为100.48±47.16 g DW·m~(-2),估算其总生物量为1.0×0~6kg(干重)。海草床内有丰富的游泳动物和底栖生物,尤其是仔稚鱼、稚幼贝、鱼类和蟹类资源十分丰富。该海草床海草的覆盖度和茎枝密度相对较低、分枝较少,每棵植株叶片数量较少,说明海草退化现象较严重,这除了季节因素外,还可能与过度的人类活动干扰有关。本文首次报道了渤海曹妃甸附近海域海草的种类、地理分布及其生态特征,可为进一步研究与保护该区域海草床生态系统提供基础。     

滇西北高原纳帕海湿地湖滨带优势植物生物量及其凋落物分解

选取滇西北高原湿地纳帕海湖滨带优势植物茭草(Zizania caducifolia)、水葱(Scirpus tabernaemontani)和刘氏荸荠(Heleocharis liouana),研究其生物量及其凋落物分解特征,结果表明:水葱、茭草、刘氏荸荠为纳帕海湿地湖滨带单优植物群落,均具有较高的地上生物量,不同植物群落地上生物量不同,其中,茭草地上生物量(853.6±58.2)g·m-2·a-1显著高于水葱(730.7±7.8)g·m-2·a-1与刘氏荸荠(338.9±32.6) g·m-2·a-1的地上生物量.3种植物群落凋落物分解速率不同、并随月平均气温升高均呈增加的趋势,其中,刘氏荸荠分解速率k值最大(0.067±0.0026)、茭草(0.062±0.0072)其次、水葱最小(0.039±0.0062).凋落物经过1年的分解,水葱、茭草和刘氏荸荠凋落物存留率分别为(62.0±8.8)％、(47.5±9.0)％和(44.5±7.9)％.综合3种湖滨带植物地上生物量与凋落物年分解,水葱地上生物量年存留量(453.1±4.9)g·m-2·a-1显著高于茭草(405.4±27.7)g·m-2·a-1和刘氏荸荠(150.9±14.5) g·m-2·a-1.研究进一步表明滇西北高原湿地湖滨带植物具有极高的生物量存留率,成为该类型湿地生态系统碳汇功能的基础,其碳汇过程及其贡献率需要进一步深入研究.     

南海北部夏季基础生物生产力分布特征及影响因素

2008年夏季对南海北部不同海区的基础生物生产力(初级生产力及细菌生产力)进行了调查。结果表明,表层初级生产力(C)和真光层水柱初级生产力平均值(C)分别为(0.83±1.15)mg·m-·3h-1和(225.39±136.64)mg·m-·2d-1;表层细菌生产力(C)和真光层水柱细菌生产力平均值(C)分别为(0.14±0.19)mg·m-·3h-1和(128.14±74.86)mg·m-·2d-1。基础生产力的平面分布整体呈由近岸向深海降低的趋势,同时在西沙群岛邻近水域存在一个基础生物生产力的高值区。与环境因子的相关分析表明,温度、营养盐不是影响南海细菌生产力的主要因素,细菌生产力与浮游植物生物量及初级生产过程密切相关IBP:IPP比平均值为(67.55±37.13)%。与细菌生产力的分布规律不同,IBP:IPP比值在深海海域明显高于近岸水域,在吕宋海峡附近水域发现了IBP:IPP100%的高比值区,说明异养细菌在南海寡营养海域碳循环体系中的重要生态作用。     

温州天河潮间带大型底栖动物的次级生产力

2009年7月-2010年5月分4个季度对温州天河潮间带大型底栖动物进行取样调查,利用生物量、能量和Brey的经验公式计算了潮间带大型底栖动物次级生产力.结果表明:整个研究区域大型底栖动物生物量平均值为(7.2264±0.8766) g·m-2,能量平均值为(44360±4373)J·m-2,年平均去灰生物量为(6.51±0.79)g(AFDW)·m-2,年平均生产力为(7.71±0.96)g(AFDW)·m-2·a-1和年平均P/B值为(1.18±0.07);其中以中潮带的次级生产力最高,高潮带次之,低潮带最低;随着潮间带季节变迁,生物量和能量在高潮带和低潮带上变化规律一致,而中潮带季节变化不一致.分析表明:季节和潮区是影响潮间带大型底栖动物次级生产力时空变异的2个最重要因素;由于这2个因素的单独和交互作用,使得温州天河潮间带大型底栖动物次级生产力变化既有一定的规律,又呈现出变化程度不一致的复杂格局.     

青岛奥运帆船赛区理化、生物要素现状及富营养化诱发赤潮的围隔实验

于 2 0 0 1年 8月和 9月对青岛 2 0 0 8年奥运会帆船比赛海域进行了理化、生物等要素的综合调查 ,并利用围隔生态实验手段 ,在太平湾进行了营养盐与赤潮的关系研究。结果显示 ,本海域水质良好 ,基本符合一类海水水质标准 ,仅有个别站位出现某种污染物超标现象 ,如 8月份麦岛附近海域氨氮和无机磷超标 ,石油烃 8月份在浮山湾东侧北海船厂附近超出一类海水水质标准。该水域的叶绿素 a含量较低 ,平均 0 .4 2 m g· m- 3,总的分布状况是太平湾西侧的海域较高。初级生产力 8月高于 9月 ,分别为 179.0 mg C m- 2· d- 1和 114 .0 mg C m- 2· d- 1。浮游植物以硅藻中的中肋骨条藻、奇异菱形藻、旋链角刺藻和塔形冠盖藻为主 ,其细胞数量 8月明显高于 9月 ,分别为 4 5 7.2 6× 10 4 m- 3和 16 .38× 10 4 m- 3,数量密集中心在调查区西部。浮游动物生物量 8月比 9月高近 10倍 ,分别为 2 39.1m g· m- 3和 2 4 .7mg· m- 3,强壮箭虫在生物量中起主要作用 ,生物量和个体数量的分布与浮游植物基本相反。加营养盐的围隔实验表明 ,加硅会导致海链藻、短弯角藻、丹麦细柱藻和中肋骨条藻中的任何一种赤潮 ,硅成为该海域的主要限制因子。     

海南新村湾海草泰来藻凋落叶特征及其对网箱养殖的响应

以海南岛新村湾海草床海草优势种泰来藻(Thalassia hemprichii)为对象,通过现场观测实验,研究网箱养殖引起海水营养元素的改变对泰来藻叶片凋落量及叶片性状的影响,并结合室内模拟实验初步研究泰来藻叶片分解过程释放溶解有机物(DOM)的动态过程,以探讨网箱养殖对泰来藻凋落叶释放DOM的影响机制。结果表明:新村湾海草泰来藻叶片的平均凋落量为0.26±0.05 g·m-2·d-1,并呈现随着距离网箱养殖区的增加而逐渐降低的变化趋势,而泰来藻叶片的长度和重量却呈现相反的趋势;网箱养殖减少泰来藻叶片的非结构性碳和氨基酸含量,降低泰来藻叶片分解过程溶解有机碳(DOC)和溶解有机氮(DON)的最大释放速率;而网箱养殖却提高了泰来藻叶片的碳、氮含量,增加了叶片分解过程DOC和DON的累积释放量;泰来藻凋落叶的DOM累积释放量平均值为12.08±0.17g·m-2·d-1,并呈现距离网箱养殖区越近越高的趋势。因此,网箱养殖提高了海草泰来藻的叶片凋落量及其DOM的释放量,从而对海草床的碳、氮和磷的生物地球化学循环过程产生影响。     

双岛湾大叶藻的有性生殖特征

对威海双岛湾大叶藻(Zostera marina L.)种群的有性生殖特性进行了研究。结果表明:该水域中,大叶藻种群于3月下旬或4月上旬进入生殖枝始现期,5月上旬进入始花期,6月下旬进入种子散落高峰期,7月上旬进入生殖枝死亡始期,7月下旬生殖期结束,其有性生殖物候进程与水温密切相关,15℃是其开花适宜水温;生殖枝的侧枝数和扇状聚伞花序数在进入始花期时达到最大,分别为4.4和4.9个·株-1,佛焰苞数和生殖枝高度均在种子散落始期最大,分别为18.6个·株-1和96.2 cm,种子败育率较高,平均为40%,成熟种子产量为44.8粒·株-1;生殖枝密度在始花期时达到最大,为64株·m-2,生殖枝分化率平均仅有12.6%,有性生殖期间营养枝密度和种群总密度的下降幅度超过40%;生殖枝生物量在初果期达到最大(27.9 g·m-2),从始花期至种子散落高峰期平均种群生物量分配格局为地下部38.4%,营养枝52.4%,生殖枝9.2%,生殖分配较低,成熟种子产量为1859粒·m-2。     

Crystal structure, detonation performance, and thermal stability of a new polynitro cage compound: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 13, 14, 15-nonanitro-2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 13, 14, 15-nonaazaheptacyclo [5.5.1.13, 11. 15, 9] pentadecane

A new polynitro cage compound 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 13, 14, 15-nonanitro-2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 13, 14, 15-nonaazaheptcyclo [5.5.1.1(3,11).1(5,9)] pentadecane (NNNAHP) was designed in the present work. Its molecular structure was optimized at the B3LYP/6-31 G(d,p) level of density functional theory (DFT) and crystal structure was predicted using the Compass and Dreiding force fields and refined by DFT GGA-RPBE method. The obtained crystal structure of NNNAHP belongs to the P-1 space group and the lattice parameters are a = 9.99 ?, b = 10.78 ?, c = 9.99 ?, α = 90.01°, β = 120.01°, γ = 90.00°, and Z = 2, respectively. Based on the optimized crystal structure, the band gap, density of state, thermodynamic properties, infrared spectrum, strain energy, detonation characteristics, and thermal stability were predicted. Calculation results show that NNNAHP has detonation properties close to those of CL-20 and is a high energy density compound with moderate stability.     

Relations of the Al,B, Ba,Br, Ca,Cl, Cu,Fe, K,Li, Mg,Mn, Na,P, S,Si, Sr,and Zn mass fractions to morphometric parameters in pediatric and nonhyperplastic young adult prostate glands

The variation with age of the 18 trace element mass fractions and some histological characteristics of intact prostate glands of 50 subjects aged 0–30 years was investigated by instrumental neutron activation analysis, inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry, and a quantitative morphometric analysis. Mean values ± standard error of the mean (M ± SΕΜ) for the mass fractions (in milligrams per kilogram wet tissue) of these trace elements in pre-puberty were: Al 28.5 ± 9.0, B 0.40 ± 0.11, Ba 1.48 ± 0.44, Br 10.5 ± 1.5, Ca 241 ± 30, Cl 3,203 ± 278, Cu 3.51 ± 0.89, Fe 33.7 ± 4.1, K 2,364 ± 145, Li 0.020 ± 0.004, Mg 153 ± 23, Mn 0.46 ± 0.06, Na 2,286 ± 130, P 1,391 ± 100, S 1,698 ± 132, Si 62 ± 11, Sr 0.38 ± 0.08, and Zn 27.6 ± 2.3. During puberty and postpuberty, when there is a significant increase in circulating androgens, the mean values were: Al 7.2 ± 1.4, B 0.21 ± 0.05, Ba 0.25 ± 0.06, Br 5.8 ± 1.0, Ca 433 ± 81, Cl 2,314 ± 201, Cu 1.77 ± 0.13, Fe 20.9 ± 1.6, K 2,585 ± 118, Li 0.0088 ± 0.0014, Mg 232 ± 27, Mn 0.34 ± 0.04, Na 1,875 ± 107, P 1,403 ± 98, S 1,673 ± 73, Si 22.2 ± 3.1, Sr 0.22 ± 0.03, and Zn 93.3 ± 8.9. Mean values (M ± SΕΜ) of percent volumes (%) of the stroma, epithelium and lumen in the prostate before puberty were 73.4 ± 2.6, 20.4 ± 1.7, and 4.45 ± 0.94, respectively, versus 46.5 ± 2.5, 38.5 ± 1.9, and 14.9 ± 1.2 during puberty and postpuberty. This work’s results confirm that the Zn mass fraction in prostate tissue is an androgen-dependent parameter. For the first time it has been demonstrated that the glandular lumen is a main pool of Ca, Mg, and Zn accumulation and that the stroma is a main pool of Al, B, Ba, Br, Cl, Cu, Fe, Mn, Na, and Si accumulation in the normal human prostate, for the age range 0–30 years. It was concluded that the Ca, Mg, and Zn binds tightly within the prostatic fluid, because the volume of glandular lumen reflects the volume of prostatic fluid.     

Simultaneous measurement of the trace elements Al, As, B, Be, Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, Li, Mn, Mo, Ni, Rb, Se, Sr, and Zn in human serum and their reference ranges by ICP-MS

The goal of this article was to establish reference ranges of the concentration of trace elements in human serum and to compare these results with those reported by other authors. We describe the sample preparation and measurement conditions that allow the rapid, precise, and accurate determination of Al, As, B, Be, Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, Li, Mn, Mo, Ni, Rb, Se, Sr, and Zn in human serum samples (n=110) by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Accuracy and precision were determined by analyzing three reconstituted reference serum samples by comparison with other methods and by the standard addition procedure. The advantages of the ICP-MS method include short time of analysis of the elements mentioned, low detection limit, high precision, and high accuracy. Disadventages include a high risk of contamination due to the presence of some of the elements of interest in the environment, the relatively delicate sample handling, and the high cost of the equipment.     

The Effect of Age and Gender on Al, B, Ba, Ca, Cu, Fe, K, Li, Mg, Mn, Na, P, S, Sr, V, and Zn Contents in Rib Bone of Healthy Humans

The effect of age and gender on major, minor, and trace element contents in the intact rib bone of 80 relatively healthy 15–55-year-old women and men was investigated. Contents or upper limit of contents of 16 chemical elements in the rib bone were determined by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES). Mean values (M?±?SΕΜ) for the mass fraction of Ba, Ca, Cu, Fe, K, Li, Mg, Na, P, S, Sr, and Zn (milligram per kilogram of dry bone) were as follows: 2.54?±?0.16, 171,400?±?4,050, 1.35?±?0.22, 140?±?11, 1,874?±?71, 0.049?±?0.011, 2,139?±?38, 5,378?±?88, 75,140?±?1,660, 1,881?±?51, 291?±?20, and 92.8?±?1.5, respectively. The upper limits of contents of Al, B, Mn, and V were <7.20, <0.65, <0.36, and <0.03, respectively. Statistically significant tendency for the Ca, Mg, and P content to decrease with age was found in the human rib bone, regardless of gender. The mass fraction of Fe in the male rib bone increases with age. It was shown that higher Ca, Mg, Na, P, and Sr mass fractions as well as lower Fe content were typical of female ribs as compared to those in male ribs.     

Distribution of N,P, K,Ca, Mg,S, Zn,Fe, Mn and Cu in groundnut

Summary Concentration of N, P, K, Ca, Mg and S in summer groundnut crop was higher than in kharif while Zn, Fe, Mn and Cu contents were higher in summer crop. Kernel's N, P and Zn; Leaflet's Ca and Mn; Stem's K and Fe; Root's S and Cu and Petiole's Mg contents were highest. Shell's N, P, K, Mg, S, Zn and Cu; Kernel's Ca, Fe and Mn contents were the least. N, P, K, S, Zn and Cu concentrations decreased linearly as the crop grew. Ca, Mg, Fe and Mn concentrations did not display any distinct pattern. Ca concentration was positively correlated with pod yield in both the seasons.     

New Coleoptera records from New Brunswick, Canada: Stenotrachelidae, Oedemeridae, Meloidae, Myceteridae, Boridae, Pythidae, Pyrochroidae, Anthicidae, and Aderidae

We report 19 new species records for the faunal list of Coleoptera in New Brunswick, Canada, six of which are new records for the Maritime provinces, and one of which is new Canadian record. We also provide the first recent records for five additional species in New Brunswick. One new species of Stenotrachelidae, Cephaloon ungulare LeConte, is added to the New Brunswick faunal list. Additional records are provided for Cephaloon lepturides Newman, as well the first recent record of Nematoplus collaris LeConte. Two species of Oedemeridae, Asclera puncticollis (Say) and Asclera ruficollis (Say), are newly reported for New Brunswick, and additional locality and bionomic data are provided for Calopus angustus LeConte and Ditylus caeruleus (Randall). The records of Ditylus caerulus are the first recent records for the province. Three species of Meloidae, Epicauta pestifera Werner, Lytta sayi LeConte, and Meloe augustcollis Say are reported the first time for New Brunswick; Epicauta pestifera is newly recorded in Canada. Lacconotus punctatus LeConte and the family Mycteridaeis newly recorded for New Brunswick. The first recent records of Borus unicolor Say (Boridae) are reported from the province. One new species of Pythidae, Pytho siedlitzi Blair, and the first recent records of Pytho niger Kirby are added to the faunal list of New Brunswick. Three species of Pyrochroidae are newly reported for the province, including Pedilus canaliculatus (LeConte) and Pedilus elegans (Hentz), which are new for the Maritime provinces. Five species of Anthicidae and the first recent record of Anthicus cervinus LaFerté-Sénectére are newly reported for New Brunswick. Anthicus melancholicus LaFerté-Sénectère, Sapintus pubescens (LaFerté-Sénectère), Notoxus bifasciatus (LeConte), and Stereopalpus rufipes Casey are new to the Maritime provinces faunal list. Ambyderus granularis (LeConte) is removed from the faunal list of the province. Three species of Aderidae, Vanonus huronicus Casey, Zonantes fasciatus (Melsheimer), and Zonantes pallidusWerner, are newly recorded for New Brunswick; Zonantes fasciatus and Vanonus huronicus are new for the Maritime provinces' faunal list. Collection data, bionomic data, and distribution maps are presented for all these species.     

Potential Compounds for Oral Cancer Treatment: Resveratrol,Nimbolide, Lovastatin,Bortezomib, Vorinostat,Berberine, Pterostilbene,Deguelin, Andrographolide,and Colchicine

Oral cancer is one of the main causes of cancer-related deaths in South-Asian countries. There are very limited treatment options available for oral cancer. Research endeavors focused on discovery and development of novel therapies for oral cancer, is necessary to control the ever rising oral cancer related mortalities. We mined the large pool of compounds from the publicly available compound databases, to identify potential therapeutic compounds for oral cancer. Over 84 million compounds were screened for the possible anti-cancer activity by custom build SVM classifier. The molecular targets of the predicted anti-cancer compounds were mined from reliable sources like experimental bioassays studies associated with the compound, and from protein-compound interaction databases. Therapeutic compounds from DrugBank, and a list of natural anti-cancer compounds derived from literature mining of published studies, were used for building partial least squares regression model. The regression model thus built, was used for the estimation of oral cancer specific weights based on the molecular targets. These weights were used to compute scores for screening the predicted anti-cancer compounds for their potential to treat oral cancer. The list of potential compounds was annotated with corresponding physicochemical properties, cancer specific bioactivity evidences, and literature evidences. In all, 288 compounds with the potential to treat oral cancer were identified in the current study. The majority of the compounds in this list are natural products, which are well-tolerated and have minimal side-effects compared to the synthetic counterparts. Some of the potential therapeutic compounds identified in the current study are resveratrol, nimbolide, lovastatin, bortezomib, vorinostat, berberine, pterostilbene, deguelin, andrographolide, and colchicine.     

Reference values for the concentrations of As,Cd, Co,Cr, Cu,Fe, I,Hg, Mn,Mo, Ni,Pb, Se,and Zn in selected human tissues and body fluids

This report attempts to formulate reference ranges of elemental concentrations for 15 trace elements in selected human tissues and body fluids. A set of samples consisting of whole blood, blood serum, urine, milk, liver, and hair were chosen and considered for 15 elements of biological significance: As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, F, Fe, I, Hg, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, Se, and Zn. The results represent wholly or partially data received from 40 countries of the global regions of Africa, Asia, Europe, North, South, and Central America, Australia, and New Zealand. This survey, even if qualitative, has been useful in demonstrating certain trends of trace-element scenarios around the world. It is of course recognized that both diet and environment exert a strong influence on the distribution pattern of several elements, such as As, Cd, Mn, Pb, Se, and Zn. A limited comparison of the available information on soil status of different countries reflected some interesting associations for elements, such as Mn and Zn. Importantly, this study revealed that only a few countries were in a position to identify a reasonable amount of data on samples requested for this project. Regretably, for a number of countries, any dependable data for even such essential elements as Cu, Fe, and Zn were not available. In view of the nutritional importance of many elements, the time is ripe for concerted efforts by intergovernmental agencies to initiate investigations or commission task forces/projects to generate reliable reference data for selected global regions, which sadly lack data of any kind at present.