Combined effect of concentrations of algal food (Chlorella vulgaris) and salt (sodium chloride) on the population growth of Brachionus calyciflorus and Brachionus patulus (Rotifera)

Salinity is an important variable influencing the density and diversity of rotifers. Studies on salt tolerance of rotifers have so far concentrated on euryhaline species while very little information is available on non-euryhaline taxa. In the present work, we have evaluated the combined effects of Chlorella vulgaris and sodium chloride on the population growth of two freshwater rotifers B. calyciflorus and B. patulus. A 24 hr acute tolerance test using NaCl revealed that B. calyciflorus was more resistant (LC50 = 3.75 +/- 0.04 g l-1) than B. patulus (2.14 +/- 0.09 g l-1). The maximal population density (mean +/- standard error) for B. calyciflorus in the control at 4.5 x 10(6) cells ml-1 (algal level) was 80 +/- 5 ind. ml-1, which was nearly a fifth of the one for B. patulus (397 +/- 7 ind. ml-1) under comparable conditions. Data on population growth revealed that regardless of salt concentration, the density of B. calyciflorus increased with increasing food levels, while for B. patulus, this trend was evident only in the controls. Regardless of salt concentration and algal food level, the day of maximal population density was lower (4 +/- 0.5 days) for B. calyciflorus than for B. patulus (11 +/- 1 day). The highest rates of population increase (r values) for B. calyciflorus and B. patulus were 0.429 +/- 0.012 and 0.367 +/- 0.004, respectively, recorded at 4.5 x 10(6) cells ml-1 of Chlorella in the controls. The protective role of algae in reducing the effect of salt stress was more evident in B. calyciflorus than B. patulus.     

Effect of three food types on the population growth of Brachionus calyciflorus and Brachionus patulus (Rotifera: Brachionidae).

We compared the population growth of B. calyciflorus and B. patulus using the green alga Chlorella vulgaris, baker's yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae or their mixture in equal proportions as food. Food was offered once every 24 h in two concentrations (low: 1 x 10(6) and high: 3 x 10(6) cells ml-1) separately for each species. The experiments were terminated after 15 days. In general, at any food type or concentration, B. patulus reached a higher population density. A diet of Chlorella alone supported a higher population growth of both rotifer species than yeast alone. B. calyciflorus and B. patulus achieved highest population densities (103 +/- 8 ind. ml-1 and 296 +/- 20 ind. ml-1, respectively) on a diet of Chlorella at 3 x 10(6) cells ml-1. When cultured using the mixture of Chlorella and yeast, the maximal population densities of B. calyciflorus were lower than those grown on Chlorella. Under similar conditions, the maximal abundance values of B. patulus were comparable in both food types. Regardless of food type and density the rate of population increase per day (r) for B. calyciflorus varied from 0.13 +/- 0.03 to 0.63 +/- 0.04. These values for B. patulus ranged from 0.19 +/- 0.01 to 0.37 +/- 0.01. The results indicated that even though Chlorella was a superior food for the tested rotifers, yeast can be effectively used at low concentrations to supplement algal requirements in rotifer culture systems.     

两品系萼花臂尾轮虫摄食强度的比较研究

对广州和芜湖两品系萼花臂尾轮虫的摄食强度及其与食物浓度、食物种类和培养时间之间的关系进行了比较研究.结果表明,食物浓度、食物种类和培养时间均对轮虫滤水率和摄食率有显著影响.两品系轮虫滤水率和摄食率均随培养时间的延长而减小;20 h内,两品系轮虫的总滤水率均与食物浓度呈曲线相关,而两品系轮虫总摄食率均与食物浓度呈直线相关.广州和芜湖两品系轮虫均在以小球藻为食物时有较大的滤水率,分别为0.0029±0.0001和0.0039±0.0008ml·ind.^-1·h^-1;广州品系轮虫以小球藻为食物时的摄食率(0.3992×10⁴±0.00850×⁴ cell·ind.-1·h^-1)显著地大于以栅藻为食物时的摄食率(0.170×⁴±0.0370×⁴ cell·ind.^-1·h^-1),而它们均与以混合藻为食物时的摄食率无显著差异;芜湖品系轮虫摄食率不受食物种类影响.轮虫滤水率和摄食率因食物浓度、食物种类和培养时间的不同而在品系间存在着差异.     

种群起始密度对萼花臂尾轮虫休眠卵形成的影响

应用群体累积培养法,研究了种群起始密度对萼花臂尾轮虫休眠卵的形成及之相关的混交雌体百分率和受精率的影响,结果表明,在连续１１ｄ的培养中,轮虫休眠卵的产量和形成效率以及种群中的平均混交雌体百分率以种群起始密度为１．０－１０．０ｉｎｄ．ｍｌ＾－１组最大,２０．０ｉｎｄ．ｍｌ＾－１组次之,５０．０ｉｎｄ．ｍｌ＾－１组最小,各组间的平均混交雌体受精率则无显著差异,对轮虫休卢卵最大形成效率及其出现的时间以及     

食物种类和浓度对红臂尾轮虫种群增长、个体大小及卵大小的影响

采用群体累积培养法,研究了藻类食物的种类和浓度对红臂尾轮虫种群增长、个体大小及卵大小的影响．结果表明,藻种类和浓度对红臂尾轮虫种群增长率、个体体积及卵体积均有极显著影响．不同食堕种空中,种群增长率以小球藻组最小,栅藻组最大;个体体积以小球藻组最小,栅藻组和混合藻组问无显著差异．种群增长率(Y,d^-1)与食物浓度(X,×10^6cells·ml^-1)间呈曲线相关,两者间的关系符合方程：y＝-0．0040x^2+0．0409X+0．4471。在所研究的食物浓度范围内,当浓度分别高于或低于6．0×10^cells·m1^-1和3．0×10^6cells·ml^-1时,轮虫个体体积和卵体积均分别呈减小的趋势。     

塔玛亚历山大藻和东海原甲藻对褶皱臂尾轮虫种群数量的影响

通过对2002年5月东海赤潮原因种一东海原甲藻和亚历山大藻的单一藻种和两种藻混合情况下对褶皱臂尾轮虫种群数量影响的实验研究,发现塔玛亚历山大藻(ATHK)对轮虫有致死作用,其48hLC50为1300cell·ml^-1．藻的各组分毒性比较研究表明,只有藻液和藻细胞具有这种毒害作用,藻在早期生长阶段的毒害作用较强,毒性大小与藻细胞活性相关．东海原甲藻在高密度(4×10^4、5×10^4、10×10^4cell·ml^-1)时对轮虫种群数量在第5d时开始有影响;东海原甲藻在低密度(1×10^4、2×10^4、3×10^4cell·ml^-1)时,轮虫能够以其为食并进行生长繁殖．两种藻混合情况下,东海原甲藻能够减轻塔玛亚历山大藻对轮虫的毒害作用．实验结果表明,此次赤潮对东海的微型浮游动物种群能够产生一定的影响．     

食物浓度对角突臂尾轮虫种群增长、个体大小和卵大小的影响

以蛋白核小球藻为食物 ,应用群体累积培养法研究了食物浓度对角突臂尾轮虫种群增长、个体大小和卵大小等的影响 .结果表明 ,食物浓度对角突臂尾轮虫种群增长率、个体大小和卵大小均有极显著影响 .其中 ,轮虫种群增长率与食物浓度间呈曲线相关 ;当食物浓度为 8.2 4 5 3× 10 6cells·ml-1时 ,种群增长率达最大值 0 .6 0 85d-1;在所研究的食物浓度范围内 ,轮虫个体具有随食物浓度的增大而增大的趋势 ,轮虫卵体积在中等食物浓度范围 (6 .0× 10 6～ 9.0× 10 6cells·ml-1)时较大     

Minimal algal food requirements in the presence of protozoan prey for the rotifer Brachionus calyciflorus

As recent experiments demonstrated that protozoans support reproductionof the rotifer Brachionus calyciflorus only in the presenceof algal prey, we addressed the question of minimal algal foodrequirements in a mixed diet of algae and protozoans to ensurepositive growth of B. calyciflorus. In numerical response experiments,we determined the algal threshold concentration for zero populationgrowth of B. calyciflorus when feeding on a pure algal dietof Monoraphidium minutum, and on a mixed diet of M. minutumplus the ciliate Coleps sp. Under pure algal and under mixedfood conditions, a minimum amount of 0.3 µg carbon (C)ml^-1 M. minutum was needed to ensure zero population growthof B. calyciflorus. At lower algal concentrations, Coleps sp.was of low nutritional value. However, when offered in conjunctionwith a concentration of 0.8 µg C ml^-1 M. minutum, Colepssp. contributed equally to the reproductive success of B. calyciflorusas compared to a sole M. minutum diet. Overall, Coleps sp. canbe an adequate supplement in the diet of B. calyciflorus ifa sufficient amount of algal prey is available. However, attimes of low phytoplankton biomass, consumption of ciliatesdoes not necessarily confer a reproductive advantage for thisrotifer.     

基于 rDNA ITS 1序列探讨臂尾轮属轮虫的系统发生关系

本文通过对剪形臂尾轮虫、矩形臂尾轮虫、十指臂尾轮虫、红臂尾轮虫、角突臂尾轮虫、双棘臂尾轮虫、裂足臂尾轮虫和萼花臂尾轮虫等八种臂尾轮虫rDNAITS 1序列分析,并以西氏晶囊轮虫为外群,使用PAUP和贝叶斯软件分别构建臂尾轮属轮虫系统发生树( MP树、NJ树、ML树和贝叶斯树) ,以探讨臂尾轮属的系统发生关系,并解决其中的一些分类问题。结果表明:本研究所涉及的轮虫rDNAITS 1平均序列差异百分比较高,为29 %;海水和淡水臂尾轮虫被明显分为不同的进化枝;除双棘臂尾轮虫外,在淡水臂尾轮虫中具有三对前棘刺且营附着生活的种类与前棘刺少于三对且营浮游生活的种类聚在不同支系中,这与以形态特征为主所进行的系统发生研究结果基本一致;所有的系统树均支持将十指臂尾轮虫作为一个独立的支系分离出来,裂足臂尾轮虫应归入臂尾轮属。     

不同pH条件下5种臂尾轮虫（Brachionus）的生殖代价

研究了5种臂尾轮虫(萼花臂尾轮虫、方形臂尾轮虫、壶状臂尾轮虫、十指臂尾轮虫和角突臂尾轮虫)在不同pH条件下(pH 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10)当前繁殖(mx)与未来存活(lx 1)、未来生殖(mx 1)和残余生殖价(V*x)的相关关系.结果表明,5种臂尾轮虫存活代价的相关系数在初始几个日龄组表现为正相关或负相关,在随后的大部分日龄组中,均表现为负相关,直至整个生命周期.相对于存活代价,5种臂尾轮虫繁殖代价和残余生殖代价的相关系数的变化幅度较大,但整体趋势仍就是大部分呈现负相关.因此可以推断,轮虫在不同pH条件下存在存活代价、繁殖代价和残余生殖代价.mx与lx 1对日龄组的回归分析有100%回归关系显著,mx与mx 1有97%回归关系显著,而mx与V*x有93%回归关系显著.因此推断,轮虫在不同pH条件下存活代价、繁殖代价和残余生殖代价的负相关性随着日龄组的增加而逐步增加.结果还发现,某些种类的轮虫(方形臂尾轮虫、壶状臂尾轮虫和十指臂尾轮虫)在胁迫的pH(酸性或碱性)条件下,其存活代价、繁殖代价和残余生殖代价较适宜pH(中性)条件下更为显著.     

除草剂草甘膦对萼花臂尾轮虫生活史特征的影响

采用生命表实验方法研究了不同浓度(0.10、0.50、3.00、5.50、8.00和10.50mg·L^-1)的除草剂草甘膦对萼花臂尾轮虫生活史特征的影响.结果表明,草甘膦对轮虫的胚胎发育时间、幼体阶段历期、生殖期历期、平均寿命、净生殖率和种群内禀增长率均有显著影响.与对照组相比,当草甘膦浓度为3.00和8.00mg·L^-1时,轮虫胚胎发育时间显著延长;达3.00mg·L^-1时,轮虫的幼体阶段历期开始显著延长;达8.00和0.50mg·L^-1时,轮虫净生殖率和种群内禀增长率分别开始显著降低.在各参数中,种群内禀增长率是较敏感的指标,可用于监测草甘膦对萼花臂尾轮虫生活史特征的影响.     

食物种类对萼花臂尾轮虫种群增长率的影响

在短期慢性观测过程中,食物类型可能是造成萼花臂尾轮虫(Brachionuscalyciflorus)种群繁殖率变化的一种原因。共观测了分别单独投喂10种不同绿藻对轮虫种群增长率的影响。为验证藻青菌是藻类饵料(如绿藻Scenedesmus)有价值的佐剂这一假说,还用蓝细菌单独投喂或与斜生栅藻(Scenedesmusobliquus)混合投喂轮虫进行实验观测。结果发现食物种类对萼花臂尾轮虫种群增长率影响显著。斜生栅藻组获得最大种群增长(1.6/d),而Desmodesmus组增长率最低(0.3/d)。以占斜生栅藻组最大增长的百分率来表示,其它几种绿藻组种群增长由高到低依次为:Desmodesmussubspicatus88%,小球藻(Chlorellavulgaris)83%,单壳缝藻(Monoraphidiumminutum)77%,D.quadricauda74%,S.falcatus71%,S.acuminatus69%,S.pectinatus64%,莱茵衣藻(Chlamydomonasreinhardtii)57%,D.abundans19%。轮虫增长率的差异不能用藻类饵料的大小差异来解释。蓝细菌(Microcystisaeruginosa)和(Synechococcuselongates)不论是单独投喂还是与优良藻类饵料(斜生栅藻)混合投喂都对萼花臂尾轮虫种群增长有抑制作用。这种副作用似乎与微囊藻素无关。该结果不支持无毒蓝细菌可作为与其他绿藻饵料配合使用的优良佐剂这一假说。本研究所观察到的生长变化显示了饵料种类对萼花臂尾轮虫种群增长的影响,也预示了对毒性实验结果的影响     

食物密度对镜湖萼花臂尾轮虫不同克隆生活史特征的影响

对镜湖萼花臂尾轮虫（Brachionus calyciflorus）夏季种群内4个生化遗传特征上互不相同的克隆（克隆A、B、C和D）在4个斜生栅藻（Scenedesmus obliquus）密度（1.0×10⁶、2.0×10⁶、4.0×10⁶和8.0×10⁶ cells·L^-1）下的生活史特征进行了研究.结果表明：食物密度对各克隆轮虫的存活率和繁殖率均有不同的影响.4克隆中克隆C的世代时间最短,克隆B的世代时间、生命期望和平均寿命最长,克隆A的后代混交雌体百分率最高;净生殖率和个体适合度在4克隆间无显著差异.镜湖萼花臂尾轮虫在2.0×10⁶ cells·L^-1的食物密度下净生殖率最低;在1.0×10⁶cells·L^-1的食物密度下平均寿命和生命期望最短,而后代混交雌体百分率却最高;在8.0×10⁶cells·L^-1的食物密度下种群内禀增长率最高,平均寿命和生命期望最长;在高食物密度（4.0、8.0×10⁶cells·L^-1）下个体适合度较大.克隆C的个体适合度在密度为3.9×10⁶cells·L^-1时最小,而克隆D的个体适合度在食物密度为6.34×10⁶cells·L^-1时最大.食物密度的变化可能是7月份之后镜湖萼花臂尾轮虫从水环境中消失的原因,而4克隆轮虫个体适合度的相似性则可能是镜湖轮虫共存于同一水体的原因之一.     

三种甲壳纲浮游动物与萼花臂尾轮虫的种间关系

为研究隆线溞(Daphnia carinata)、锯缘真剑水蚤(Eucyclops serrulatus)及中华薄壳介(Dolerocypris sinensis)3种甲壳纲动物种群与萼花臂尾轮虫(Brachionus calyciflorus)种群的相互关系,作者分别将其以不同接种密度与萼花臂尾轮虫(接种密度为350 ind/L)进行混合培养。轮虫种群密度增长率自混合培养后的第3或4天开始下降,且随着甲壳纲动物接种密度的增加轮虫种群受到的抑制作用增大。当轮虫接种密度为350 ind/L时,3种甲壳纲动物的种群变化有所不同:(1)当隆线溞起始密度低于150 ind/L时,其种群生长受到轮虫的明显抑制;而当隆线溞起始密度达到350 ind/L时,其在混合培养与单独培养下的种群变化基本一致,这表明轮虫对隆线溞种群生长无抑制作用。(2)与隆线溞不同,锯缘真剑水蚤和中华薄壳介在混合培养下的种群数量持续增长。但与锯缘真剑水蚤相比,中华薄壳介在混合培养下的种群增长速度较慢。     

Combined Effects of Food Concentration and Temperature on Competition Among Four Species of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Brachionus </Emphasis>(Rotifera)

We evaluated the effect of algal food density (1.5 × 10⁶, 3.0 × 10⁶ and 4.5 × 10⁶ cells ml⁻¹ of Chlorella) and temperature (22° and 28 °C) on competition among the rotifers Brachionus calyciflorus, Brachionus havanaensis, Brachionus patulus and Brachionus rubens, based on population growth experiments for 24 days. The growth experiments were conducted seperately for each individual rotifer species (i.e., controls), and in mixtures of all four species in equal initial proportions (i.e., under competition). The population growth of B. calyciflorus, B. havanaensis, B. patulus and B. rubens grown separately at two temperatures and at three algal food densities showed typical patterns of lag, exponential and retardation phases in the controls. This pattern differed considerably under competition. In general, we observed that in all of the test species, the highest growth rates were observed at higher food levels and in the absence of congenerics. At 22 °C, under the lowest food level, the differences in the population abundances of B. havanaensis, B. patulus and B. rubens grown alone and in the presence of competition were large. However, these differences reduced as food density was increased from 0.5 × 10⁶ to 4.5 × 10⁶ cells ml⁻¹. At 28 °C and at the lowest food level, all of the other rotifer species eliminated B. havanaensis in mixed cultures. Each brachionid species had a higher rate when grown alone than when cultured with other species. The highest r (mean ± standard error: 0.54 ± 0.01 day⁻¹) was recorded for B. havanaensis at 28 °C under 4.5 × 10⁶ cells ml⁻¹ of algal food density. At 28 °C at low algal food density, the presence of competitors resulted in negative population growth rates for three of the four rotifer species tested.     

Impact of turbulence and turbidity on the grazing rate of the rotifer Brachionus calyciflorus (Pallas)

The impact of turbulence and turbidity on Brachionus calyciflorus grazing rate was determined in short feeding periods (10 min), using labelled Chlorella pyrenoïdosa. The response to water motion of B. calyciflorus depends on it physiological state: the grazing rate of recently fed amictic females stomach green (with one or two eggs) is significantly reduced in agitated environments compared with non-agitated environments. In contrast, the grazing rate of starved amictic females is not reduced by water motion, whatever its velocity (V1=0.18 m s?1 and V2=0.22 m s?1). In the presence of suspended particles (3–6-μm silica beads), a larger reduction in grazing rate is observed in agitated water at any water velocity (V1=0.18 m s?1 or V2=0.22 m s?1), than in stagnant water. A synergy between turbulence and turbidity is unfavourable to feeding of rotifers.     

基于rDNA ITS序列分析莲塘湖萼花臂尾轮虫种群遗传结构的季节变化

对采自芜湖市莲塘湖水体中的萼花臂尾轮虫(Brachionus calyciflorus)夏季种群中的30个克隆(S1-S30)和秋季种群中的20个克隆(A1-A20)的rDNA ITS序列进行了分析;以十指臂尾轮虫B.patulus为外群,构建了50个克隆的NJ、MP和ME系统发生树。结果表明:三个系统树均支持将50个克隆分为两个支系;第一支系包括29个夏季采集的单元型(单元型S9除外)和1个秋季采集的单元型A2,第二个支系包括18个秋季采集的单元型(单元型A2除外)和1个夏季采集的单元型S9;两支系间ITS序列差异为5.1%-8.8%;它们应属于两个不同的姐妹种。夏季,莲塘湖水体中的萼花臂尾轮虫种复合体内以第一支系为主构成的姐妹种在相对丰度上占绝对优势,达29/30;而秋季则相反。上述结果表明:浅水湖泊中萼花臂尾轮虫种群密度的季节变动实际上主要在于各姐妹种相对丰度的季节变化;两姐妹种的种群遗传结构季节变化符合重叠模型。     

A study of the freshwater rotifer Brachionus calyciflorus in Pekanbaru, Riau, Indonesia

Brachionus calyciflorus is one of freshwaterrotifers found in fish ponds in Pekanbaru, Riau,Indonesia. Its density varied depending on that ofphytoplankton. Maximum of 2.5 ×10³ ind. l^–1 was found in ponds fertilised with animal wastes.The fecundity and population growth of B.calyciflorus was studied. Results indicated that the fecundity of amictic females was higher thanthat of unfertilized mictic females. During their life span, amictic and mictic females produced29.7 and 12.5 eggs per female, respectively. In the mass culture of 500 ml media, the highestdensity of female and male rotifers was 975.8 and 9.6 ind. ml^–1, respectively. During 8 days cultureperiod, they also produced eggs as many as 124.2 ml^–1.Human and animal wastespromoted the growth of phytoplankton as food forrotifers in the pond. A laboratory study confirms this. The best growth of B. calyciflorus at a density of 109 ind. ml^–1 was found at 0.5 g l^–1 of humanexcreta. A high density of B. calyciflorus (542ind. ml^–1) was also found in semi-continuous culturewith chicken excreta.     

蒙古裸腹溞与褶皱臂尾轮虫的种间关系

在实验室内将蒙古裸腹溞按0．06、0．10、0．30、0．60个·ml^-1的密度与褶皱臂尾轮虫(密度为0．3个·ml。)进行}昆合培养,同时按上述密度分别单种培养了蒙古裸腹溞和褶皱臂尾轮虫作为对照．结果表明,蒙古裸腹溞与褶皱臂尾轮虫之间存在种间竞争,当二者共存时,褶皱臂尾轮虫对蒙古裸腹溞种群产生压制作用,使蒙古裸腹溞在混合培养体系中以很低的密度存在,而褶皱臂尾轮虫种群受蒙古裸腹溞影响不大．通过进一步的饥饿实验发现90％的褶皱臂尾轮虫经过144h饥饿后仍然存活,而经过120h饥饿后的蒙古裸腹溞100％死亡,褶皱臂尾轮虫耐饥饿能力较强是其在与蒙古裸腹溞竞争中获胜的原因之一。     

pH值对萼花臂尾轮虫种群增长及繁殖的影响

采用种群积累培养法,实验观察了 ｐＨ在３．５～１１．５之间（间隔 １）萼花臂尾轮虫 （Ｂｒａｃｈｉｏｎｕｓ ｃａｌｙｃｉｆｌｏｒｕｓ）种群的增长及繁殖．结果表明,该轮虫种群在ＰＨ６．５～８．５之间增 长较快, ８． ５时增长最快,即瞬时增长率 ｒ和种群密度较大和最大; ｐＨ在 ３． ５～４． ５和 ９． ５ ～１０． ５之间,种群为负增长,即 ｒ为负值; ｐＨ在 ５． ５～９． ５之间种群为正增长,即正为正 值．该轮虫存活的ｐＨ上限为１１．５,下限为３．５．在种群增长最适ｐＨ（８．５）条件下,该轮虫 的繁殖最快,即绝对带卵量最高（１３２个·ｍｌ－１）;ｐＨ在９．５时,其相对带卵量最高．为其它 ｐＨ值条件下的２～４倍．本研究结果可为淡水轮虫的大批量培养提供可靠的ｐＨ值技术指 标．