食物浓度对角突臂尾轮虫种群增长、个体大小和卵大小的影响

以蛋白核小球藻为食物 ,应用群体累积培养法研究了食物浓度对角突臂尾轮虫种群增长、个体大小和卵大小等的影响 .结果表明 ,食物浓度对角突臂尾轮虫种群增长率、个体大小和卵大小均有极显著影响 .其中 ,轮虫种群增长率与食物浓度间呈曲线相关 ;当食物浓度为 8.2 4 5 3× 10 6cells·ml-1时 ,种群增长率达最大值 0 .6 0 85d-1;在所研究的食物浓度范围内 ,轮虫个体具有随食物浓度的增大而增大的趋势 ,轮虫卵体积在中等食物浓度范围 (6 .0× 10 6～ 9.0× 10 6cells·ml-1)时较大     

食物浓度对三个地理品系角突臂尾轮虫种群增长、个体大小和卵体积的影响

以浓度分别为 3 0× 10 6、 6 0× 10 6、 9 0× 10 6和 12 0× 10 6cells/mL蛋白核小球藻 (Chlorellapyrenoi dosa)为食物 ,在温度为 (2 5± 1)℃下 ,应用群体累积培养法研究了食物浓度对分布于长江、珠江和淮河水系的 3个地理品系的角突臂尾轮虫 (Brachionusangularis)种群的增长、个体和卵的体积的影响。结果表明 ,食物浓度、地理品系及两者间的交互作用对轮虫种群增长率、个体和卵的体积均有显著影响。同一食物浓度下 ,广州品系的种群增长率最大 ,芜湖品系的个体和卵体积最大 ;同一品系中 ,当食物浓度为 9 0× 10 6cells/mL时轮虫有较大的种群增长率。各品系轮虫的种群增长率与食物浓度均呈曲线相关 ,但种群增长率达最大时所需的食物浓度在各品系间存在着差异。在食物浓度和品系两因素中 ,品系对轮虫个体体积有较大的影响     

食物种类和浓度对壶状臂尾轮虫实验种群动态的影响

使用浓度为0.3mg/mL的椭圆小球藻、尖细栅藻和两者以1:1(湿重比)组成的混合藻在26±1℃下对壶状臂尾轮虫进行单个体培养研究。结果表明,虽然三类食物对轮虫的胚胎发育时间和平均寿命无显著影响,但投喂小球藻时轮虫的生殖前期明显比投喂栅藻或混合藻时短,投喂小球藻时轮虫的生殖期明显比投喂栅藻时长;轮虫的生殖后期历时以栅藻组最长,混合藻组次之,小球藻组最短,三者间具显著差异。轮虫的繁殖率、产卵量和种群内禀增长率均以小球藻组最高,混合藻组次之,栅藻组最低。由此可见,小球藻是该种轮虫培养的最适饵料。以浓度为0.375、0.75、1.5、3.0和5.0×106cells/mL的椭圆小球藻为食物在23±1℃下对壶状臂尾轮虫进行单个体培养研究发现,0.75×106cells/mL是其生存和繁殖的最低浓度阈值;食物浓度对轮虫的胚胎发育时间和生殖后期历时无显著影响;食物浓度为1.5×106cells/mL和3.0×106cells/mL时,轮虫各主要发育阶段的历时和产卵量间也无显著差异;食物浓度高于3.0×106cells/mL或低于1.5×106cells/mL对轮虫的生殖前期无显著影响,但使轮虫的平均寿命和产卵量显著减小;食物浓度高于3.0×106cells/mL时,轮虫的生殖期显著缩短。轮虫种群的繁殖率、净生殖率和内禀增长率皆以3.0×106cells／mL组最高,1.5×106cells／mL组次之,0.75×106 cells／mL和5.0×106cells／mL组较低。因此,轮虫种群增长的适宜食物浓度范围为1.5-3.0×106cells／mL,最适食物浓度是3.0×106cells／mL。       

斜生栅藻密度对新安江萼花臂尾轮虫种群动态的影响

以浓度分别为1.0×106、2.0×106、4.0×106和8.0×106cells·mL-1的斜生栅藻(Scenedesmus obliquus)为轮虫食物,在25℃下,应用群体累积培养和单个体培养法研究了食物浓度对采自新安江水域(屯溪段)的萼花臂尾轮虫的种群动态影响。结果表明:食物浓度对轮虫的种群增长率和休眠卵产量均有显著的影响,均表现为低食物浓度下(≤4.0×106cells·mL-1)萼花臂尾轮虫的种群增长率和休眠卵产量较小且无差异,高食物浓度下(8.0×106cells·mL-1)轮虫的种群增长率和休眠卵产量较大;食物浓度对轮虫的混交雌体百分率和受精率无显著影响;在食物浓度为4.0×106cells·mL-1时萼花臂尾轮虫的净生殖率最大,世代时间最长,而其内禀增长率在食物浓度为1.0×106cells·mL-1时最小;在食物浓度为8.0×106cells·mL-1时平均寿命和生命期望最长。     

塔玛亚历山大藻和东海原甲藻对褶皱臂尾轮虫种群数量的影响

通过对2002年5月东海赤潮原因种一东海原甲藻和亚历山大藻的单一藻种和两种藻混合情况下对褶皱臂尾轮虫种群数量影响的实验研究,发现塔玛亚历山大藻(ATHK)对轮虫有致死作用,其48hLC50为1300cell·ml^-1．藻的各组分毒性比较研究表明,只有藻液和藻细胞具有这种毒害作用,藻在早期生长阶段的毒害作用较强,毒性大小与藻细胞活性相关．东海原甲藻在高密度(4×10^4、5×10^4、10×10^4cell·ml^-1)时对轮虫种群数量在第5d时开始有影响;东海原甲藻在低密度(1×10^4、2×10^4、3×10^4cell·ml^-1)时,轮虫能够以其为食并进行生长繁殖．两种藻混合情况下,东海原甲藻能够减轻塔玛亚历山大藻对轮虫的毒害作用．实验结果表明,此次赤潮对东海的微型浮游动物种群能够产生一定的影响．     

食物种类和密度对萼花臂尾轮虫休眠卵形成的影响

采用种群累积培养法,研究了藻类食物的种类和密度对萼花臂尾轮虫休眠卵形成的影响。结果表明,萼花臂尾轮虫的休眠卵主要在开始培养后的６天内形成。在０．１ｍｇ／ｍｌ的食物密度下,与蛋白核小球藻相比,斜生栅藻或斜生栅藻和蛋白核小球藻经１：１（湿重）组成的混合藻均能显著地提高休眠卵的产量和形成效率,同时也使轮虫种群中的平均混交雌体百分率和产休眠卵的混交雌体的平均产卵量明显增大,但对平均混交雌体受精率无显著影响     

红臂尾轮虫和壶状臂尾轮虫生活史特征比较

应用单个体培养方法,以浓度为3．0×10^6 cells／ml的斜生栅藻（Scenedesmus obliquus）为食物,在18、23、28℃和33℃下,对分类存疑种类红臂尾轮虫（Brachionus rubens）和壶状臂尾轮虫（B．urceolaris）的生活史特征进行了比较研究。结果表明,随着温度的升高,两种轮虫的生殖前期和生殖期历时、平均寿命、世代时间和生命期望均逐渐显著地缩短,而种群内禀增长率却极显著地增大。红臂尾轮虫在28℃下的生殖后期历时与23℃和33℃间均无显著的差异,壶状臂尾轮虫在28℃和33℃下的生殖后期历时也无显著的差异。红臂尾轮虫的产卵量和净生殖率均在33℃下最小,在其他3个温度间都无显著的差异;壶状臂尾轮虫的产卵量和净生殖率均在33℃下最小,28℃下最大。18、23℃和28℃下红臂尾轮虫的生殖前期历时、平均寿命、生命期望和世代时间都显著短于壶状臂尾轮虫,而生殖期历时在两者间无显著差异;33℃下红臂尾轮虫的生殖期历时、平均寿命、生命期望和世代时间都显著长于壶状臂尾轮虫,而生殖前期历时在两者间无显著差异。各温度下,红臂尾轮虫的产卵量、种群内禀增长率和净生殖率均极显著地高于壶状臂尾轮虫,但两种轮虫的生殖后期历时无显著的差异。红臂尾轮虫偏向于r-对策者,体现在其较低的生命期望、较高的繁殖率和种群增长率;而壶状臂尾轮虫则显示出较高的生命期望、较低的种群增长率和繁殖率,偏向于k-对策者。     

食物浓度对方形臂尾轮虫发育历期与实验种群增长参数的影响

为探讨富营养化水体中大量发生的轮虫与微藻之间的关系 ,在实验室条件下 ,观测了不同藻类食物浓度下方形臂尾轮虫生命周期中各发育阶段的历时以及种群增长参数的变化。实验选用蛋白核小球藻为食物 ,浓度梯度为 0 1× 10 6、 0 5× 10 6、 1 0× 10 6、 2 0× 10 6、 4 0× 10 6、 8 0× 10 6、 12× 10 6cells/ml。结果表明 :食物浓度对方形臂尾轮虫的胚胎发育时间与繁殖前期历时、产卵量、世代净生殖率、世代时间和种群的内禀增长率均有明显影响。在食物浓度为 2 0× 10 6cells/ml时 ,方形臂尾轮虫的繁殖前期最短 ,产卵量最大 ,世代净生殖率和种群增长率最高 ,世代时间最短。方形臂尾轮虫可在高于其最适食物浓度的较宽的食物浓度范围内 ,保持较高的种群增长率 ,表现出较强的对环境中高浓度藻类的适应     

萼花臂尾轮虫休眠卵大小变异在其生活史对策中的作用

以周期性孤雌繁殖的淡水浮游生物——萼花臂尾轮虫（Brachionus calyciflorus）为研究对象．对其安徽品系的休眠卵进行了大、中、小分组,在2个不同食物浓度条件下培养并观察其种群增长、有性生殖方面的特点,以及后代形态大小和新产休眠卵大小。实验发现休眠卵大小对轮虫种群瞬时增长率、混交雌体百分率和后代形态均没有显著影响;而食物浓度则对轮虫种群的瞬时增长率有显著影响;休眠卵大小和食物浓度均显著影响后代休眠卵的大小。     

温度和食物浓度对三品系萼花臂尾轮虫实验种群动态的影响

应用个体培养方法,研究了温度(20、25和30℃)和藻类食物浓度(1．5×10^6、3．0×10^6、6．0×10^6和9．0×10^6cells·ml^-1)对青岛、芜湖、广州三品系萼花臂尾轮虫种群动态的影响．结果表明,温度仅对轮虫的世代时间和种群内禀增长率有显著影响,而品系对所有生命表参数均无显著影响．轮虫种群的内禀增长率随培养温度的升高而增大,世代时间则随培养温度的升高而缩短．食物浓度仅对轮虫的生命期望值和平均寿命有显著影响,品系对轮虫的净生殖率、世代时间、生命期望值和平均寿命也有显著影响．三品系间,以广州品系轮虫的净生殖率、世代时间、生命期望值和平均寿命最大,芜湖品系最短．当食物浓度为3．0×10^6cells·ml^-1时,轮虫的生命期望值和平均寿命最长,9．0×10^6cells·ml^-1时最短．各品系轮虫的净生殖率、世代时间、总生殖率、生命期望值和平均寿命均随培养温度的升高而减小,广州品系的净生殖率除外．轮虫种群的内禀增长率和广州品系轮虫的总生殖率则随培养温度的升高而增大．青岛和广州品系轮虫的各生命表参数,均与食物浓度呈曲线相关,但芜湖品系仅世代时间、平均寿命和生命期望值随食物浓度的增大而缩短．     

Variations in size and growth of Great skua Catharacta skua chicks in relation to adult age, hatching date, egg volume, brood size and hatching sequence

The paper describes the relationships between adult age, hatching date, egg volume, brood size, hatching sequence, chick weight at hatching, chick growth rate and chick body size for a population of Great skuas in Shetland. The relative importance of these factors, and food availability, is assessed in determining chick size, weight, and growth rate.     

大型溞生长、生殖和种群增长的研究

年龄6±6小时的纯系大型溞培养在25±1℃静置换水条件下,饲以斜生栅藻,其平均寿命为68.40±9.82天。龄期(x)和年龄(t,天)之间呈曲线迴归关系:t=-2.245+1.510x+0.035x2(r=0.99,p3.86-0.131t)(式中Y为累计生殖量个数,t为天数)。       

两品系萼花臂尾轮虫摄食强度的比较研究

对广州和芜湖两品系萼花臂尾轮虫的摄食强度及其与食物浓度、食物种类和培养时间之间的关系进行了比较研究.结果表明,食物浓度、食物种类和培养时间均对轮虫滤水率和摄食率有显著影响.两品系轮虫滤水率和摄食率均随培养时间的延长而减小;20 h内,两品系轮虫的总滤水率均与食物浓度呈曲线相关,而两品系轮虫总摄食率均与食物浓度呈直线相关.广州和芜湖两品系轮虫均在以小球藻为食物时有较大的滤水率,分别为0.0029±0.0001和0.0039±0.0008ml·ind.^-1·h^-1;广州品系轮虫以小球藻为食物时的摄食率(0.3992×10⁴±0.00850×⁴ cell·ind.-1·h^-1)显著地大于以栅藻为食物时的摄食率(0.170×⁴±0.0370×⁴ cell·ind.^-1·h^-1),而它们均与以混合藻为食物时的摄食率无显著差异;芜湖品系轮虫摄食率不受食物种类影响.轮虫滤水率和摄食率因食物浓度、食物种类和培养时间的不同而在品系间存在着差异.     

Egg size and clutch size in the reproductive investment of American Kestrels

We studied causes and consequences of egg-size variation among clutches of American kestrels ( Falco sparverius ). Egg. from 275 clutches were measured 1990 to 1992. To test the hypothesis that the size of eggs was contrained by food availability in the pre-laying period, we censused small mammal populations in the three years and performed a food supplementation experiment in 1990 and 1991. Kestrels did not advance the date they laid their first egg but did lay significantly larger eggs in response to extra food. The size of eggs was correlated with small mammal abundance on the territoty, and females in good body condition tended to lay large eggs. Body size did not affect egg size, and there were no relationship between agg size and laying date except in 1900, the poorest food year. Clutches with a large mean egg volume had better hatching success than clutches containing small eggs. We argue that there is a phonetypic component to egg size in kestrels, and that kestrels use egg size to fine-tune reproductive investiment to available resources.     

Shiny cowbird Molothrus bonariensis egg size and chick growth vary between two hosts that differ markedly in body size

In birds, egg size affects chick growth and survival and it is an important component of reproductive success. The shiny cowbird Molothrus bonariensis is an extreme generalist brood parasite that uses hosts with a wide range of body masses. Survival of cowbird chicks decreases with host body mass, as competition for food with nestmates is more intense in large than in small hosts. We studied variation in shiny cowbird egg size and chick growth in two hosts that differ markedly in body size: the chalk‐browed mockingbird Mimus saturninus (70–75 g), and the house wren Troglodytes aedon (12–13 g). We analyzed: 1) if females parasitizing mockingbirds lay larger eggs than those parasitizing wrens, and 2) the association between egg size and chick growth. We experimentally controlled for time of parasitism and number of host chicks and evaluated growth rate of male and female parasite chicks. Shiny cowbirds parasitizing mockingbird nests laid larger eggs than those parasitizing wren nests. Chick body mass after hatching was positively associated with egg size until chicks were five days of age, but there was no association between egg size and growth rate, or asymptotic mass. There were no sexual differences in egg size or body mass at the time of hatching, but growth rate was higher in males than in females leading to sexual dimorphism in asymptotic mass. Differences in egg size between hosts and the effect of egg size on body mass after hatching support the hypothesis that different females are specialized in the use of hosts that differ in body mass.     

Effect of two microalgae concentrations on body size and egg size of the rotifer <Emphasis Type="Italic">Brachionus calyciflorus</Emphasis>

The rotifer, Brachionus calyciflorus, was grown with two algae species (Chlorella sp. and Scenedesmus obliquus) at different concentrations (0.1, 1 and 10 × 10⁶ cells ml⁻¹). The body size (lorica biovolume) of individual rotifer and their egg size were measured when the populations were roughly in the exponential phase of population growth. The body size of the rotifers differed significantly (P < 0.05) among the two algae species used, however this effect was not observed for egg size. The body size of rotifers fed on higher densities of Chlorella sp. (10 × 10⁶ cells ml⁻¹) was significantly larger than for those fed on lower and medium densities (0.1 and 1 × 10⁶ cells ml⁻¹). Body size and egg size of rotifers fed with different amounts of Scenedesmus did not differ significantly. The egg size was significantly larger at higher food level of Chlorella. A significantly positive correlation was observed between the adult rotifer body size and their egg size.     

Reproductive investment of several rotifer species

A comparative study was carried out on the seasonal variation in egg and body volumes of four species of rotifers, Brachionus calyciflorus, Brachionus angularis, Keratella quadrata and Anuraeopsis fissa, from ponds near Sevilla and in Doñana National Park. Temperature and food concentration significantly affected egg volume in all four species; clutch size significantly affected egg volume in A. fissa, B. calyciflorus and B. angularis, but not in K. quadrata. As temperature increased, egg and body volumes declined in A. fissa and B. angularis but increased in K. quadrata and B. calyciflorus due, perhaps, to complex interactions between temperature, food level and clutch size.All four rotifer species responded similarly to changes in food concentration: below a certain food level, egg and body volumes were small but increased to a maximal size, which differed in the four species, as the food concentration was raised. At higher food levels, there was a reduction in egg and body volumes. The food levels for maximum egg and body volumes are interpreted as optimal ones; below these, food limitation reduces the size of the reproducing adult and, consequently, the size of eggs. Above this optimal level, higher food levels accelerated the rotifer life cycles, resulting in adults maturing at smaller sizes with a larger number of smaller eggs.     

三个品系角突臂尾轮虫生长和发育的比较研究

以浓度为2．4×10^6cells.ml^-1的斜生栅藻为食物,在25℃下,对采自青岛、广州与芜湖等品系的角突臂尾轮虫的胚胎发育、生殖前期和最小世代时间等个体发育阶段历时以及幼体和成体的个体大小、卵体积和相对卵体积进行了研究．结果表明,轮虫的胚胎发育时间、生殖前期历时和最小世代时间等在品系间均存在显著差异．芜湖品系具有最长的胚胎发育时间,其次为广州品系和青岛品系;青岛品系的生殖前期最长,广州品系最短;而最小世代时间以广州品系最小,青岛品系和芜湖品系次之,后两者之间无显著差异．各品系轮虫胚胎发育时间具有随其相对卵体积的增大而缩短的趋势．同一年龄段各品系间的轮虫幼体体积均有显著差异,且均以芜湖品系为最大．三品系轮虫个体幼体体积与其年龄间均呈曲线相关;刚孵化出的幼体体积与其成体间差异在芜湖品系达244．24％,青岛和广州品系分别为182．89％和156．28％．轮虫成体的个体大小、卵大小和相对卵大小在品系间也存在显著差异．     

甲胺磷和17β－雌二醇对萼花臂尾轮虫实验种群动态的影响

对暴露于不同浓度的甲胺磷(0.01、0.1、1.0、10.0、100.0、1 000.0和10 000.0 μg·L-1)和17β-雌二醇(0.001、0.01、0.1、1.0、10.0、100.0、和1 000.0 μg·L-1)溶液中的萼花臂尾轮虫的种群动态进行了研究.结果表明:甲胺磷和17β-雌二醇对轮虫种群动态的影响存在差异.甲胺磷和17β-雌二醇对实验期间轮虫的平均种群增长率均有显著影响,但对轮虫种群中的混交雌体受精率的平均值无显著影响;甲胺磷对实验期间轮虫种群中的携卵雌体数/非携卵雌体数和混交雌体百分率的平均值均有显著影响,而17β-雌二醇则无显著影响;甲胺磷对实验期间轮虫的休眠卵总产量无显著影响,而17β-雌二醇的影响较显著.与对照相比,10.0～10 000.0 μg·L-1的甲胺磷和100.0 μg·L-1的17β-雌二醇均使轮虫的平均种群增长率显著提高;0.1～10 000.0和10.0 μg·L-1的甲胺磷分别显著地降低了实验期间轮虫种群中的携卵雌体数/非携卵雌体数和混交雌体百分率的平均值;1 000.0 μg·L-1的17β-雌二醇显著降低了轮虫的休眠卵总产量.在实验浓度范围内,轮虫平均种群增长率(Y,d-1)与甲胺磷浓度(X,μg·L-1)之间的关系为Y=-2×10-8X2 0.0002X 0.3474.种群增长率可用于监测和评价甲胺磷对轮虫种群动态的影响.