原绿球藻的营养组分分析及饵料效果研究

为探究原绿球藻(Prochlorococcus marinus)的应用, 采用生化分析测定了其营养组分, 并进行了投喂蒙古裸腹溞和褶皱臂尾轮虫饵料效果试验. 结果显示: 原绿球藻干品中含粗蛋白42.32%, 粗脂肪11.47%, 碳水化合物15.11%和灰分17.48%. 含16种氨基酸, 总氨基酸含量为35.88 mg/g, 包括必需氨基酸8种 (占总氨基酸的37.54%); 粗脂肪中含13种脂肪酸, 其中不饱和脂肪酸8种(占粗脂肪总重的58.26%), 单不饱和脂肪酸(54.12%)含量较高, 而多不饱和脂肪酸含量较低(4.14%). 用原绿球藻投喂蒙古裸腹溞, 藻最佳浓度是400104 cells/mL, 溞世代净生殖率达4.33, 内禀增长率为0.23. 蒙古裸腹溞在用原绿球藻强化之后, 二十碳五烯酸(EPA)能有效富集, 浓度可达6.69%. 不同密度的原绿球藻饲喂对褶皱臂尾轮虫抱卵数和抱卵率均影响显著. 投喂藻密度在48-96h阶段以600104 cells/mL为佳, 而96-144h以400104 cells/mL为佳. 通过研究发现, 原绿球藻具有较好的营养价值和饵料效果, 但在蒙古裸腹溞和褶皱臂尾轮虫培养中, 仍建议与其他藻混合投喂.       

晋南和银川地区盐水和超盐水体的浮游动物

1981—1984年在晋南和银川地区7个采样区,盐度0.5—286‰间采集222个水样,共见到浮游动物57种,其中轮虫32种,鳃足类14种,桡足类11种。根据出现率和平均密度,下列23种是区系的主要种或较主要种:褶皱臂尾轮虫、角突臂尾轮虫、壶状臂尾轮虫、萼花臂尾轮虫、方尖削叶轮虫、月形腔轮虫、针簇多肢轮虫、爱德里亚狭甲轮虫、环顶巨腕轮虫、蒙古裸腹溞、直额裸腹溞、大型溞、一种象鼻溞、矩形尖额溞、盐水卤虫、亚洲后镖水溞、直刺北镖水溞、近邻剑水溞、短角异剑水溞、广布中剑水溞、等刺温剑水蚤和扁平小剑水溞。除了盐水卤虫外,无论盐水种和淡水种在这里出现的最高盐度均较其他作者记载的为高。文中讨论了盐水动物区系的相似性、内陆水各种浮游动物的耐盐性和盐度与群落多样性指数的关系等问题。     

两品系蒙古裸腹溞种群补偿生长及适宜食物密度

研究了两品系蒙古裸腹溞(晋南品系和内蒙品系)继饥饿后的补偿生长及其生长发育的适宜食物密度。结果表明,两品系蒙古裸腹溞生长发育的最适食物——篕∏蛟迕芏染?50×104/mL。对两品系蒙古裸腹溞而言,饥饿0.5d的蒙古裸腹溞有全补偿生长,饥饿1~2d有部分补偿生长现象,饥饿超过3d已没有补偿生长。可以认为,蒙古裸腹溞仅在短时间饥饿时有补偿生长现象的发生。     

铜绿微囊藻对萼花臂尾轮虫与大型溞竞争关系的影响

为探究铜绿微囊藻(Microcystis aeruginosa)浓度变化对浮游动物竞争关系的影响, 通过控制实验法, 评估了在 3个铜绿微囊藻浓度梯度下, 萼花臂尾轮虫(Brachionus calyciflorus)和大型溞(Daphnia magna)之间的种间竞争关系。结果表明不同浓度铜绿微囊藻对萼花臂尾轮虫、大型溞的增长及二者种间竞争影响具有差异, 并且在3种铜绿微囊藻浓度下均以大型溞为主要优势类群。低浓度(5×104 cells/mL)铜绿微囊藻仅促进大型溞种群增长(P<0.01), 大型溞占据主要优势地位; 中浓度(1×105 cells/mL)铜绿微囊藻对萼花臂尾轮虫和大型溞增长均有显著影响(P<0.01), 在此浓度下大型溞在种群竞争中依旧占优势地位, 使得萼花臂尾轮虫种群衰亡; 在高浓度铜绿微囊藻(5×105 cells/mL)环境中种群生长均受到抑制(P<0.01), 在共培养体系中仅大型溞种群存活。在无其他外在影响因素存在时, 实验结果显示在不同浓度的铜绿微囊藻下, 大型溞均占优势, 说明铜绿微囊藻的浓度可能不是影响大型溞与萼花臂尾轮虫的竞争地位的主要因素。研究不同浓度铜绿微囊藻条件下浮游动物种间竞争关系对于理解蓝藻水华暴发的生态效应有重要意义。     

密度信号对两种臂尾轮虫种群增长的影响

为了更好的了解化学干扰对轮虫种间竞争的影响,分别用萼花臂尾轮虫(Brachionus calyciflorus)和角突臂尾轮虫(Brachionus angularis)研究了同种和异种种群密度信号对种群增长的影响。结果表明,密度信号对轮虫种群增长具有一定的影响。萼花臂尾轮虫的密度信号显著降低了本种和角突臂尾轮虫种群的环境容纳量K并提高了它们的种群增长率r(P0.05),角突臂尾轮虫的密度信号对本种和萼花臂尾轮虫的种群增长都没有显著影响(P0.05)。萼花臂尾轮虫种群增长受同种密度信号抑制十分显著,环境容纳量K降低了50%以上,可能主要受自毒作用的调节,但同种密度信号对高有性生殖的萼花臂尾轮虫种群的混交率影响不明显。角突臂尾轮虫几乎不受自身密度信号的影响。因此,在两种臂尾轮虫的竞争中,由于自身密度信号的抑制作用,萼花臂尾轮虫将更快被角突臂尾轮虫排除。据此可推测密度信号对轮虫的种间竞争具有重要影响。     

三种甲壳纲浮游动物与萼花臂尾轮虫的种间关系

为研究隆线溞(Daphnia carinata)、锯缘真剑水蚤(Eucyclops serrulatus)及中华薄壳介(Dolerocypris sinensis)3种甲壳纲动物种群与萼花臂尾轮虫(Brachionus calyciflorus)种群的相互关系,作者分别将其以不同接种密度与萼花臂尾轮虫(接种密度为350 ind/L)进行混合培养。轮虫种群密度增长率自混合培养后的第3或4天开始下降,且随着甲壳纲动物接种密度的增加轮虫种群受到的抑制作用增大。当轮虫接种密度为350 ind/L时,3种甲壳纲动物的种群变化有所不同:(1)当隆线溞起始密度低于150 ind/L时,其种群生长受到轮虫的明显抑制;而当隆线溞起始密度达到350 ind/L时,其在混合培养与单独培养下的种群变化基本一致,这表明轮虫对隆线溞种群生长无抑制作用。(2)与隆线溞不同,锯缘真剑水蚤和中华薄壳介在混合培养下的种群数量持续增长。但与锯缘真剑水蚤相比,中华薄壳介在混合培养下的种群增长速度较慢。     

球形棕囊藻对五种水生动物的急性毒性作用

利用室内半静水法研究球形棕囊藻培养液、藻细胞悬浮液、去藻细胞滤液、藻细胞内容物、藻细胞碎片以及溶血毒素粗提物对卤虫(Artemia sinica)、褶皱臂尾轮虫(Brachionus plicatilis)、蒙古裸腹潘(Moina mongolia)、赤点石斑鱼幼鱼(Epinephelus akaara)和南美白对虾(Penaeus vannamei)5种水生动物的影响,并对其致毒途径进行分析.结果表明,与对照相比,培养液、藻细胞悬浮液处理卤虫,其运动速度下降,培养液、藻细胞悬浮液与毒素粗提物处理轮虫72 h,存活率显著降低(P＜0.05),卤虫、轮虫消化道中充满藻细胞,提示摄食球形棕囊藻可能是引起卤虫、轮虫中毒的主要途径.培养液、滤液和藻细胞内容物对赤点石斑鱼幼鱼均有显著的致死作用,而藻细胞碎片和溶血毒素粗提物对幼鱼的存活无明显影响,表明球形棕囊藻细胞表面并不存在毒性物质,球形棕囊藻可能会分泌有毒物质进入水体,进而影响鱼类的生长.培养液、藻细胞悬浮液、去藻细胞滤液、毒素粗提物处理蒙古裸腹溞72 h虽有死亡,但存活率与对照无显著差异;南美白对虾的情况与蒙古裸腹溞类似,表明球形棕囊藻及相关组分对蒙古裸腹溞和对虾的影响较小.这些结果表明,球形棕囊藻对不同生物的毒害作用不同;摄食和分泌有毒、有害物是球形棕囊藻引致生物中毒的主要途径;除了溶血毒素以外,球形棕囊藻还可能产生其他鱼毒性物质.     

温度和食用藻密度对发头裸腹溞种群动态和两性生殖的影响

研究了不同温度和食用藻密度对发头裸腹溞种群动态和两性生殖的影响.结果表明： 温度、食用藻密度对发头裸腹溞的种群密度、雄体密度和卵鞍数均有显著影响.高食用藻密度组的发头裸腹溞种群密度明显高于中、低食用藻密度组,其最大种群密度出现在20 ℃下的高食用藻密度组.在相同的温度下,发头裸腹溞的首次产幼溞数随食用藻密度的降低而减少,平均每个母溞首次产出的最大幼溞数出现在25 ℃下的高食用藻密度组.高食用藻密度组发头裸腹溞产生的雄体密度明显高于中、低食用藻密度组.发头裸腹溞的雄体密度与其种群密度之间存在极显著的相关性.发头裸腹溞所产的卵鞍数随食用藻密度的下降而下降,且25 ℃下发头裸腹溞所产的卵鞍数明显高于其他温度组.与温度相比,食用藻密度对发头裸腹溞的种群动态和两性生殖的影响更大.     

共培养大型海藻对蒙古裸腹溞培养体系的生态效应

为了解大型海藻与盐水枝角类共培养的生态作用,通过大型海藻与蒙古裸腹溞共培养的方法,研究了孔石莼和肠浒苔对共培养水体水质的静态净化效果以及对该溞生殖与种群增长的影响。结果表明:孔石莼和肠浒苔对共培养水体氨氮(NH3-N)、pH和溶解氧(DO)的影响显著(P0.05)且变化规律基本一致,其中NH3-N在第12 d降到最低(0.016mg·L~(-1)),随后维持在相对稳定范围内; pH和DO随孔石莼和肠浒苔生物量的增加而升高,pH变化范围8.2～9.0,DO变化范围4.2～6.4 mg·L~(-1);共培养条件下两种大型海藻对蒙古裸腹溞生殖和种群增长的影响表现出明显差异,在孔石莼共培养体系中,蒙古裸腹溞的平均生殖量、内禀增长率rm、周限增长率λ和世代周期T随孔石莼生物量的增加呈波动升高,当生物量为2.5 g·L~(-1)时均达峰值,之后逐渐下降,平均寿命随孔石莼生物量的增加而减少;孔石莼共培养体系显著优于对照组单一蒙古裸腹溞培养效果(P0.05),而肠浒苔共培养体系与对照组相差不显著(P0.05)。研究结果证明了孔石莼对共培养体系水质和养殖动物的有利作用,即共培养一定生物量(2.5～3.5 g·L~(-1))的孔石莼不但有利于培养水体中NH3-N、DO等水质净化,还可以促进蒙古裸腹溞的生长与繁殖,为蒙古裸腹溞规模化培养工艺优化与新模式构建提供了科学依据。     

温度和食用藻密度对发头裸腹潘种群动态和两性生殖的影响

研究了不同温度和食用藻密度对发头裸腹潘种群动态和两性生殖的影响.结果表明:温度、食用藻密度对发头裸腹溞的种群密度、雄体密度和卵鞍数均有显著影响.高食用藻密度组的发头裸腹潘种群密度明显高于中、低食用藻密度组,其最大种群密度出现在20℃下的高食用藻密度组.在相同的温度下,发头裸腹溞的首次产幼溞数随食用藻密度的降低而减少,平均每个母潘首次产出的最大幼潘数出现在25℃下的高食用藻密度组.高食用藻密度组发头裸腹潘产生的雄体密度明显高于中、低食用藻密度组.发头裸腹溞的雄体密度与其种群密度之间存在极显著的相关性.发头裸腹溞所产的卵鞍数随食用藻密度的下降而下降,且25℃下发头裸腹溞所产的卵鞍数明显高于其他温度组.与温度相比,食用藻密度对发头裸腹潘的种群动态和两性生殖的影响更大.     

饵料对河蟹溞状幼体变态发育的影响

报道饵料对河蟹状幼体 ( Z1～ Z3)变态的影响。结果表明 :梅尼小环藻是 Z1的适口饵料 ,适量投喂浓度为 80万个 /ml至 1 0 0万个 /ml;投喂衣藻或小环藻与衣藻的等浓度混合饵料都不能使 Z1顺利变态为 Z2 。2 0个 /ml褶皱臂尾轮虫密度是适于 Z2 的饵料密度 ,轮虫密度低于 5个 /ml或高于 40个 /ml都对 Z2 的变态有不良影响。另外 ,投喂 60万个 /ml小环藻加 2 0个 /ml轮虫混合饵料对 Z2 变态发育更为有利 ;而用 2 0万个 /ml衣藻加 2 0个 /ml轮虫投喂 Z2 ,却使 Z2 的变态率明显降低。 30个 /ml轮虫密度是适于 Z3的饵料密度 ,轮虫密度低于 2 0个 /ml或高于 40个 /ml都会对 Z3变态产生不良影响。     

两品系萼花臂尾轮虫摄食强度的比较研究

对广州和芜湖两品系萼花臂尾轮虫的摄食强度及其与食物浓度、食物种类和培养时间之间的关系进行了比较研究.结果表明,食物浓度、食物种类和培养时间均对轮虫滤水率和摄食率有显著影响.两品系轮虫滤水率和摄食率均随培养时间的延长而减小;20 h内,两品系轮虫的总滤水率均与食物浓度呈曲线相关,而两品系轮虫总摄食率均与食物浓度呈直线相关.广州和芜湖两品系轮虫均在以小球藻为食物时有较大的滤水率,分别为0.0029±0.0001和0.0039±0.0008ml·ind.^-1·h^-1;广州品系轮虫以小球藻为食物时的摄食率(0.3992×10⁴±0.00850×⁴ cell·ind.-1·h^-1)显著地大于以栅藻为食物时的摄食率(0.170×⁴±0.0370×⁴ cell·ind.^-1·h^-1),而它们均与以混合藻为食物时的摄食率无显著差异;芜湖品系轮虫摄食率不受食物种类影响.轮虫滤水率和摄食率因食物浓度、食物种类和培养时间的不同而在品系间存在着差异.     

Food consumption by Chilo partellus (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) larvae infected with Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae and effects of feeding natural versus artificial diets on mortality and mycosis

Second and third instar Chilo partellus larvae were infected with Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae (both at 1x10(8)conidia/ml) and daily consumption of maize leaves was measured. Infection by the fungi was associated with reduced mean daily food consumption. Reduction in food consumption became evident 3-4 days after treatment with the fungi for second instar larvae and 4-5 days for third instar larvae. Four conidial concentrations, 1x10(5), 1x10(6), 1x10(7), and 1x10(8)conidia/ml, were tested against second instar larvae. Food consumption dropped by 70-85% when the second instar larvae were treated with the fungi at 1x10(8)conidia/ml. Reduction in food consumption by C. partellus larvae infected with B. bassiana and M. anisopliae may offset the slow speed of kill of the fungi. The effect of artificial versus natural diets on mortality and mycoses of second instar larvae treated with the fungi at 1x10(8)conidia/ml was determined. Larvae provided with artificial diet suffered little mortality and mycoses than larvae provided with maize leaves. The LT(50) was longer for larvae provided with artificial diet.     

塔玛亚历山大藻和东海原甲藻对褶皱臂尾轮虫种群数量的影响

通过对2002年5月东海赤潮原因种一东海原甲藻和亚历山大藻的单一藻种和两种藻混合情况下对褶皱臂尾轮虫种群数量影响的实验研究,发现塔玛亚历山大藻(ATHK)对轮虫有致死作用,其48hLC50为1300cell·ml^-1．藻的各组分毒性比较研究表明,只有藻液和藻细胞具有这种毒害作用,藻在早期生长阶段的毒害作用较强,毒性大小与藻细胞活性相关．东海原甲藻在高密度(4×10^4、5×10^4、10×10^4cell·ml^-1)时对轮虫种群数量在第5d时开始有影响;东海原甲藻在低密度(1×10^4、2×10^4、3×10^4cell·ml^-1)时,轮虫能够以其为食并进行生长繁殖．两种藻混合情况下,东海原甲藻能够减轻塔玛亚历山大藻对轮虫的毒害作用．实验结果表明,此次赤潮对东海的微型浮游动物种群能够产生一定的影响．     

Effect of N-benzoyl-D-phenylalanine and metformin on insulin receptors in neonatal streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats: studies on insulin binding to erythrocytes

In the present study, we focused on the insulin-receptor binding in circulating erythrocytes of N-benzoyl-D-phenylalanine (NBDP) and metformin in neonatal streptozotocin (nSTZ)-induced male Wistar rats. We measured blood levels of glucose and plasma insulin and the binding of insulin to cell-membrane ER receptors in NBDP and metformin-treated diabetic rats. The mean specific binding of insulin to ER was significantly lower in diabetic control rats (DC) (53.0 +/- 3.1%) than in NBDP (62.0 +/- 3.1%), metformin (66.0 +/- 3.3%) and NBDP and metformin combination-treated (72.0 +/- 4.2%) diabetic rats, resulting in a significant decrease in plasma insulin. Scatchard plot analysis demonstrated that the decrease in insulin binding was accounted for by a lower number of insulin receptor sites per cell in DC rats when compared with NBDP and metformin-treated rats. High-affinity (Kd1), low-affinity (Kd2), and kinetic analysis revealed an increase in the average receptor affinity in ER from NBDP and metformin-treated diabetic rats having NBDP 2.0 +/- 0.10 x 10(-10) M(-1) (Kd1); 12.0 +/- 0.85 x 10(-8) M(-1) (Kd2), Metformin 2.1 +/- 0.15 x 10(-10) M(-1) (Kd1); 15.0 +/- 0.80 x 10(-8) M(-1) (Kd2), NBDP and metformin 2.7 +/- 0.10 x 10(-10) M(-1) (Kd1); 20.0 +/- 1.2 x 10(-8) M(-1) (Kd2) compared with 0.9 +/- 0.06 x 10(-10) M(-1) (Kd1); 6.0 +/- 0.30 x 10(-8) M(-1) (Kd2) in DC rats. The results suggest an acute alteration in the number of insulin receptors on ER membranes in nSTZ induced diabetic control rats. Treatment with NBDP along with metformin significantly improved specific insulin binding, with receptor number and affinity binding reaching almost normal non-diabetic levels. The data presented here show that NBDP along with metformin increase total ER membrane insulin binding sites with a concomitant significant increase in plasma insulin.     

Effect of three food types on the population growth of Brachionus calyciflorus and Brachionus patulus (Rotifera: Brachionidae).

We compared the population growth of B. calyciflorus and B. patulus using the green alga Chlorella vulgaris, baker's yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae or their mixture in equal proportions as food. Food was offered once every 24 h in two concentrations (low: 1 x 10(6) and high: 3 x 10(6) cells ml-1) separately for each species. The experiments were terminated after 15 days. In general, at any food type or concentration, B. patulus reached a higher population density. A diet of Chlorella alone supported a higher population growth of both rotifer species than yeast alone. B. calyciflorus and B. patulus achieved highest population densities (103 +/- 8 ind. ml-1 and 296 +/- 20 ind. ml-1, respectively) on a diet of Chlorella at 3 x 10(6) cells ml-1. When cultured using the mixture of Chlorella and yeast, the maximal population densities of B. calyciflorus were lower than those grown on Chlorella. Under similar conditions, the maximal abundance values of B. patulus were comparable in both food types. Regardless of food type and density the rate of population increase per day (r) for B. calyciflorus varied from 0.13 +/- 0.03 to 0.63 +/- 0.04. These values for B. patulus ranged from 0.19 +/- 0.01 to 0.37 +/- 0.01. The results indicated that even though Chlorella was a superior food for the tested rotifers, yeast can be effectively used at low concentrations to supplement algal requirements in rotifer culture systems.     

Effect of different densities of live and dead Chlorella vulgaris on the population growth of rotifers Brachionus calyciflorus and Brachionus patulus (Rotifera)

In order to maintain rotifer populations during periods of low algal production, it is necessary to offer alternate diets, some of which include forms of preserved algae. The present work is based on the effect of live and dead Chlorella vulgaris on the population growth of Brachionus calyciflorus and Brachionus patulus. The experimental design consisted of three algal levels (0.5 x 10(6), 1.5 x 10(6) and 4.5 x 10(6) cells ml-1) offered in three forms (living, frozen and heat-killed). The maximal population density values for B. calyciflorus ranged from 55 +/- 1 ind. ml-1 (at 0.5 x 10(6) cells ml-1) to 471 +/- 72 ind. ml-1 (at 4.5 x 10(6) cells ml-1) with live Chlorella, but was much lower (6 +/- 1 to 26 +/- 6 ind. ml-1) with frozen or heat-killed alga under comparable food levels. However, the maximum population density of B. patulus under live or or heat-killed Chlorella was similar at comparable algal levels but when offered frozen algae it was four times less. The highest mean peak population density was 1,277 +/- 83 ind. ml-1 under 4.5 x 10(6) cells ml-1. The rate of population increase for B. calyciflorus varied from 0.50 to 0.79 using live Chlorella, but under comparable conditions, this range was lower (0.21 to 0.31) for B. patulus. Results have been discussed in light of possible application for aquaculture.     

Effect of juvenile hormone and serotonin (5-HT) on mixis induction of the rotifer Brachionus plicatilis Muller

Juvenile hormone (JH) and serotonin (5-HT) were previously shown to enhance mictic (sexual) female production of the rotifer Brachionus plicatilis in batch cultures. To explore the basis of these effects, experiments were conducted on isolated individuals. JH treatment of maternal rotifers with 5 and 50 μgml(-1) (18.8 and 187.7 μM) resulted in significantly higher (P<0.05) mictic female production in the second (F(2)) and third (F(3)) generations. JH treatment was effective even at a lower food concentration of 7x10(5) cellsml(-1), but it was not effective when free ammonia was added at 2.4 and 3.1 μgml(-1). Mictic female production was not increased with exposure to 5-HT up to 50 μgml(-1) (129.1 μM) concentrations. When food level was reduced to 7x10(5) cellsml(-1), however, 5-HT-treated rotifers produced significantly (P<0.05) more mictic females than the control, particularly in F(3) generation. Mictic female production of 5-HT-treated rotifers did not differ from that of the control with or without free ammonia, but the intrinsic rate of natural increase (r) of 5-HT-treated rotifers at 3.1 μgml(-1) free ammonia was significantly higher than the control. These results show that juvenile hormone increases mictic female production under optimum and sub-optimum food levels, whereas 5-HT increases both mictic female production at low food level and population growth rate at high free ammonia concentrations. These compounds could be used to manage rotifer cultures and probe the mechanisms controlling the rotifer life cycle as it switches to mictic reproduction.