基于重采样技术的肌电信号动作电位传导速度估计研究

目的:本文针对表面肌电(sEMG)信号探讨动作电位传导速度(APCV)估计问题。方法:以生理学仿真sEMG信号为基础,采用基于互相关分析的时延估计技术来获取相应的APCV估计值,并利用重采样技术来提高估计的精度。结果:实验表明,针对重采样后的仿真信号,其APCV的估计误差得到了明显降低。结论:所采用方法能够有效获取满意的APCV估计效果。     

表面肌电信号采集与降噪处理

目的：本文以设计的表面~g（sEMG）信号采集系统为基础,探讨sEMG信号中的降噪处理问题。方法：结合sEMG信号的噪声影响情况,首先利用带通滤波器消除肌电信号频带外噪声,再通过频谱插值法来抑制工频干扰分量,最后使用小波分析方法来削弱肌电信号频带内噪声。结果：通过对检测sEMG信号的降噪处理,信号噪声得到明显抑制。结论：所设计采集系统能够获得满意的sEMG信号检测效果,所采用降噪方法能够有效提高sEMG信号的质量。     

基于小波特征分析的手指动作识别研究

目的：本文利用表面肌电（sEMG）信号来研究多种手指组合动作的识别问题。方法：在对采集的四个通道sEMG信号进行降噪预处理的基础上,采用移动加窗处理方法来提取关于手指运动状态的信号活动段,再分析各个信号活动段的小波系数统计特征,进而利用多类支持向量机（SVM分类算法来实现手指组合动作的识别。结果：动作识别率最高达到100％。结论：所采用方法能够有效地识别多种手势动作,并为后续基于肌电信号的实时人机接口系统的研究奠定了理论基础。     

自适应干扰对消技术提取胎儿心电的可视化仿真实现

目的：用可视化编程技术实现胎儿心电信号提取和分析。方法：获取受试者仰卧位的腹部平行放置的两对电极的二道心电信号;在Windows系统下,用Delphi嵌入汇编技术实现对模/数采样卡的低层I/O操作;用自适应干扰对消技术提取胎儿心电信号。结果和结论：计算机仿真结果表明,该方法的能获取较清晰的胎儿心电信号。讨论：①基于Windows开发的系统具有较好的交互性和移植性,②获得胎儿心电后可用我们巳开发的成熟技术实现对胎儿心动周期信号的混沌特征分析,以估计胎儿自主神经系统功能。     

表面肌电信号采集与降噪处理

目的:本文以设计的表面肌电(sEMG)信号采集系统为基础,探讨sEMG信号中的降噪处理问题。方法:结合sEMG信号的噪声影响情况,首先利用带通滤波器消除肌电信号频带外噪声,再通过频谱插值法来抑制工频干扰分量,最后使用小波分析方法来削弱肌电信号频带内噪声。结果:通过对检测sEMG信号的降噪处理,信号噪声得到明显抑制。结论:所设计采集系统能够获得满意的sEMG信号检测效果,所采用降噪方法能够有效提高sEMG信号的质量。     

WIN98环境下肌电图信号高速采样的实现

本文介绍了在WIN环境下利用微软的设备驱动程序开发包（DDK）开发硬件定时中断处理的虚拟设备驱动程序（VxD）来实现肌电图信号高速采样的方法。VxD和WINDOWS应用程序之间的通讯采用内存共享技术。VxD在后台高速采样,应用程序在前抬分析采集信号,从而实现肌电图信号的触发扫描方式的采集。     

基于小波特征分析的手指动作识别研究

目的:本文利用表面肌电(sEMG)信号来研究多种手指组合动作的识别问题。方法:在对采集的四个通道sEMG信号进行降噪预处理的基础上,采用移动加窗处理方法来提取关于手指运动状态的信号活动段,再分析各个信号活动段的小波系数统计特征,进而利用多类支持向量机(SVM)分类算法来实现手指组合动作的识别。结果:动作识别率最高达到100%。结论:所采用方法能够有效地识别多种手势动作,并为后续基于肌电信号的实时人机接口系统的研究奠定了理论基础。     

等长收缩诱发肌肉疲劳及恢复过程中表面肌电信号特征变化规律

运用线性和非线性分析方法分析不同强度等长收缩诱发局部肌肉疲劳及恢复过程中表面肌电信号（surface electromyogram,sEMG）特征的变化规律,探讨影响sEMG信号变化的可能原因和机制.结果显示,在肱二头肌疲劳收缩过程中,sEMG的特征指标平均肌电值（average EMG,AEMG）、平均功率频率（mean power frequency,MPF）、Lempel-Ziv复杂度（Lempel-Ziv complexity,C（n））和确定性线段百分数（Determinism%,% DET）的变化具有良好的规律性.恢复期AEMG没有表现出规律性的变化,MPF、C（n）和?T在恢复期2秒即开始显著恢复,在前10秒恢复很快,随后恢复速度变慢.恢复初期sEMG信号特征的快速变化提示中枢控制因素可能发挥更大作用.     

连续递增负荷条件下肌肉活动的力-电关系

目的：观察非疲劳状态下肱二头肌在静态连续递增负荷下sEMG信号的线性和非线性指标变化规律,探讨非疲劳状态下肌肉活动的力-电关系。方法：记录11名男性受试者肱二头肌在完成为时5s连续递增负荷等长收缩过程中的sEMG信号,观察线性分析指标AEMG、MPF、MF与非线性分析指标C（N）和DET%的变化规律。结果：AEMG由第1s的112.14μV逐渐上升到第5s的1277.18μV,与负荷水平呈明显线性相关;DET%从第1s的74.95下降到第5s的46.78,呈单调递减变化;MPF、MF和C（N）在本试验条件下未发生明显改变。结论：在连续递增收缩过程中,线性分析指标AEMG呈线性递增性变化,而MPF和MF无显著改变;非线性分析指标DET%随用力程度的连续递增而递减,而C（N）则保持相对稳定。     

稳恒流下腹主动脉旁瘤超声多普勒血流信号的仿真分析

腹主动脉旁瘤超声多普勒血流信号的仿真研究,可以为采用超声多普勒技术检测腹主动脉旁瘤的形成、生长过程和估计动脉旁瘤瘤体大小提供指导。先通过有限元数值计算方法得到稳恒流下腹主动脉旁瘤区域内的血液流场分布,然后采用余弦叠加的合成方法仿真出相应的超声多普勒血流信号,最后对仿真信号进行频谱分析,计算其平均频率,并研究它与腹主动脉旁瘤瘤体大小的关系。结果表明：当动脉旁瘤较小时,平均频率的幅度变化较小;当动脉旁瘤较大时,平均频率的幅度变化较大。因此,采用平均频率的幅度变化可以在一定程度上估计动脉旁瘤的瘤体大小。     

乙型肝炎病毒蛋白和绿色荧光蛋白的共表达研究

目的：构建增强型绿色荧光蛋白（EGFP）标记的乙型肝炎病毒（HBV）真核表达载体,并研究其在真核细胞和小鼠体内的共表达。方法：以质粒pBR322-HBVadr2．0和pCX-EGFP为基础,构建含有双拷贝HBV全基因组DNA和EGFP基因的真核表达载体pCX-EGFP-HBVadr2．0,分别转染真核细胞和小鼠肝组织,建立体外、体内表达系统,研究GFP和HBV基因的表达。结果：构建了真核表达载体pCX-EGFP-HBVadr2．0,EGFP和HBV病毒蛋白在体内和体外均可表达。结论：构建的pCX-EGFP-HBVadr2．0真核表达载体可以GFP作为HBV存在与否的报告基因,提高了培育检测转基因小鼠的效率,为转基因小鼠的制备及后续研究奠定了基础。     

Using Re-Sampling Methods in Mortality Studies

Traditional methods of computing standardized mortality ratios (SMR) in mortality studies rely upon a number of conventional statistical propositions to estimate confidence intervals for obtained values. Those propositions include a common but arbitrary choice of the confidence level and the assumption that observed number of deaths in the test sample is a purely random quantity. The latter assumption may not be fully justified for a series of periodic “overlapping” studies. We propose a new approach to evaluating the SMR, along with its confidence interval, based on a simple re-sampling technique. The proposed method is most straightforward and requires neither the use of above assumptions nor any rigorous technique, employed by modern re-sampling theory, for selection of a sample set. Instead, we include all possible samples that correspond to the specified time window of the study in the re-sampling analysis. As a result, directly obtained confidence intervals for repeated overlapping studies may be tighter than those yielded by conventional methods. The proposed method is illustrated by evaluating mortality due to a hypothetical risk factor in a life insurance cohort. With this method used, the SMR values can be forecast more precisely than when using the traditional approach. As a result, the appropriate risk assessment would have smaller uncertainties.     

In situ analysis of cross-hybridisation on microarrays and the inference of expression correlation

Background

When conducting multiple hypothesis tests, it is important to control the number of false positives, or the False Discovery Rate (FDR). However, there is a tradeoff between controlling FDR and maximizing power. Several methods have been proposed, such as the q-value method, to estimate the proportion of true null hypothesis among the tested hypotheses, and use this estimation in the control of FDR. These methods usually depend on the assumption that the test statistics are independent (or only weakly correlated). However, many types of data, for example microarray data, often contain large scale correlation structures. Our objective was to develop methods to control the FDR while maintaining a greater level of power in highly correlated datasets by improving the estimation of the proportion of null hypotheses.

Results

We showed that when strong correlation exists among the data, which is common in microarray datasets, the estimation of the proportion of null hypotheses could be highly variable resulting in a high level of variation in the FDR. Therefore, we developed a re-sampling strategy to reduce the variation by breaking the correlations between gene expression values, then using a conservative strategy of selecting the upper quartile of the re-sampling estimations to obtain a strong control of FDR.

Conclusion

With simulation studies and perturbations on actual microarray datasets, our method, compared to competing methods such as q-value, generated slightly biased estimates on the proportion of null hypotheses but with lower mean square errors. When selecting genes with controlling the same FDR level, our methods have on average a significantly lower false discovery rate in exchange for a minor reduction in the power.     

Two‐stage orthogonality based estimation for semiparametric varying‐coefficient models and its applications in analyzing AIDS data

Semiparametric smoothing methods are usually used to model longitudinal data, and the interest is to improve efficiency for regression coefficients. This paper is concerned with the estimation in semiparametric varying‐coefficient models (SVCMs) for longitudinal data. By the orthogonal projection method, local linear technique, quasi‐score estimation, and quasi‐maximum likelihood estimation, we propose a two‐stage orthogonality‐based method to estimate parameter vector, coefficient function vector, and covariance function. The developed procedures can be implemented separately and the resulting estimators do not affect each other. Under some mild conditions, asymptotic properties of the resulting estimators are established explicitly. In particular, the asymptotic behavior of the estimator of coefficient function vector at the boundaries is examined. Further, the finite sample performance of the proposed procedures is assessed by Monte Carlo simulation experiments. Finally, the proposed methodology is illustrated with an analysis of an acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) dataset.     

抗人B7-H1单克隆抗体的制备和鉴定

目的:采用杂交瘤技术制备抗人B7-H1单克隆抗体,并对其进行鉴定。方法:经抗原免疫的小鼠脾细胞与小鼠骨髓瘤细胞以常规方法融合;用间接ELISA法筛选分泌抗体的杂交瘤细胞株;阳性克隆用有限稀释法获得稳定分泌抗人B7-H1单克隆抗体的杂交瘤细胞株;扩增杂交瘤细胞注射进小鼠腹腔后制备腹水;纯化腹水中的单克隆抗体并对其亚型进行鉴定;用间接ELISA法测抗体效价;将肺癌组织制成石蜡切片,用抗人B7-H1抗体进行免疫组化染色。结果:获得1株稳定分泌抗人B7-H1单克隆抗体的杂交瘤细胞株,所分泌的单抗类型为IgG1;抗体效价为1×108,纯化后的抗体含量为6.76g/L;免疫组化实验中,单抗可与肺癌组织表面的B7-H1蛋白特异地结合。结论:制备了人B7-H1单克隆抗体,为B7-H1检测试剂盒的研制奠定了基础。     

乳化溶剂挥发法制备纳米粒

目的：建立乳化溶剂挥发法制备纳米粒的方法。方法：采用单因素法和正交设计法考察不同影响因素对乳化溶剂挥发法所制得的纳米粒粒径、包封率和载药量的影响。结果：采用乳化溶剂挥发法,通过改变处方和工艺因素所制得的纳米粒,外观圆整,大小均匀,粒径可控,包封率多数可达50%以上。结论：优化确立了乳化溶剂挥发法制备纳米粒的处方和工艺,可以制备满足不同要求的纳米粒。     

MDCK单克隆细胞库的建立及检定

目的:建立甲型H1N1流感病毒疫苗株高适应MDCK单克隆细胞库,用于培养生产流感病毒疫苗,为细胞代替鸡胚制备流感病毒疫苗提供保证。方法:用有限稀释法将MDCK细胞进行单克隆化,通过血凝和TCID50筛选甲型H1N1流感病毒疫苗株的高适应性单克隆化细胞株,扩大培养建立细胞库并进行检定。结果:共制备了97株单克隆化MDCK细胞,筛选到甲型H1N1流感病毒疫苗株高适应性MDCK单克隆细胞株,扩大培养建立了细胞库,经检定符合《中华人民共和国药典.三部》(2010版)对细胞库的要求。结论:建立了甲型H1N1流感病毒疫苗株高适应性MDCK单克隆细胞库,为细胞培养生产流感病毒疫苗奠定了基础。     

人源Cdc25C蛋白的融合表达及纯化

目的:表达并纯化有活性的GST-Cdc25C融合蛋白,以用于Cdc25C功能研究。方法:利用RT-PCR克隆MCF-7细胞的cdc25c全长基因;在大肠杆菌中表达GST-Cdc25C融合蛋白;利用GSH交联的琼脂糖珠纯化GST-Cdc25C融合蛋白;通过体外磷酸酶活性分析检测GST-Cdc25C融合蛋白的磷酸酶活性。结果:克隆获得1465 bp的人源cdc25c全长基因,并克隆至pGEX-4T-1原核表达载体;在原核系统中可溶性表达了相对分子质量约87×103的GST-Cdc25C融合蛋白;通过亲和纯化获得的GST-Cdc25C融合蛋白具有较好的磷酸酶活性。结论:得到了有磷酸酶活性的GST-Cdc25C融合蛋白,可用于后续的Cdc25C功能研究。