新城疫病毒抗肿瘤效应机制的研究现状

溶瘤病毒疗法是一种重要的抗癌手段。经研究,新城疫病毒(Newcastlediseasevirus,NDV)是一种非常有效的溶瘤病毒(oncolyticvirus,OV),它能选择性杀伤肿瘤细胞,对正常细胞几乎无影响。本文从NDV诱导肿瘤细胞发生凋亡、自噬、抑制细胞代谢、刺激机体免疫反应和诱导肿瘤细胞发生核糖体应激反应等方面综述了新城疫病毒的抗肿瘤效应机制,并着重探讨了NDV通过诱导核糖体压力应激反应调控肿瘤细胞翻译系统并诱导细胞发生凋亡的具体机制,旨在为今后NDV抗肿瘤作用的深入研究及靶向治疗癌症提供更加扎实丰富的理论基础。     

新城疫病毒抗肿瘤研究进展

新城疫病毒(Newcastle disease virus,NDV)为副黏病毒科,禽腮腺炎病毒属(Avulavirus)的禽副黏病毒Ⅰ型(APMV-Ⅰ),可对250多种禽类造成致死性感染,给世界范围内的家禽养殖造成了巨大损失。目前,研究发现NDV对人肿瘤细胞具有溶瘤作用,能够选择性地在癌细胞中复制。并且一些研究已经进行了人体临床试验,取得了良好的效果。因此,新城疫病毒是肿瘤治疗的潜在治疗剂。文中就NDV结构蛋白与毒力的关系、NDV直接溶瘤作用、NDV为载体的肿瘤基因治疗、NDV抗肿瘤与自噬等进行了综述。     

猪源新城疫病毒JL01株分离鉴定及F基因遗传进化分析

2000年,在吉林省某猪场发生具有较高发病率和死亡率的急性传染病,发病率达到40%～50%,病死率15%,取其脾、肺、肾等组织进行电镜观察,可见副粘病毒样颗粒,表明其病原可能为某种猪源副粘病毒,命名为JL01株。在对该病毒的的血凝、血凝抑制等生物学特性进行鉴定后,初步确定该种猪副粘病毒为猪源新城疫病毒。病毒回归试验表明,纯化的病毒对猪仍有较强的致死性,并可从死亡猪体内分离到新城疫病毒。该病毒对鸡胚平均致死时间(MDT)、脑内致病指数(ICPI)和半数致死量(EID50)分别为55.2h、1.60和10-7.5/0.1 mL,表明该毒株属于新城疫病毒强毒株。在此基础上,采用RT-PCR方法克隆了猪源新城疫病毒F基因,与其他10株NDV毒株进行序列比较分析,结果表明,JL01株与B1、LaSota、Clone30等经典的新城疫病毒弱毒株同源性较高(91.5%～98.5%),与ZJ1、Mukteswar等强毒株的同源性较低。F基因氨基酸裂解位点的序列为112G-K-Q-G-R-L117,与弱毒株序列完全相同。基因分型结果表明JL01株属于基因Ⅰ型。因此,本研究所分离到感染猪的新城疫病毒属于基因变异的新城疫病毒弱毒株...     

新城疫病毒包膜糖蛋白的结构与功能

新城疫是一种禽类传染病,可对养禽业带来严重的经济损失。其病原新城疫病毒具有包膜,基因组是单股、负链、不分节段的RNA,具有溶瘤活性,编码NP、P、M、F、HN和L六种结构蛋白,其中位于病毒包膜上的融合蛋白(F)和血凝素-神经氨酸酶(HN)两种糖蛋白对NDV的人侵及毒力有着重要的作用。本文首先总结了两种包膜糖蛋白结构与功能的基本情况,在此基础上,整合了近年来国内外的研究,发现一些矛盾点,并且将HN蛋白的其他功能进行概述,为NDV包膜糖蛋白的研究提供了新的视角。     

应用新城疫病毒治疗肿瘤的研究进展

新城疫病毒可以特异地杀伤肿瘤细胞,而对正常细胞没有伤害,目前在临床实验中认为是安全、有效的溶瘤试剂。随着近年来反向遗传操作技术的日趋成熟,该技术开始应用到新城疫病毒溶瘤效果的优化方面,通过改造新城疫病毒的F基因,及表达重组粒细胞巨噬细胞集落刺激因子,干扰素-γ,白细胞介素-2和肿瘤坏死因子-α等肿瘤杀伤因子,使该病毒具备更加优越的肿瘤杀伤能力,成为肿瘤治疗领域一个新兴的亮点,为癌症的临床治疗提供了崭新的前景。以下将简要介绍应用反向遗传操作技术重组新城疫病毒优化肿瘤治疗效果的研究进展,以及本实验室在相关领域的研究情况。     

利用反向遗传操作技术产生ZJI株鹅源新城疫病毒

利用反向遗传操作技术,将ZJI株鹅源新城疫病毒全基因组cNDA克隆(NDV3GM122)和含该毒株NP、P及L基因的3个表达载体(pCI-NP、pCI-P与pCI-L)共转染BSR-T7/5细胞;同时,将NDV3GM122与含新城疫病毒La Sota毒株NP、P及L基因的3个表达载体(pCIneoNP、pCIneoP与pCIneoL)进行共转染。通过间接免疫荧光实验(Indiectimmunofluorescence assay,IFA)以及接种鸡胚后进行血凝(Hemagglutinin,HA)与血凝抑制(Hemagglutinininhibition,HI)试验、RT-PCR扩增和电镜观察,结果均证实全基因组cDNA克隆NDV3GM122与La Sota毒株表达载体共转染组产生了有血凝性的鹅源新城疫病毒,而NDV3GM122与ZJI株表达载体共转染组暂未检测到有血凝性的病毒。ZJI株鹅源新城疫病毒的拯救成功为对该病毒进行功能基因组研究和疫苗的研制等后续工作打下了基础。     

普通鸬鹚鸟卵溶菌酶与巢密度及卵顺序和新城疫病毒母源抗体关系

亲鸟可通过母体作用向鸟卵传递不同的免疫物质,用于免疫防御,对提高子代生存率至关重要。本研究在青海湖鸬鹚岛共采集60枚普通鸬鹚(Palacrocorax carbo)鸟卵,并同时记录巢密度和卵顺序,通过血凝抑制试验和溶解实验分别测定鸟卵溶菌酶浓度和新城疫病毒(Newcastle disease virus,NDV)母源抗体效价。对鸟卵溶菌酶浓度与巢密度进行Pearson相关分析,利用单因素方差(One way ANOVA)分析鸟卵溶菌酶浓度与卵顺序关系,利用t检验分析新城疫病毒阳性鸟卵与阴性鸟卵溶菌酶浓度差异性,对新城疫病毒阳性鸟卵抗体效价与溶菌酶浓度进行Spearman相关分析。(1)不同窝的鸟卵溶菌酶浓度与巢密度呈正相关性(r=0.886,P0.000 1);(2)同一窝内鸟卵溶菌酶浓度随着卵顺序的增加而增加(F=3.95,P0.05),且新城疫病毒阳性鸟卵的溶菌酶量高于阴性鸟卵(t=4.08,df=58,P0.001);(3)在新城疫病毒阳性鸟卵中,其新城疫病毒抗体效价与溶菌酶含量呈负相关关系(r=﹣0.840,P0.001)。上述结果表明,亲鸟会根据繁殖密度和卵顺序来调节向鸟卵分配的溶菌酶,同时会调节向鸟卵中传递抗新城疫病毒母源抗体和溶菌酶浓度,从而使免疫防御作用最大化。     

新城疫病毒的遗传进化

新城疫病毒属于副黏病毒科禽腮腺炎病毒属(Avulavirus),病毒的基因组为单股、负链、不分节段的RNA,因此,病毒基因组自身变异的频率较高,是新城疫病毒进化的主要因素。同时,新城疫病毒的多宿主特性和疫苗的频繁使用等因素对病毒的进化也起到了促进作用。病毒在进化过程中出现了多个基因型和基因亚型,并导致了病毒宿主感染范围的扩大、毒力的多样性和抗原性的变异。     

新城疫病毒M蛋白在病毒毒力和复制中的作用研究进展

M蛋白是新城疫病毒(Newcastle disease virus,NDV)基因组编码的一种非糖基化膜相关蛋白,主要位于病毒囊膜内表面,构成病毒囊膜与核衣壳连接的支架。研究表明,M蛋白是一种细胞核-细胞质穿梭蛋白,在抑制细胞基因转录和蛋白质合成以及协助病毒粒子组装和出芽方面发挥了重要作用。目前,国内外对NDV毒力和复制的关系研究主要集中在病毒的F、HN和V蛋白以及RNP复合体,但是近年来研究人员利用反向遗传操作技术研究发现M蛋白与NDV毒力和复制也存在一定的联系。因此,本文主要对NDV M蛋白的结构特征、M蛋白对NDV毒力和复制的影响及其作用机制进行综述,以期为NDV M蛋白的功能研究提供新的理论参考。     

新城疫病毒囊膜糖蛋白七肽重复区的融合作用

在新城疫病毒（Newcastle diseasevirus,NDV）膜融合的过程中融合糖蛋白（Fusion protein,F）的两段七肽重复区（Heptad repeat,HR）发挥着重要作用。这两段七肽重复区能够形成反相平行的六螺旋束结构,这被认为是融合蛋白融合后构象的核心结构。对融合作用的深入系统研究将有助于膜融合病毒的防控。     

TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand mediates tumoricidal activity of human monocytes stimulated by Newcastle disease virus

The Newcastle disease virus (NDV) has antineoplastic and immunostimulatory properties, and it is currently clinically tested in anticancer therapy. However, the tumoricidal mechanisms of NDV tumor therapy are not fully understood. The results presented here demonstrate that NDV-stimulated human monocytes (Mphi) kill various human tumor cell lines and that this tumoricidal activity is mediated by TRAIL. In contrast to soluble TRAIL-R2-Fc, soluble CD95-Fc and TNF-R2-Fc showed only minimal blocking of the antitumor effect. TRAIL expression is induced on human Mphi after stimulation with NDV and UV-inactivated NDV. These results show that TRAIL induction on human Mphi after NDV stimulation is independent from viral replication and that TRAIL mediates the tumoricidal activity of NDV-stimulated human Mphi.     

新城疫病毒7793 HN蛋白在昆虫SF9细胞中的表达研究

本实验对新城疫病毒(newcastle disease virus,NDV) 7793 HN蛋白在杆状病毒表达系统中表达进行研究。提取病毒RNA并将其逆转录成cDNA,经PCR同义点突变在HN基因片段中加入NcoⅠ/XhoⅠ酶切位点,通过该酶切位点将HN基因克隆至穿梭载体p FastBac1质粒以构建重组质粒pFastBac1HTB-HN,然后用脂质体转染pFastBac1HTB-HN杆粒至昆虫SF9细胞。28℃无菌培养含pFastBac1HTB-HN杆粒的SF9细胞48 h,收集细胞培养上清液中的第一代病毒,感染SF9细胞,置28℃无菌培养60 h,收集细胞培养上清液,离心去除细胞碎片,取上清液中的第二代病毒,继续感染SF9细胞,置28℃无菌培养72 h,收集SF9细胞,用SDSPAGE和Western blotting验证HN蛋白的表达。SDS-PAGE和Western blotting均显示HN杆粒感染的SF9细胞成功表达了HN蛋白。本研究结果为进一步研究NDV7793-HN蛋白的抗肿瘤作用提供可靠试验依据。     

Oncolytic Newcastle disease virus for cancer therapy: old challenges and new directions

Newcastle disease virus (NDV) is an avian paramyxovirus, which has been demonstrated to possess significant oncolytic activity against mammalian cancers. This review summarizes the research leading to the elucidation of the mechanisms of NDV-mediated oncolysis, as well as the development of novel oncolytic agents through the use of genetic engineering. Clinical trials utilizing NDV strains and NDV-based autologous tumor cell vaccines will expand our knowledge of these novel anticancer strategies and will ultimately result in the successful use of the virus in the clinical setting.     

Antitumor immunity enhancement through Newcastle viral oncolysate in mice model: A promising method to treat tumors

A Newcastle disease virus (NDV) oncolysate has been established as a unique and effective immune-stimulatory root for tumor treatment. Thus, the aim of the current study was to investigate the effects of intratumoral administration of NDV oncolysate on immune response and tumor regression of C57BL/6 mouse model of human papillomavirus (HPV) related transplanted with TC-1 syngeneic cancer cells. To further investigate the mechanism underlying the antitumor response, cytolytic and lymphocyte proliferation responses in splenocytes were measured using lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release and MTT assays, respectively. In this regard, levels of IL-10, IFN-γ, and IL-4 were measured using ELISA after re-stimulation. The immune responses efficacy was evaluated by in vivo tumor regression assay. The results showed that immunization with the different titers of NDV lysate significantly reduced tumor volume in comparison with a combination of virus lysate and tumor cell lysate. Also, virus lysate could significantly enhance cytotoxic T lymphocyte production and lymphocyte proliferation rates versus tumor cell lysate. Also, our major findings are that the peritumorally injection of NDV oncolysate effectively induces antitumor immune responses through increased levels of IL-4, IFN-γ, and reduction of IL-10. These results indicate that this treatment is a specific, active immune mechanism stimulator, and may prove to be a useful therapeutic for a treatment against cervical cancers and merits further investigation.     

Newcastle disease vaccines

Newcastle disease (ND) is a worldwide problem with severe economic implications, affecting chickens, turkeys and other birds. Newcastle disease virus (NDV), a member of the Paramyxoviridae group can cause disease of diverse severity in accordance with environmental factors. NDV strains are classified according to their virulence into three categories. The lentogenic strains are very mild and naturally inhabit healthy flocks. They can be used as live vaccines even for young chicks. Killed vaccines can be produced from the same viruses following inactivation. Mesogenic ND viruses, which cause mild or inapparent respiratory infections, have recently been banned in many countries even for killed vaccine production due to fears of disease emergence. Velogenic strains are the causative agents of the disease and can be used for the purpose of vaccine challenge test. Production and use of Newcastle disease vaccines are discussed in this review.     

新城疫壳聚糖微球疫苗免疫效果的研究

鸡新城疫是由新城疫病毒引起的鸡的一种急性、烈性、高度接触性传染病,是危害养禽业的最严重疫病之一。控制新城疫最根本的措施是进行有效的疫苗接种,目前常用的疫苗是弱毒活疫苗和灭活疫苗,但二者在实际应用中均存在一定的局限性。口服微球疫苗可以诱导较强的粘膜免疫;同时还能够诱导产生系统的体液免疫和细胞免疫,已成为ND疫苗研究的热点。以壳聚糖为囊材,新城疫La Sota抗原液为芯材,戊二醛为交联剂,制备出新城疫壳聚糖微球疫苗,通过了实验室安全检验和效力检验。将新城疫壳聚糖微球疫苗与LaSota活疫苗和新城疫油乳剂灭活苗分别免疫SPF鸡,利用MTT、血凝抑制法(HI)和ELISA等分别检测不同疫苗免疫后的细胞免疫、体液免疫和粘膜免疫抗体IgA,并在当免疫鸡HI抗体降到23的情况下进行了攻毒试验。结果表明,新城疫壳聚糖微球疫苗安全性好,免疫后可刺激机体产生较强的细胞免疫、体液免疫和局粘膜免疫,具有较好的保护作用。     

Incorporation of Host Complement Regulatory Proteins into Newcastle Disease Virus Enhances Complement Evasion

Newcastle disease virus (NDV), an avian paramyxovirus, is inherently tumor selective and is currently being considered as a clinical oncolytic virus and vaccine vector. In this study, we analyzed the effect of complement on the neutralization of NDV purified from embryonated chicken eggs, a common source for virus production. Fresh normal human serum (NHS) neutralized NDV by multiple pathways of complement activation, independent of neutralizing antibodies. Neutralization was associated with C3 deposition and the activation of C2, C3, C4, and C5 components. Interestingly, NDV grown in mammalian cell lines was resistant to complement neutralization by NHS. To confirm whether the incorporation of regulators of complement activity (RCA) into the viral envelope afforded complement resistance, we grew NDV in CHO cells stably transfected with CD46 or HeLa cells, which strongly express CD46 and CD55. NDV grown in RCA-expressing cells was resistant to complement by incorporating CD46 and CD55 on virions. Mammalian CD46 and CD55 molecules on virions exhibited homologous restriction, since chicken sera devoid of neutralizing antibodies to NDV were able to effectively neutralize these virions. The incorporation of chicken RCA into NDV produced in embryonated eggs similarly provided species specificity toward chicken sera.     

新城疫液相芯片快速检测方法的建立

目的：建立可检测新城疫病毒（Newcastle disease virus,NDV）的液相芯片快速检测技术。方法：用DNAStar软件对GEN-BANK中NDV的NP基因进行序列分析设计NDV特异性探针并标记生物素,利用该探针与荧光编码微球偶联后与抽提的NDV病毒RNA的RT-PCR产物杂交反应,用液相芯片检测仪（Liquichip 200）检测荧光信号建立了NDV快速液相芯片检测方法。结果：检测结果显示,该法具有较好的特异性,不与H5AIV和H9AIV反应;检测灵敏度达到150个EID50;该法与鸡胚病毒分离法检出NDV的符合率达到97.1%。结论：初步建立了检测NDV的液相芯片技术,为进一步搭建NDV全新快速高通量检测平台奠定了基础,也为其他同类病毒的快速高通量检测提供了借鉴和经验。