昆明西山林下表土中花粉与植被间数量关系的初步研究

本文通过对西山林下5块表土分析,初步研究了主要植物花粉的百分含量与其相应植物覆盖率之间的数量关系,并用 R 值表示。按照 R 值的大小,划分为两组:R>1属于超代表性,包括有松、桤木、青冈、蒿和部分蕨类;R<1属于低代表性,包括有油杉、含笑。本文运用 R 值之比值方法计算出油杉属:青冈属:栲属:松属:桤木属=1:21:5:25:30,为今后西山地区林下地质剖面计算化石花粉百分含量提供校正的依据,以期获得恢复地质时期较真实的植被。     

青藏高原南部米拉山东、西坡表土花粉与现代植被关系研究

本文通过分析西藏米拉山东、西坡不同植被类型23个表土花粉样品,结合现代植被样方调查资料,探讨了米拉山地区表土花粉组合与现代植被的关系。结果显示,米拉山地区的表土花粉组合特征基本上能够反映出现代植被类型特征,但是在科属类别,组成方面又存在一定的差异性。同时,米拉山地区主要花粉类型代表性R值分析结果表明,灌木植物花粉杜鹃属具有低代表性,草本植物花粉蒿属、禾本科具有超代表性,而莎草科与蓼属则具有低代表性,这为本地区及相似地区古气候重建提供了基础和验证资料。     

中俄黑龙江—阿穆尔跨境地区寒温带表土孢粉研究

文中对黑龙江北部-俄罗斯阿穆尔地区进行了表土孢粉分析,采样点共40个,样点的地理分布覆盖了5种主要的植被类型,分别是落叶针叶林、常绿针叶林、针阔混交林、落叶阔叶林、湿地沼泽。每个样点同时在野外进行了植被类型描述和覆盖度统计。结果表明,该地区寒温带植被的表土花粉组成中,占优势的木本花粉主要有针叶类的Pinus,Larix,Picea和Abies;阔叶类的主要为Betula,Quercus等;草本以Cyperaceae和Artemisia为主,这些组分与植被中的建群植物类型基本一致。花粉的植被代表性R值结果表明,桦木属具有超代表性,松属花粉代表性中等,落叶松和云杉属为低代表性,栎属、槭树属等的代表性与植被覆盖度相近。花粉的联合指数揭示了柏科、柳属、禾本科、落叶松属等指数较高,而松属、蒿属、栎属、桦木属等联合指数中等。通过降趋对应分析将花粉组合分为三组:1)松属、冷杉、云杉、落叶松、柏科;2)鹅耳枥、桤木属、桦木属、栎属;3)菊科、莎草科、蒿属、禾本科,分别代表了针叶林、落叶阔叶林和湿地沼泽等植被类型,说明花粉组合在植被类型上具有一定的指示意义。乔木花粉的气候因子分析表明,一月最低气温值与乔木花粉关系最密切。     

不同放牧强度下高寒灌丛群落特征和演替规律的数量研究

本文应用多样性指数、聚类分析等数学方法,研究了不同放牧强度下高寒灌丛群落特征的变化,用主分量分析方法,研究了不同放牧强度下高寒灌丛的演替规律。多样性分析结果表明,植物多样性指数在放牧强度为C组的草场达到最大。聚类分析结果,当相关系数R≥0.90 时,以重要值为特征的植物聚合为10类,它们分别属于植物群落不同演替阶段的建群种、优势种和伴生种。主分量分析表明,5个不同放牧强度的高寒灌丛群落聚合为3类,A和B组草场属于以灌木和杂类草为优势植物的2层结构的植物群落,C组草场属于以灌木为建群植物、杂类草和耐牧的莎草为共优势植物的2层结构的植物群落,D和E组草场属于以灌木为建群植物、禾草和莎草为共优势植物的3层结构的植物群落。     

萝芙木异胡豆苷合成酶基因的克隆与分析

以萝芙木叶片为材料,应用RT-PCR方法首次克隆了萝芙木萜类吲哚生物碱(terpeno id indo le a lka lo ids,T IA s)生物合成途径中重要的限速酶——异胡豆苷合成酶(strictos id ine syn thase,STR)基因(G enB ank登录号DQ 0170054)并进行了生物信息学分析,以pCAM B IA 1304为基本载体构建其植物高效表达载体pCAM B IA 1304 -R vSTR.生物信息学分析表明,该基因的编码区长度为1 035 bp,编码344个氨基酸的多肽,其理论分子量为38.2kD,等电点为5.2,N-端有一长度为27个氨基酸的信号肽;二级结构预测表明,延伸链和不规则盘绕是R vSTR蛋白最大量的结构元件,而α-螺旋和β-转角则散布于整个蛋白质中.同源性分析表明,R vSTR和其它植物来源的STR同源;采用M EGA 3构建了具代表性的植物STR的分子系统发育树,首次提出植物来源的STR分为2种类型,即STR 1和STR 2,其中来源于能够产生T IA s的植物的STR属于STR 2类型.     

中国常绿阔叶林8大动态监测样地植被的综合比较

本文通过汇总中国常绿阔叶林8大动态监测样地的植物名录,在规整植物名称的基础上,统计了8大样地的植物种类组成,比较了它们的相似性及其与环境立地的关系。利用生长型和生态指示值,分析了8大样地组成植物的生态特征及其与生境的联系。从区系组成和生态特征看,8大样地可分为两组,一组包括天童、古田山、百山祖、八大公山,属于典型常绿阔叶林;另一组包括黑石顶、鼎湖山、福山、莲花池,属于季节常绿阔叶林和适雨常绿阔叶林(亚热带雨林)。另外还讨论了动态观测样地的群落类型划分问题。最后提出的建议是:增加草本和藤本植物调查,重视植物分类和生态指示值及种间相互关系的研究,更为重要的是制定长期的协作研究计划。     

东北羊草草原耐盐碱植物的研究

东北羊草草原的耐盐碱植物主要有１０种,分别属于藜科、禾本科和菊科,其生态分布与土壤中的ｐＨ值和电导率有密切关系。在１０种耐盐碱植物中,碱蓬、刺沙蓬、角碱蓬、翅碱蓬、碱蒿和碱地肤具有较大的细胞膜透性和对Ｎａ＋、Ｋ＋的富集能力,是重要的耐盐碱植物,在治理退化草原的过程中,有重要的应用价值。     

艾比湖湿地三种植物根际土壤氨氧化细菌群落的多样性

摘要:【目的】以艾比湖湿地盐节木(Halocnemum strobilaceum)、芦苇(Reed)及盐角草(Salicornia)三种植物为对象,研究其根际土壤氨氧化细菌(AOB)的群落多样性。【方法】利用PCR-RFLP的方法,构建氨氧化细菌amoA基因克隆文库,进行系统发育分析。结合三种植物根际理化因子特点,探讨三种植物根际AOB群落结构组成的特点。【结果】通过序列多态性分析表明,三种植物根际土壤AOB amoA基因克隆文库中的所有序列均属于β亚纲(β-Proteobacteria)中的亚硝化单胞菌属(Nitrosomonas)及Nitrosomonas-like,未发现亚硝化螺菌属(Nitrosospira)。三个AOB amoA基因克隆文库分别包括9个OTUs、12个OTUs和7个OTUs,其文库覆盖度均达99%以上,代表性强。三个文库的丰富度、Chao1指数、ACE指数、Shannon指数均为R＞H＞S。【结论】三种植物的AOB多样性为芦苇＞盐节木＞盐角草,并且其最优氨氧化菌群各不相同。本研究为系统认识艾比湖湿地植物根际氨氧化细菌群落多样性和结构组成提供了基础。     

中国毛茛属修订(一)

(1)本文收载中国毛茛属共119种(包括4归化种), 24变种, 2变型, 并将其等区分为2亚属, 12组, 15系, 其中新分类群有1亚属, 3组, 12系, 11种、9变种、此外还做出5新组合;写出一人为分种检索表;对每一种均引证出重要文献和标本。(2)对叶、萼片、花瓣、心皮、瘦果等的形态特征进行了分析之后发现了一些演化趋势;上述特征在揭示属下各分类群的演化水平, 以及毛茛属的系统分类方面均有重要意义。(3)我国西部高原地区有90种, 其南部的青藏高原包括横断山区有53种, 14变种, 新疆有37种, 3变种;根据R.brotherusii, R.lateus, R.natans等植物的分布区可以看出在青藏高原东侧(横断-祁连走廓)和西侧(喀喇昆仑-天山走廓)各有一条迁移路线, 后者是沟通西伯利亚与喜马拉雅等地区植物区系成分交流的通道;根据R.brotheruii和R.furcatifidus等植物自青藏高原主要分布区东北部分别向东间断地分布到山西或河北北部、或内蒙古西南部、推测沿贺兰山和阴山曾有一条向东的植物区系迁移路线。(4)简要回顾了毛茛属的分类历史, 并简述了此属的用途。     

塔里木盆地西南山区珍稀濒危植物的分布状况及保护策略

采取线路调查法,对塔里木盆地西南山区珍稀濒危植物的种数、习性、分布特征及濒危状况进行了调查和分析。结果显示:该区域共有珍稀濒危植物67种,隶属31科40属,其中,蕨类植物1科1属1种,裸子植物2科2属13种,被子植物28科37属53种;被子植物中,双子叶植物有25科32属48种,单子叶植物有3科5属5种。景天科(Crassulaceae)的红景天属(Rhodiola Linn.)和麻黄科(Ephedraceae)的麻黄属(Ephedra Tourn ex Linn.)种类均较多(10种以上)。从习性看,多年生草本和灌木种类较丰富(分别为31和26种),乔木、寄生植物和一年生草本种类依次有7、2和1种。从垂直分布看,该区域珍稀濒危植物的海拔分布范围为1 500~5 600 m,种数随海拔升高呈先增后减的趋势;从水平分布看,以塔什库尔干塔吉克自治县和叶城县为中心向北或向东,珍稀濒危植物种类渐少;集中分布区为塔什库尔干塔吉克自治县和叶城县西南山区海拔2 000~4 500 m的中山带、亚高山带和高山带。在这些珍稀濒危植物中,属于濒危野生动植物种国际贸易公约(CITES)附录Ⅱ(2013版)收录的种类仅小斑叶兰[Goodyera repens(L.)R.Br.]1种;属于《中国植物红皮书》收录的种类有裸果木(Gymnocarpos przewalskii Maxim.)和胡杨(Populus euphratica Oliv.);属于《中国物种红色名录》收录的种类有46种,包括极危种2种、濒危种5种、易危种8种;属于国家重点保护野生植物名录(第一批)收录的种类有裸果木和昆仑方枝柏(Sabina centrasiatica Kom.);属于新疆维吾尔自治区重点保护野生植物名录收录的种类有43种,其中,新疆Ⅰ级、Ⅱ级和Ⅲ级重点保护野生植物分别有31、10和2种。总体上看,塔里木盆地西南山区的珍稀濒危植物种类较为丰富,但由于生境和气候恶劣,加之部分种类的种群规模减小并具有间断分布的特点,这些种类面临较高的灭绝风险。根据研究结果,提出扩大自然保护区范围、增加保护强度、优先保护受威胁种类及注重孑遗种的科学研究等保护策略。     

Evidence that the C-terminus of OprM is involved in the assembly of the VceAB-OprM efflux pump

Although the architecture of tripartite multiple drug resistance (MDR) efflux pumps of Gram-negative bacteria has been well characterized, the means by which the components recognize each other and assemble into a functional pump remains obscure. In this study we present evidence that the C-terminal domain of the Pseudomonas aeruginosa OprM and the α-helical hairpin domain of Vibrio cholerae VceA play an important role in the recognition/specificity/recruitment step in the assembly of a functional, VceAB-OprM chimeric efflux pump. To our knowledge, this is the first evidence directly linking the C-terminal domain of an outer membrane efflux protein to its recruitment during the assembly of a tripartite efflux pump.     

Studies on the energy coupling sites of photophosphorylation IV. The relation of proton fluxes to the electron transport and ATP formation associated with Photosystem II

1. By using dibromothymoquinone as the electron acceptor, it is possible to isolate functionally that segment of the chloroplast electron transport chain which includes only Photosystem II and only one of the two energy conservation sites coupled to the complete chain (Coupling Site II, observed P/e₂ = 0.3–0.4). A light-dependent, reversible proton translocation reaction is associated with the electron transport pathway: H₂O → Photosystem II → dibromothymoquinone. We have studied the characteristics of this proton uptake reaction and its relationship to the electron transport and ATP formation associated with Coupling Site II.

2. The initial phase of H⁺ uptake, analyzed by a flash-yield technique, exhibits linear kinetics (0–3 s) with no sign of transient phenomena such as the very rapid initial uptake (“pH gush”) encountered in the overall Hill reaction with methylviologen. Thus the initial rate of H⁺ uptake obtained by the flash-yield method is in good agreement with the initial rate estimated from a pH change tracing obtained under continuous illumination.

3. Dibromothymoquinone reduction, observed as O₂ evolution by a similar flash-yield technique, is also linear for at least the first 5 s, the rate of O₂ evolution agreeing well with the steady-state rate observed under continuous illumination.

4. Such measurements of the initial rates of O₂ evolution and H⁺ uptake yield an H⁺/e⁻ ratio close to 0.5 for the Photosystem II partial reaction regardless of pH from 6 to 8. (Parallel experiments for the methylviologen Hill reaction yield an H⁺/e⁻ ratio of 1.7 at pH 7.6.)

5. When dibromothymoquinone is being reduced, concurrent phosphorylation (or arsenylation) markedly lowers the extent of H⁺ uptake (by 40–60%). These data, unlike earlier data obtained using the overall Hill reaction, lend themselves to an unequivocal interpretation since phosphorylation does not alter the rate of electron transport in the Photosystem II partial reaction. ADP, P_i and hexokinase, when added individually, have no effect on proton uptake in this system.

6. The involvement of a proton uptake reaction with an H⁺/e⁻ ratio of 0.5 in the Photosystem II partial reaction H₂O → Photosystem II → dibromothymoquinone strongly suggests that at least 50% of the protons produced by the oxidation of water are released to the inside of the thylakoid, thereby leading to an internal acidification. It is pointed out that the observed efficiencies for ATP formation (P/e₂) and proton uptake (H⁺/e⁻) associated with Coupling Site II can be most easily explained by the chemiosmotic hypothesis of energy coupling.     

心脑血管疾病大额住院消费统计分析

通过对医院2004-2006年心脑血管疾病大额住院消费(消费大于50000元,以下简称大额消费)病例发病率高的前五种疾病的构成情况、药费、材料费消耗情况进行分析,认为加强大额病例中发病率高的病种的重点管理,是降低医疗费用的有效途径。建议制定常见病大额病种预定额付费方案和审查报销制度;采用适宜技术;控制药费,防止过度医疗,有效地遏制医疗费用的过快增长。     

Strategy for Stabilizing Enzymes Part Two: Increasing Enzyme Stability by Selective Chemical Modification

The molecular mechanisms of change in the thermal stability of proteins modified with low molecular weight reagents are discussed. The choice of stabilization mechanisms to be used as a general strategy for increasing enzyme stability by chemical modification is addressed. Hydrophilization of nonpolar surface areas is the most simple and reliable approach to artificial stabilization of enzymes for use in applied biochemistry and biotechnology.     

Partial purification and properties of Galleria mellonella larvae proteolytic inhibitors acting on Metarhizium anisopliae toxic protease

Gel permeation, preparative isoelectric focusing, and affinity chromatography were used to purify three inhibitors of proteolytic activity from perchloric acid extracts of last instar Galleria mellonella larvae. Electrofocusing experiments revealed three isoinhibitors with different isoelectric points: inhibitor I-1 with p1 of pH 5.6, inhibitor I-2, pH 7.7, and inhibitor I-3 (of small inhibitory activity), pH 8.6. By affinity chromatography on trypsin-Sepharose 4B the I-1 was purified 9.7 ×, but 71.1% of inhibitory activity was lost. Molecular mass of the inhibitory complex was 12,600 Da. I-1 and I-2 are relatively stable to heat at several pHs with minor stability at pH 10. I-1 and I-2 inhibit serine proteases about 2.5 times as much as sulfhydryl proteases. In the same ratio protease P-1 and protease P-2 from Metarhizium anisopliae are inhibited.     

THE DEATH OF BIOETHICS (AS WE ONCE KNEW IT)

Fast forward 50 years into the future. A look back at what occurred in the field of bioethics since 2010 reveals that a conference in 2050 commemorated the death of bioethics. In a steady progression over the years, the field became increasingly fragmented and bureaucratized. Disagreement and dissension were rife, and this once flourishing, multidisciplinary field began to splinter in multiple ways. Prominent journals folded, one by one, and were replaced with specialized publications dealing with genethics, reproethics, nanoethics, and necroethics. Mainstream bioethics organizations also collapsed, giving way to new associations along disciplinary and sub‐disciplinary lines. Physicians established their own journals, and specialty groups broke away from more general associations of medical ethics. Lawyers also split into three separate factions, and philosophers rejected all but the most rigorous, analytic articles into their newly established journal. Matters finally came to a head with global warming, the world‐wide spread of malaria and dengue, and the cost of medical treatments out of reach for almost everyone. The result was the need to develop plans for strict rationing of medical care. At the same time, recognition emerged of the importance of the right to health and the need for global justice in health. By 2060, a spark of hope was ignited, opening the door to the resuscitation of bioethics and involvement of the global community.     

Survival and metabolism of the harpacticoid copepod Thompsonula hyaenae (Thompson) fed on different diatoms

Survival times and oxygen consumption rates have been determined for a benthic harpacticoid copepod, Thompsonula hyaenae (Thompson), when fed different algal diets. Nauplii and adults lived slightly longer on a diet of Navicula sp. than did those fed N. pelliculosa or a mixture of both naviculoid species. Mean numbers of harpacticoids hatched were significantly higher in cultures of N. pelliculosa. Metabolic rates of non-gravid females fed for one week on N. sp. were significantly lower than those fed N. pelliculosa or the mixture. There was no significant difference in oxygen uptake between animals fed N. pelliculosa and those fed the mixed culture. The smaller size and lower food energy content of N. pelliculosa are reflected in the higher respiratory rates of animals led this diatom species.Based on a thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the M.S. degree in Marine Science at the University of South Carolina. Belle W. Baruch Institute for Marine Biology and Coastal Research Contribution No. 114. Research supported by the Oceanography Section, National Science Foundation, NSF Grant DES72-01573 A01.     

贵州疣螈繁殖生态的研究

贵州疣螈（Tylototritonkweichowensis）是一年繁殖一次的有尾两栖动物。繁殖期肥满度、肝脏系数、脂肪系数、性腺成熟系数、性腺体积均具一定的生物学意义。繁殖期一般为5月上旬至7月上旬,窝卵数平均121．5±7．81枚,孵化期21．6天,孵化率44．33％。每窝印数与雌体头体长成正相关。幼体不同日龄的形态特征变化明显。其全长的Logistic生长方程为：     

用离散量的方法识别蛋白质的超二级结构

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