处于性腺不同发育阶段斜带石斑鱼垂体的EST表达差异分析

斜带石斑鱼是重要的海产经济鱼类，在其个体发育过程中存在先雌后雄的天然性反转现象。垂体是调节生长和生殖等生理过程的重要内分泌器官。构建了斜带石斑鱼分别处于卵巢发育起始和性反转后期的垂体SMART cDNA的质粒文库，并通过测序分别筛选到232个和258个表达序列标签(expressed sequence tags, EST)。将所得EST与GenBank数据库中的序列进行比对，结果表明，处于卵巢发育起始和性反转后期斜带石斑鱼垂体EST中，激素所占比例均为最高，分别为40.5%和34.9%。进一步比较分析了这两个性腺发育时期斜带石斑鱼垂体EST中各种激素相对表达丰度，表明生长/催乳激素家族（GH、PRL和SL）和阿黑皮素原（POMC）表达水平下降；促性腺激素α亚基（GTHα）表达水平急剧上升，促滤泡激素β亚基（FSHβ）、促黄体激素β亚基（LHβ）表达水平上升。     

岩原鲤促性腺激素基因的克隆和组织表达差异

通过RT-PCR技术从岩原鲤(Procypris rabaudi)卵巢组织中克隆了促性腺激素GtHα、FSHβ、LHβ3个亚基的mRNA序列。GtHα亚基开放阅读框长357 bp,编码118个氨基酸残基,第1～23个氨基酸为信号肽。FSHβ亚基开放阅读框长393 bp,编码130个氨基酸残基,第1～22个氨基酸为信号肽。LHβ亚基开放阅读框长444 bp,编码147个氨基酸残基,第1～28个氨基酸为信号肽。氨基酸序列比对结果表明,GtHα亚基在近缘物种间比较保守,其氨基酸序列的相似性要高于FSHβ和LHβ亚基。通过Real-time fluorescent quantitative PCR(FQ-PCR)分析发现,GtHα亚基在检测的6种组织中均有表达,卵巢中的表达量极高,肝、脑、心、垂体和肌肉中表达量依次降低;FSHβ亚基在除肌肉外的其余5种组织中均有表达,卵巢中的表达量最高,脑和心中表达量次之,肝和垂体的表达量明显偏低;LHβ亚基只在卵巢和垂体中表达,卵巢中的表达量要明显高于垂体。     

赤点石斑鱼促甲状腺激素TSHβ启动子的克隆及其在斑马鱼胚胎原始性腺和垂体中定位表达

促甲状腺激素(Thyroid-stimulating hormone,TSH)具有调节生长,发育,代谢和生殖的功能,但是在低等脊椎动物中的功能研究较少。斜带石斑鱼(Epinephelus coioides)促甲状腺激素TSHβ除在垂体中表达外还在性腺中表达,进一步发现TSHβ也在赤点石斑鱼(Epinephelus akaara)性腺中表达。且在人工诱导的赤点石斑鱼中,随着雄性化的转变,TSHβ转录水平升高。为研究石斑鱼TSHβ特殊表达方式的调控机制,采用基因组步移技术扩增获得赤点石斑鱼TSHβ5′端序列共5112bp。将1864bp核心片段顺向克隆到pBK-TOL2载体中,pTSHβ-TOL2重组质粒与转座酶mRNA共注射斑马鱼一细胞期受精卵。Western blot结果显示,在受精后10h的尾芽胚中可检测到GFP的表达,胚体晚期GFP表达量最高。荧光显微镜追踪观察发现,受精后12-30hpf(Hours post fertilization)观察到GFP在原始生殖细胞(PGC)区域表达;36hpf-7dpf观察到GFP除在PGC区域表达外还在垂体中表达。由此可见,赤点石斑鱼TSHβ5′端1864bp的序列具有特异定位的启动子活性。       

斜带石斑鱼阿片黑素促皮质素原全长cDNA克隆及序列分析

通过构建斜带石斑鱼垂体cDNA库和随机测序,克隆了其阿片黑素促皮质素原(Proopiomelanocortin,POMC)全长cDNA。斜带石斑鱼POMC全长cDNA为863bp(含Poly(A)),编码的POMC多肽前体为219aa。氨基酸序列比较分析表明：斜带石斑鱼POMC前体包含有促肾上腺皮质激素(Adrenocorticotropin,ACTH),α—促黑素(α—melanocyte stim—datinghormone,α—MSH),β—促黑素(β—MSH),γ—促脂素(γ-lipotrophic hormone,γ-LPH),β—内啡肽(β-endorphin)等,但缺失了γ—促黑素(γ-MSH)和大部分连接区。斜带石斑鱼POMC与哺乳动物POMC的同源性为39％—42％左右,与鸟类的同源性为42％左右,与两栖类的同源性为36％—41％,与其他鱼类POMC的同源性为38％—77％。斜带石斑鱼和罗非鱼的POMC的ACTH功能区都为40个氨基酸残基,而其他脊椎动物为39个氨基酸残基。     

促黄体素β基因表达中的转导通路及转录因子

促性腺激素释放激素 (GnRH)为下丘脑促垂体激素 ,其脉冲式地释放调节垂体促卵泡素(FSH)和促黄体素 (LH)的合成与释放 ,进而调节动物的生殖活动。LH是由α亚基和 β亚基组成的异二聚体糖蛋白激素 ,其中 β亚基决定激素的特异性。LHβ基因的表达是由GnRH诱发的 ,此过程主要依靠PKC和Ca2 两类信号通路 ,并调节LHβ基因的表达。目前已经发现 ,多种转录因子 ,如早期生长反应基因 (Egr 1)、核受体SF 1基因、Ptx1基因和Sp1基因等 ,通过与LHβ亚基基因的启动子区直接结合 ,而对该基因的表达进行调控。     

东北虎促卵泡激素和促黄体激素基因的克隆及其序列分析

本研究首次从东北虎（Panthea tigris altaica)脑垂体提取总RNA,利用RT－PCR技术扩增出东北虎垂体促性腺激素α亚基,促卵泡激素（FSH）β亚基和促黄体激素（LH）β亚基的编码区序列,并进行克隆,测序和比较分析。结果表明,其α亚基,FSHβ亚基,LHβ亚基基因的开放阅读框分别为363bp,390bp和420bp,分别编码120,129和142氨基酸的前体蛋白。与已发表的人,牛,绵羊,猪,大鼠,小鼠等物种相应序列比较,无论在核苷酸水平,还是在氨基酸水平都显示出较高的同源性（64．7％－96．6％）,其中与猪的同源性最高（86％－96．6％）。东北虎的基因序列还具有其明显的特异性,首次发现LHβ亚基cDNA编码的前体蛋白在信号肽部分比其它物种相应序列多一个亮氨酸残基（Leu)。     

性逆转石斑鱼脑垂体差异表达基因克隆的筛选

以17α甲基睾丸酮投喂赤点石斑鱼(Epinephelusakaara),成功地获得了性逆转的有功能的雄鱼。用SMARTcDNA合成和长片段PCR技术构建了性逆转前后脑垂体cDNA文库;用抑制消减杂交技术建立了性反转前后抑制性差减文库。对获得的560个雄鱼脑垂体PCR阳性克隆和350个雌鱼脑垂体PCR阳性克隆进行斑点杂交,共筛选到103个差异表达cDNA片段。对其中29个克隆进行了测序,与GenBank中的已知基因序列进行同源性比较,发现有6个片段为促性腺激素α亚基前体基因(GenBank注册号:AY207430),与同属不同种的石斑鱼促性腺激素α亚基前体基因有97%的同源性;1个片段为生长激素前体(GenBank注册号:AY207431),与同属不同种的石斑鱼生长激素前体基因有99%的同源性;其余22个cDNA片段与GenBank中的序列无明显同源性 。     

PROP1与联合垂体激素缺乏症

垂体特异性转录因子祖先蛋白(PROP l),是成对同源转录因子,在垂体腺中呈特异性表达,参与早期胚胎垂体的发育,因此,PROP1基因对于垂体前叶的发育是必需的。PROP1启动胚胎期垂体特异性转录因子(PIT-1)的起始表达并维持个体出生后的持续表达,且可直接促使PIT-1细胞系的前体分化为促性腺细胞系。其基因突变可使人、鼠患有联合垂体激素缺乏症(CPHD),表现为生长激素(GH)、促乳素(PRL)、促甲状腺素(TSH)以及促黄体激素(LH)、促卵泡激素(FSH)或促肾上腺皮质激素(ACTH)缺乏,垂体核磁共振成像显示垂体萎缩。在其它哺乳动物中PROP1突变也会引起垂体和性腺激素异常。就PROP1基因的结构与功能,以及与CPHD间的关系作一综述。     

乙炔基雌二醇(EE2)对雄性黄颡鱼GtH3个亚基基因表达的影响

为研究乙炔基雌二醇(EE2)是否能影响雄性黄颡鱼(Pelteobagrus fulvidraco)垂体中促性腺激素3个亚基基因的表达,从而干扰FSH和LH的分泌,研究采用末端快速扩增(RACE)的方法在黄颡鱼垂体中克隆了促性腺激素的2个亚基(FSH和LH)的全长cDNA,对其组织表达模式和雌雄性垂体中的季节表达模式进行了研究;另外,研究还用100 ng/L的EE2对雄性黄颡鱼(2龄)进行了28d的暴露处理。结果发现,黄颡鱼FSH cDNA全长528 bp, ORF为399 bp,编码132个氨基酸; LH全长为870 bp, ORF为417 bp,编码138个氨基酸。序列分析结果表明,黄颡鱼FSH含有一个17氨基酸的信号肽, 2个保守的N-糖基化位点和13个半胱氨酸残基,而LH含有一个18个氨基酸的信号肽, 1个N-糖基化位点和12个半胱氨酸残基,与其他鲶形目鱼类极其相似。进化分析显示,黄颡鱼FSH和LH与鲶形目的鱼类进化关系较近。组织分布结果发现,黄颡鱼3亚基均仅在垂体中表达。季节表达模式结果表明,雌雄黄颡鱼GtH和LH表达水平在5月份左右达到最高,随后降低; FSH在雌性的表达模式与GtH和LH相同,而在雄性, FSH的表达没有明显变化。半定量RT-PCR结果显示, 100 ng/L的EE2能显著抑制黄颡鱼促性腺激素3个亚基基因的表达。研究认为, EE2抑制黄颡鱼雄性垂体FSH和LH的分泌,可能阻碍其正常的精子发生、精子成熟和排精过程,从而影响其正常的繁殖和发育。       

梅花鹿卵泡刺激素β亚基cDNA的分子克隆与序列分析

卵泡刺激素又叫促卵泡激素 (ｆｏｌｌｉｃｌｅｓｔｉｍｕｌａｔｉｎｇｈｏｒｍｏｎｅ ,ＦＳＨ)是由动物脑垂体前叶嗜碱性细胞合成和分泌的一种糖蛋白类促性腺激素 .ＦＳＨ是由两个可解离的亚基所组成 ,称为α亚基和 β亚基 ,二者以非共价键相连 .糖基是以Ｎ 糖苷键的方式连结在α和 β两个亚基各自的区域 .β亚基由 115个氨基酸组成 ,是激素生物活性和免疫活性的决定因素[1] .ＦＳＨ在雌性用于刺激卵泡发育 ,促进子宫内膜生长 ,促排卵 ,可刺激多个卵泡发育 .在雄性则能诱导曲细精管生长 ,维持精子生成 ,刺激睾丸间质细胞发育 .ＦＳＨ与细胞…     

六种藓类植物茎的比较解剖学研究

通过对6种藓类植物,即褶叶青藓(Brachythecium salebrosum(Web.et Mohr.)B.S.G.)、湿地匐灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum(Lindb.)Kop.)、侧枝匐灯藓(Plagiomnium maximoviczii(Lindb.)Kop.)、大凤尾藓(Fissidensnobilis Griff.)、大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium(Doz.et Molk.)B.S.G.)和大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme Wils.)嫩茎和老茎的石蜡切片和显微观察发现,同一藓类植株的嫩茎和老茎,茎结构稳定,不同种藓类植物茎横切面具有不同特征.植物体茎横切面形状、表层细胞的层数、细胞大小和细胞壁厚薄、皮层细胞大小和形状、中轴的有无以及比例等特征可以作为藓类植物的分科分类依据之一.     

Cause of Senescence of Nine Sorts of Flowers

The levels of endogenous phytohormones and respiratory rate in nine sorts of flowers such as Cymbidium faberi Rolfe, Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth and others were investigated both at full bloom and senescence and meanwhile the effect of exogenous phytohormones on prolonging the blossoms and promoting ethylene production were tested. There is a high content of endogenous ethylene in all the long-lived flowere, about 3–16 folds higer than the short-lived ones. There is a high level of ABA at full blooming flowers of short-lived flowers, in which there is no or only some cytokinins in it, but the ratio of CTK (6BA+zeatin)/ABA is smaller(l.7). The endogenous ABA reached a much higher level at senescence in all nine sorts of flowers, so it is reasonable to consider that it is ABA which plays an important role of regulation in controlling flower's senescence. There is a much higher level of GA3 and zeatin in the long-lived flowers which is not demonstrated in the shortlived ones. The respiratory rate is one of the factors controtling the longevity of flowers, but it does not play a decided role. Application of 6BA and zeatin prolongs distinctly orchid’s longevity, however exogenous IAA through the promotive action on ethylene production, evidently extends the longevity of the flowers of the Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth.     

Photoregulation of seed germination of wild-type and of an aurea-mutant of tomato

Seed germination of an aurea mutant of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is promoted by continuous irradiation with red, far-red or long-wavelength far-red (758 nm) light as well as by cyclic irradiations (5 min red or 5 min far-red/25 min darkness). Far-red light applied immediately after each red does not change the germination behaviour. Seed germination of the isogenic wild-type, cv. UC-105, is promoted by continuous and cyclic red light while it is inhibited by continuous and cyclic far-red light and by continious 758 nm irradiation. Far-red irradiation reverses almost completely the promoting effect of red light. The promoting effect (in the aurea mutant) and the inhibitory effect (in the wild-type) of continuous far-red light do not show photon fluence rate dependency above 20 nmol m⁻² s⁻¹. It is concluded that phytochrome controls tomato seed germination throgh low energy responses in both the wild type and the au mutant. The promoting effect of continuous and cyclic far-red light in the au mutant can be attributed to a greater sensitivity to P_fr.     

龙胆科药用植物化学成分的研究现状

龙胆科植物在我国的分布范围很广,且多数为药用植物,其多数种属的药用植物,至今其化学成分尚未被系统研究。综述了目前龙胆科药用植物的化学成分的研究现状及一般提取方法,对近年来发现的环烯醚萜及裂环烯醚萜类化合物进行了总结,为本科药用植物的更深入研究提供了参考。     

The effects of glutamine of the maintenance of embryogenic cultures of Cryptomeria japonica

Summary Embryogenic tissues of sugi (Cryptomeria japonica) were induced on a modified Campbell and Durzan (CD) medium containing 1 μM 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 600 mg l⁻¹ glutamine, and subcultured in the medium of the same composition for over 1 yr. This resulted in a mixed culture of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells. When embryogenic cells were isolated and cultured independently, their capacity to form embryogenic aggregates was lost. Thus, the non-embryogenic cells present within a mixed culture system were essential to the formation of embryogenic aggregates. When embryogenic tissues were isolated and cultured independently on a high glutamine-containing (2400 mg l⁻¹) medium, dry weights and endogenous levels of glutamine increased, and the tissue could generate a large number of embryogenic aggregates. Amino acid analysis of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells from the maintenance culture indicated a higher level of glutamine was present in the latter. The high endogenous level of glutamine in the non-embryogenic portion of mixed cell masses may be the supplier of glutamine for maintaining the embryogenic property of the tissues.     

Specificity of action of piperidylcholine derivatives as substrates of cholinesterases of various origin

The review deals with study of enzymologic properties of a novel highly specific acetylcholinesterase substrate, N-(β-acetoxyethyl) piperidinium iodomethylate (“piperidylcholine”), and its 30 derivatives that were tested as effectors of cholinesterases of mammals and various species of Pacific squids. It was proven for the first time that responsible for specificity of action was structure of cyclic ammonium grouping of the alcohol part of molecule of the ester substrate. Analysis of specificity is performed based on enzymatic hydrolysis parameters—activity of catalytic center of cholinesterases and bimolecular constant of the reaction rate that are determined at optimal and low substrate concentrations. Among the specially synthesized group of thioester compounds there is revealed one more highly specific acetylcholinesterase substrate—N-(β-acetoxyethyl) piperidinium.     

Interconnection of parameters of regulation system of lipid peroxidation and of morphophysiological parameters of mouse liver

A complex analysis of seasonal fluctuations of the mean group parameters of the system of regulation of lipid peroxidation has been performed in liver of Balb/c mice. Association of lipid characteristics and morphophysiological parameters is studied in the Balb/c mouse liver. An inter-connection is revealed between the liver index and the amount of lysoforms of phospholipids, the scale and character of the interconnection differing essentially depending on proportion of phos-phatidylcholine in mouse liver phospholipids.     

真菌类遗传学分析的知识结构教学

本文以认知结构理论为指导,讨论了真菌类遗传分析与高等动植物遗传分析的内在联系,认为利用这种内在联系进行教学可收到好的效果并说明了作者的具体教学过程。 Abstract:In the paper, the relationship between genetic analysis of Fungi and genetic analysis of high animal and plant was discussed.A good results were obtained when we adopted this method in the teaching.