抑制NHE1活性对干细胞向心肌分化的影响

Na /H 交换蛋白1(NHE1)在心肌细胞发育过程中发挥重要的调节功能.为深入探索NHEl活性对干细胞向心肌分化过程中产生的影响,采用二甲基亚砜(DMSO)诱导P19干细胞向心肌细胞分化,同时在培养液中添加NHE1抑制荆EMD87580,对诱导后形成的类胚体进行检测.通过细胞形态观察、免疫组织化学染色及检测心肌特异表达基因等方法证明,经诱导形成的类胚体贴壁生长后,会向心肌细胞分化并出现跳动细胞团.而经过抑制剂处理的P19干细胞尽管能够形成类胚体且贴壁培养后细胞仍具有增殖活力,细胞团周边也较整齐,但未出现向心肌细胞分化的现象.这一结果表明,抑制NHE1的活性,能够影响P19干细胞向心肌细胞的分化作用.     

三氯乙烯对人胚胎干细胞心肌分化的影响和机制

目的:探讨三氯乙烯(TCE)对人胚胎干细胞心肌发育分化的影响。方法:以人胚胎干细胞H9体外心肌定向分化为模型,分化培养液中添加不同剂量的TCE(分别为处理组100 ppb组,1 ppm组,10 ppm组)以及DMSO(对照组)。对诱导后形成的拟胚体以及不同发育阶段的细胞进行检测,通过MTT法测定细胞的生存能力,统计有自主节律跳动的拟胚体的数量;流式细胞仪计数分析细胞分化比例;荧光定量PCR检测心肌特异性基因表达;并应用基因芯片方法初步筛选检测三氯乙烯对心肌细胞钙离子通道相关的基因表达的影响。结果:TCE的三个浓度处理组均未显示细胞毒性,但高浓度组明显抑制向心肌细胞分化,能产生自主节律搏动的拟胚体比例显著降低,同时心肌特异性标记物c Tn T表达随剂量的增加而显著降低。在具有自主节律性的拟胚体中,钙离子通路的相关基因表达受到影响。结论:推测TCE通过降低成熟心肌的比例,以及影响心肌细胞中钙离子通道相关基因表达来共同导致心脏发育异常。     

小鼠pαMHC-EGFP胚胎干细胞株的构建

应用电穿孔方法将含有α肌球蛋白重链启动子的pαMHC-EGFP载体转染到D3系小鼠胚胎千细胞,应用200μg／ml新霉素进行药物选择。采用悬浮培养法,体外诱导分化心肌细胞。荧光显微镜下,观察到第7天和第8天拟胚体中出现“跳动”的心肌细胞并同时有绿色荧光蛋白的表达。同时与D3系小鼠胚胎干细胞比较心肌细胞分化率的变化无显著差异（P〉0．05）。该细胞株在分化心肌细胞的同时,具有绿色荧光蛋白的标记,因而利于对心肌细胞的识别和纯化。     

猪羊水干细胞特异向跳动心肌细胞诱导分化

为了筛选并建立一种由猪羊水干细胞向心肌细胞分化的有效方法,以猪羊水干细胞为研究对象,以5-氮胞苷 (5-aza) 和维生素C (Vc) 为诱导剂,对猪羊水干细胞形成的类胚体 (EBs) 进行诱导分化。应用免疫荧光、RT-PCR、透射电镜技术检测跳动细胞团中心肌特异性标记的表达情况。结果显示,在猪羊水干细胞形成的类胚体中加入心肌细胞诱导剂,10 d后即见到节律性跳动的细胞团,t检验发现0.1 mmol/L Vc加5 μmol/L 5-aza联合诱导组的诱导效率最高,达33％。免疫荧光结果显示跳动心肌细胞团表达细胞骨架蛋白α-actin和肌钙蛋白Tnni3。RT-PCR检测跳动心肌细胞团,发现心肌细胞特异性标记分子TbX5、Gata4、α-MHC、Tnni3均呈阳性表达。借助透射电镜观察诱导后的跳动样细胞团,能清晰可见其中的肌丝、糖原粒、糖原池等结构。说明5-氮胞苷和维生素C可以促进猪羊水干细胞向心肌细胞的诱导分化。     

通过形成类胚体诱导人羊水多能干细胞向心肌细胞分化

由人羊水中分离羊水多能性干细胞,通过形成类胚体诱导其向心肌细胞分化.取人羊水标本进行体外培养,分离得到人羊水干细胞,已连续传代培养至42代,采用免疫细胞化学、RT-PCR和流式细胞仪技术对羊水干细胞的生物学特性进行检测.取10～15代羊水干细胞,悬浮培养使其形成类胚体,进而向心肌细胞诱导分化.培养的羊水干细胞呈成纤维样,表达部分胚胎干细胞特异标志基因,悬浮培养可形成类胚体.类胚体碱性磷酸酶(AP)检测呈阳性,表达三胚层特异标志基因fgf5、ζ-globin和α-fetoprotein.羊水干细胞形成类胚体后进行诱导,得到α-actin阳性细胞,表达心肌细胞特异标志基因Tbx5、Nkx2.5、GATA4和α-MHC.试验结果表明,从人羊水标本中可分离得到具有胚胎干细胞特性的细胞,经初步检测确定为羊水干细胞,并能通过形成类胚体诱导其向心肌细胞分化.     

血管紧张素Ⅱ在胚胎干细胞向心肌细胞分化中的作用

为检测血管紧张素Ⅱ（angiotensin Ⅱ,AⅡ）对小鼠胚胎干细胞（embryonic stem cells,ESCs）向心肌细胞方向分化的作用,采用10-4 mol/L维生素C诱导小鼠R1胚胎干细胞分化为心肌细胞. Western印记检测胚胎干细胞诱导分化的心肌细胞中表达血管紧张素Ⅱ1 型受体(angiotensin Ⅱ type 1 receptor,AT1R).诱导分化期间用1 μmol/L AⅡ刺激胚胎干细胞,计数搏动拟胚体的比例;诱导分化第14 d用real-time RT-PCR 和Western 印记检测心肌标志物的表达确定其作用. 结果显示,与对照组相比,1 μmol/L AⅡ处理组可显著增加搏动拟胚体的比例,上调心肌标志物mRNA的表达. 预先用1 μmol/L洛沙坦处理1 h后可显著阻碍这种上调作用. 本实验结果表明,AⅡ通过AT1R可促进小鼠R1胚胎干细胞向心肌细胞分化.     

小鼠胚胎干细胞分化形成拟胚体过程中的细胞程序性死亡

为了检测小鼠胚胎干细胞 (embryonicstemcell ,ES细胞 )体外分化的拟胚体 (embryoidbodies ,EBs)形成过程中细胞程序性死亡 (programmedcelldeath ,PCD)的发生 ,通过悬滴、悬浮培养技术定向诱导未分化的ES细胞分化为拟胚体 ,并用RT PCR检测原始内胚层、原始外胚层、中胚层、内脏内胚层 4种分子标记物在EBs中的表达 .通过TUNEL染色、电镜、激光共聚焦显微镜及Western印迹以确定凋亡发生 .结果表明 :ES细胞体外分化为拟胚体并且表达各胚层相应的分子标记物 ;在拟胚体的发育过程中出现明显的空腔化过程 ,TUNEL染色及电镜观察到凋亡生成 ,同时线粒体膜电位 (ΔΨm)在拟胚体发育过程中降低 ,通过Western印迹检测到caspase3、caspase8的激活 .表明小鼠ES细胞所分化的拟胚体可以作为研究早期胚胎发育的实验模型 ,线粒体在拟胚体的细胞程序性死亡过程中发挥重要的作用 .为进一步利用拟胚体研究细胞程序性死亡及相关信号分子在小鼠胚胎发育早期的作用奠定了基础     

骨髓基质干细胞向心肌样细胞分化的实验研究

目的探讨大鼠骨髓基质干细胞向心肌样细胞分化后超微结构和细胞因子表达的变化,为下一步细胞移植治疗扩张型心肌病提供理论依据。方法在体外扩增、定向诱导骨髓基质干细胞向心肌样细胞分化的基础上,电镜下观察骨髓基质干细胞诱导前后超微结构的改变,RT-PCR检测心肌特异性因子ANP、BNP、α-MHC、β-MHC的表达,并与原代培养的心肌细胞比较,观察二者之间的生物学异同。结果免疫组化法证实诱导后的骨髓基质干细胞向心肌样细胞分化,电镜下胞浆内可见糖原颗粒,肌原纤维排列与原代培养的心肌细胞相似;RT-PCR证实诱导后的骨髓基质干细胞表达心肌特异性因子ANP、BNP、α-MHC、β-MHC。结论骨髓基质干细胞经5-氮胞苷定向诱导后在超微结构和细胞因子的表达上类似于心肌细胞,已向心肌样细胞分化。     

雷帕霉素促进胚胎干细胞向心肌细胞分化

目的雷帕霉素是小分子mTOR抑制剂,可激活细胞自噬。本研究检测了雷帕霉素对胚胎干细胞(ES细胞)向心肌分化的影响。方法采用拟胚体(embryoid body, EB)加抗坏血酸诱导ES细胞向心肌分化。悬浮诱导阶段添加自噬激动剂雷帕霉素或抑制剂羟氯喹,通过免疫印迹检测LC3蛋白剪切以监测细胞自噬水平,通过检测EB球的心肌搏动百分比以及心肌分化标志物troponin-T和α-actinin的表达来评估细胞分化效率。采用real-time PCR检测心肌分化转录因子Mef2c和Isl1m RNA表达,免疫印迹法检测Oct4表达,进一步阐释雷帕霉素的效应机制。结果雷帕霉素能够诱导自噬,促进LC3剪切,促进EB球产生自发搏动,增强心肌分化标志基因表达。机制研究发现,雷帕霉素促进心肌转录因子Mef2c和Isl1 mRNA的表达和Oct4在分化细胞的下调。而自噬抑制剂羟氯喹能拮抗雷帕霉素的上述效应。结论雷帕霉素诱导自噬可以促进心肌转录因子表达和促进干性因子Oct4水平下调,从而促进心肌分化。     

胚胎干细胞向心肌细胞分化过程中能量代谢变化的研究

目的：定向诱导人胚胎干细胞分化为心肌细胞，对分化过程中胚胎干细胞、心肌祖细胞和心肌细胞糖酵解能力和线粒体氧化磷酸化能力进行实时定量检测，探索分化过程中细胞能量代谢表型的转换机制.方法：用GSK3抑制剂CHIR99021和Wnt信号通路小分子抑制剂IWP2的方法定向分化人胚胎干细胞为心肌祖细胞和心肌细胞；细胞免疫荧光检测人胚胎干细胞标志物，流式细胞术检测人心肌祖细胞和心肌细胞标志物；应用细胞外流量分析（Extracellular Flux Analysis）方法检测人胚胎干细胞、心肌祖细胞和心肌细胞能量代谢情况.结果：人胚胎干细胞干性保持稳定，均表达Nanog、OCT4、SOX2细胞标志物；在向心肌分化过程中，第7d心肌祖细胞标志物Isl1表达99%以上，分化第15d心肌细胞标志物cTnT表达83%以上；人胚胎干细胞糖酵解代谢能力最强，心肌细胞线粒体功能最强，心肌祖细胞处于两种代谢方式的过度阶段.结论：在人胚胎干细胞向心肌细胞分化的过程中，细胞糖酵解能力逐渐减弱，线粒体氧化磷酸化能力逐渐增强，细胞的能量代谢类型发生转变.     

Differentiation of nonbeating embryonic stem cells into beating cardiomyocytes is dependent on downregulation of PKC beta and zeta in concert with upregulation of PKC epsilon

Cardiomyocyte differentiation overall has been analyzed in vivo and in vitro at the molecular level by homologous recombination, gene mutation studies, and by transgenics; however, the roles of many signal transduction mechanisms that drive this differentiation process are still not fully understood. One set of signal transduction components that has been studied in detail in mature, differentiated cardiomyocytes is the PKC isotype superfamily. However, while the function of each isotype is slowly being uncovered in adult cardiomyocytes, limited information persists concerning their function in the differentiation process of cardiomyocytes. To begin analyzing the function of specific PKC isotypes in the differentiation process, we employed an established model for differentiating ES cells into cardiomyocyte-positive embryoid bodies (EBs) in vitro. RT-PCR, Western analyses, and confocal microscopy all showed that the expression of specific PKC isotypes was significantly changed as ES cells differentiated into cardiomyocytes. More importantly, by using antagonists specific for each isotype we found that this change was a final step in the differentiation process. PKC beta and zeta downregulation served to promote differentiation (beating), while upregulation of PKC epsilon appeared to amplify differentiation (beating). Finally, melding classical tools (i.e., ionic exchange glass beads) with recently developed methods for differentiating ES cells creates a possible novel technique for investigating differentiation of ES cells into cardiomyocytes as well as other cell types.     

Salvianolic acid B-vitamin C synergy in cardiac differentiation from embryonic stem cells

Inefficient cardiomyocyte differentiation limits the therapeutic use of embryonic stem (ES) cell-derived cardiomyocytes. While large collections of proprietary chemicals had been screened to improve ES cell differentiation into cardiomyocytes, the natural product library remained unexplored. Using a mouse ES cell line transfected with a cardiomyocyte-specific α-myosin heavy chain promoter-driven enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) reporter, we screened 24 natural products with known cardioprotective actions. Salvianolic acid B (saB), while produced minimal effect on its own, concentration-dependently synergized with vitamin C in inducing cardiomyocyte differentiation, as demonstrated by an increase in EGFP⁺ cells, beating area in embryoid bodies, and expression of cardiomyocyte maturity markers. This synergy is specific to cardiomyocyte differentiation, and is involved with collagen synthesis. The present study demonstrates the saB-vitamin C synergy in inducing ES cell differentiation into matured and functional cardiomyocytes, and this may lead to a practicable cocktail approach to generate ES cell-derived cardiomyocytes for cardiac stem cell therapy.     

建立绿色荧光蛋白标记的小鼠胚胎干细胞系及向心肌样细胞的分化

带有GFP基因的ESD3细胞系是一个良好的可以用于研究体内和体外细胞分化和组织产生的模型。用磷酸钙共沉淀法将质粒pEGFP-N2导入小鼠胚胎干细胞D3细胞系中 ,在荧光显微镜下以 488nm激发光检查阳性克隆 ,并进行初步扩增。经G4 18筛选后 ,机械挑取EGFP强阳性表达的克隆 ,并在丝裂霉素C处理的小鼠胚胎成纤维细胞的饲养层上 ,在无选择性压力的条件下 ,进一步扩大培养 ,获得纯化的转染细胞系。20代以后 ,转染细胞仍然表达绿色荧光蛋白。PCR检测表明 8代和 18代转染细胞均携带有GFP标志基因。对稳定表达EGFP的干细胞系进行碱性磷酸酶染色、拟胚体和畸胎瘤形成的检测 ,证明这些细胞具有干细胞的特征。经拟胚体 ,可进一步分化成具有搏动能力的心肌细胞 ,分化百分率为 30 %～ 4 0 % ,较未转染细胞 60 %～ 70 %的分化率低 ,造成低分化率机制还不清楚。这些细胞在激光共聚焦显微镜下呈绿色荧光 ,免疫组化染色显示具心肌细胞特异的cTnT分子标志。该EGFP标记的干细胞系带有可进行原位、实时检测的绿色荧光 ,可应用于细胞移植和体内分化的研究.     

Inhibition of phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase blocks development of functional embryonic cardiomyocytes

Culturing murine embryonic stem (ES) cells within embryoid bodies (EBs) has been reported to reproduce cardiomyocyte development from primitive precursor cells to highly specialized phenotypes of cardiac tissue. We show here that the specific inhibitor of phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI-3-kinase), LY294002, blocks the growth and induces apoptosis as well as necrosis of D3 ES cells within early EBs. Treatment of EBs from day 3 to day 7 with 50 microM LY294002 resulted in a massive loss of alpha-actinin-stained cardiomyocytes after plating the EBs for additional 7 days. In parallel we observed a strong decrease in the number of EBs containing area(s) with beating cardiomyocytes. The specific action of the PI-3-kinase inhibitor on development of cardiomyocytes was demonstrated by the observation that formation of endothelial cells was not affected in the same EBs. Our results provide the first evidence that signal transduction via the PI-3-kinase pathway is essential for mammalian early cardiomyocyte development.     

Protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) is required for cardiac lineage differentiation of mouse embryonic stem cells

Protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) has been shown to regulate multiple cellular events such as differentiation, cell growth, and proliferation; however, the role of PTP1B in differentiation of embryonic stem (ES) cells into cardiomyocytes remains unexplored. In the present study, we investigated the effects of PTP1B inhibition on differentiation of ES cells into cardiomyocytes. PTP1B mRNA and protein levels were increased during the differentiation of ES cells into cardiomyocytes. Accordingly, a stable ES cell line expressing PTP1B shRNA was established. In vitro, the number and size of spontaneously beating embryoid bodies were significantly decreased in PTP1B-knockdown cells, compared with the control cells. Decreased expression of cardiac-specific markers Nkx2-5, MHC-α, cTnT, and CX43, as assessed by real-time PCR analysis, was further confirmed by immunocytochemistry of the markers. The results also showed that PTP1B inhibition induced apoptosis in both differentiated and undifferentiated ES cells, as presented by increasing the level of cleaved caspase-3, cytochrome C, and cleaved PARP. Further analyses revealed that PTP1B inhibition did not change proliferation and pluripotency of undifferentiated ES cells. Taken together, the data presented here suggest that PTP1B is essential for proper differentiation of ES cells into cardiomyocytes.