湖南省小溪国家级自然保护区杀虫植物资源调查研究

实地调查了小溪国家级自然保护区内的杀虫植物资源的种类、生境、利用价值及现状。结果表明,小溪自然保护区的杀虫植物资源十分丰富,有87科171属242种及变种。菊科等11科植物含有6种以上的植物,为该区的优势类群。简要介绍了保护区内重要的杀虫植物28科40种的杀虫作用及部位、植物类型、繁殖方式和药用部位。针对保护区内的杀虫植物资源的开发利用现状提出了建议。     

中国源杀虫剂的研制与应用

我国植物资源极其丰富,而且应用植物杀虫历史修久。近年来我国源杀虫进展迅速,获得了一批重要成果,并在某些方面接近或达到国际先进水平。本文简要综述我国植物源杀剂的研究现状,介绍了其杀虫活性物质的类型、有效成分、防治对象、杀虫机理及开发前景从而为研究的植物杀虫剂奠定了基础。     

中国植物源杀虫剂的研制与应用

我国植物资源极其丰富,而且应用植物杀虫历史悠久。近年来我国植物源杀虫剂研究进展迅速,获得了一批重要成果,并在某些方面接近或达到国际先进水平。本文简要综述我国植物源杀虫剂的研究现状,介绍了其杀虫活性物质的类型、有效成分、防治对象、杀虫机理及开发前景。从而为研究植物源杀虫剂奠定了基础。     

中国植物源杀虫剂的研制与应用

我国植物资源极其丰富,而且应用植物杀虫历史悠久。近年来我国植物源杀虫剂研究进展迅速,获得了一批重要成果,并在某些方面接近或达到国际先进水平。本文简要综述我国植物源杀虫剂的研究现状,介绍了其杀虫活性物质的类型、有效成分、防治对象、杀虫机理及开发前景。从而为研究植物源杀虫剂奠定了基础     

楝科植物柠檬素类化合物杀虫活性研究的新进展(英文)

植物中的次生代谢物是植物性杀虫剂的活性有效成分。关于来自楝科植物的柠檬素类化合物杀虫活性的研究近年来又有了新进展。这些化合物对许多种重要害虫具有驱避、拒食、毒杀、抑制生长发育等活性。来自楝属、印楝局的植物在杀虫活性、有活性种类数量方面高于其它属,米仔兰属、鹧鸪花属和香椿属的植物也有较高的杀虫活性。柠檬素类化合物的杀虫作用机制在本文中也做了综述。     

长白山区野生杀虫植物资源的调查研究

长白山区属温带气候,野生杀虫植物资源十分丰富。经过3年的调查研究,首次报道了长白山野生杀虫植物共有57科、130属、176种。其中乔木13科、15属、17种;灌木8科、8属、8种;木质藤本2科、3属、3种;多年生草本34科、65属、92种;一、二年生草本17科、32属、45种;草质藤本11科、11属、11种。介绍了长白山区35种主要野生杀虫植物、野生杀虫植物在5个不同景观带的分布情况及其它方面的用途,提出了开发利用和保护的具体建议,为国内外研究长白山区野生杀虫植物提供了第一手原始资料。     

9种植物粗提物防治落叶松毛虫的试验

从生物防治的角度出发,以黑龙江省有毒杀虫植物为研究对象,从中选取9种省内分布范围较广的杀虫植物,根据其理化性质,采用索氏方法提取杀虫生理活性物质。在内蒙古赤峰市克什克腾旗经棚林场落叶松林内对落叶松毛虫(Dendrolimus superans Butler)进行了毒力测定和林间防治试验。应用兴安白头翁、朝鲜白芷、白藓、白屈菜、兴安藜芦及兴安白芷6种杀虫植物提取液稀释20倍液时,对落叶松毛虫3龄幼虫毒力作用效果较好,校正死亡率分别为85.0%、81.7%、80.0%、76.7%、73.3%和60.0%;应用兴安白头翁、白屈菜、兴安藜芦、白藓、朝鲜白芷5种杀虫植物粗提液稀释50倍时,对落叶松毛虫的防治效果分别为62.0％、60.4％、58.6％、58.6％、53.5％。并与生物药剂、植物源杀虫剂及化学农药进行了药效比较分析,其研究结果为林木害虫的生物防治及有毒植物资源的开发和利用提供理论依据。     

苏云金芽孢杆菌毒蛋白发掘方法的研究进展

自上世纪初发现苏云金芽孢杆菌对昆虫有杀虫活性以来,如何发掘利用苏云金芽孢杆菌的杀虫晶体蛋白服务于农业生产和人类的卫生防控就成为一个重要课题。从早期的分离菌株使用菌体的复合物喷施到使用分子手段转化植物特定表达,人类在苏云金芽孢杆菌杀虫晶体蛋白的利用精准度上在不断提高,但随之而来就是抗性的产生。因此不断发掘可使用的新的苏云金芽孢杆菌杀虫晶体蛋白基因资源就是一个很重要的话题。本综述就苏云金芽孢杆菌杀虫晶体蛋白基因的发掘方法研究做一系统论述。     

野生植物资源与生物合理性农药

本文对我国具有杀虫作用的野生植物资源及其杀虫有效成分的研究进行了评述。从植物与害虫的相互关系出发,论述了使用植物性杀虫剂在害虫治理中的考物合理性,对开发新型的考物合理性农药作出评述,并就我国利用野生植物资源研究开发植物性杀虫剂提出建议。     

潮汕地区农药植物资源初探

潮汕地区农药植物资源十分丰富。初步调查统计共有 88科 2 39种 ,其中蕨类植物 4种 ,裸子植物 6种 ,被子植物2 2 9种 ,这些农药植物均具有杀虫作用。本文对潮汕地区农药植物的研究和合理开发利用提出了若干建议     

昆虫对植物次生物质的代谢适应机制及其对昆虫抗药性的意义

植物次生物质(plant secondary metabolites)对昆虫的取食行为、生长发育及繁殖可以产生不利影响,甚至对昆虫可以产生毒杀作用。为了应对植物次生物质的不利影响,昆虫通过对植物次生物质忌避取食、解毒代谢等多种机制,而对寄主植物产生适应性。其中,昆虫的解毒代谢酶包括昆虫细胞色素P450酶系（P450s）及谷胱甘肽硫转移酶（GSTs）等,在昆虫对植物次生物质的解毒代谢及对寄主植物的适应性中发挥了重要作用。昆虫的解毒酶系统不仅可以代谢植物次生物质,还可能代谢化学杀虫剂,因而昆虫对寄主植物的适应性与其对杀虫剂的耐药性甚至抗药性密切相关。昆虫细胞色素P450s和GSTs等代谢解毒酶活性及相关基因的表达可以被植物次生物质影响,这不仅使昆虫对寄主植物的防御产生了适应性,还影响了昆虫对杀虫剂的解毒代谢,因而改变昆虫的耐药性或抗药性。掌握昆虫对植物次生物质的代谢适应机制及其在昆虫抗药性中的作用,对于明确昆虫的抗药性机制具有重要的参考意义。本文综述了植物次生物质对昆虫的影响、昆虫对寄主植物次生物质的代谢机制、昆虫对植物次生物质的代谢适应性对昆虫耐药性及抗药性的影响等方面的研究进展。     

The development of insecticide resistance in the presence of migration

A model of insecticide resistance including migration is developed in order to try to understand the large variations in time required for insects to develop resistance. It is found that there is a critical migration rate above which resistance is greatly retarded. The model also suggests that density dependence is important in determining the optimal insecticide kill rate and that a larger kill rate will probably delay the onset of resistance.     

寄生蜂抗药性研究进展

植物-植食性昆虫-寄生蜂三级营养结构之间由于长期相互适应和协同进化,产生了一系列独特的相互关系。选择压力将对害虫和寄生蜂的抗药性演化产生影响,但由于寄生蜂具有与植食性昆虫不同的生物学及生态学特性,选择压力对害虫和寄生蜂抗药性演化的影响作用也是不同的。研究结果表明,除体外杀虫剂对寄生蜂的直接汰选因素外,进入寄主昆虫体内的杀虫剂成分、寄主昆虫取食不同植物的特有成分以及气候因子等均会对寄生蜂的抗药性演化产生影响。     

Insect immunity and its implication in mosquito-malaria interactions

Insects' resistance to infectious agents is essential for their own survival and also for the health of the plant, animal and human populations with which they closely interact. Several of the major human diseases are spread by insects and are rapidly expanding as a result of the development of insecticide resistance in vectors and drug resistance in parasites. A vector insects' permissiveness to a pathogen, and hence the spread of the disease, will largely depend on the compatibility of the molecular interactions between the two species and the capability of the insect immune system to recognize and kill the pathogen. The innate immune system comprises a variety of components and mechanisms that can discriminate between different microorganisms and mount specific responses to control pathogenic infections. An impressive body of knowledge on the insects' innate immunity has been generated from studies in the model organism Drosophila. These studies are now guiding the exploration of the immune system in the vector mosquito of human malaria, Anopheles, and its implication in the elimination of parasites. Anopheles immune responses have been linked to parasite losses and some refractory mosquitoes can kill all parasites through specific defence mechanisms. The recently sequenced Drosophila and Anopheles genomes provide a detailed and comparative view on their immune gene repertoires that in combination with post-genomic analyses is used to further dissect the complex mechanisms of Plasmodium killing in the mosquito.     

Proteins as active compounds involved in insecticidal activity of mushroom fruitbodies

Many mushrooms are toxic to insects. To identify the chemicals involved in insecticidal activity, the toxicity of 14 species has been studied for water solubility, thermolability, and dialysis. The data strongly suggest that proteins are responsible for most of the insecticidal activity of mushroom fruitbodies and may be a source of genes available for plant protection against insects. Among proteins, lectins and hemolysins were good insecticide candidates because the toxicities were not affected by protease.     

Method of insecticide delivery affects horizontal transfer of fipronil in the German cockroach (Dictyoptera: Blattellidae).

Horizontal transmission of insecticide occurs when foragers contact or ingest an insecticide, return to the aggregation or nest, and translocate the insecticide to the shelter and its vicinity. Relatively more sedentary members of the population then contact or eat the translocated insecticide and die. We evaluated three different methods of delivering fipronil to adult male German cockroaches, Blattella germanica (L.), for their potential to cause such secondary mortality in various developmental stages of the cockroach. Adult males topically treated with 5 ng of fipronil (approximately LD99) caused low mortality in untreated nymphs and no mortality in untreated adults within the same aggregation. Males exposed to residual fipronil on a glass surface translocated more insecticide, resulting in higher mortality of cockroaches they contacted, but only early instars were affected and no adult mortality was observed. Ingested fipronil bait, however, was most effectively translocated, and caused high mortality of untreated adults and nymphs. Ingestion of fipronil also caused greater secondary kill compared with a topical application of 25 ng, approximately the same amount recovered from the exterior of males that ingested 1 mg of 0.05% fipronil bait. Secondary mortality in the untreated population was significantly affected by the duration of contact between the treated and untreated cockroaches, the quantity and freshness of excretions from the treated insects, and the accessibility of the secretions to untreated cockroaches. The mechanisms that cause secondary kill may include ingestion of excreted fipronil residues, cannibalism of bait-fed cockroaches, as well as contact with fipronil-contaminated substrates.     

Limited effects of above‐ and belowground insects on community structure and function in a species‐rich grassland

Question: Do above‐ and belowground insects differentially impact plant community structure and function in a diverse native grassland? Location: Rough fescue prairie in Alberta, Canada. Methods: Above‐ and belowground insects were suppressed with insecticides for 5 years using a randomised block design. During this experiment, a severe drought began in 2001 and ended in 2003. Aboveground plant growth was measured as cover and biomass from 2001 to 2005. Root demography was measured in 2002 using a minirhizotron. Mixed models and repeated measures ANOVA were used to determine treatment effects on a number of response variables. MRBP were used to test for treatment effects on community composition. Results: Five years of insect suppression had few significant effects on plant growth, species richness or community composition, and were limited primarily to the severe drought in 2002. During the drought, insect attack increased root mortality, reduced plant cover, and altered community composition. Following the drought, plant responses were unaffected by insecticide application for the remainder of the experiment. Conclusions: Five years of insect suppression had only minor effects on community structure and function in this diverse native grassland. There was no indication that these effects increased over time. The results are counter to studies conducted in productive old‐field communities that revealed large effects of insects on community structure. We suggest that the unique features of this system, such as high species evenness, abundance of generalist herbivores, and a lack of competition for light among plants, limited the potential for insects to greatly impact community‐level processes.     

蘑菇子实体内杀虫蛋白质的研究

许多蘑菇都对昆虫表现出毒性。为了证实与杀虫毒性有关的化合物,对14种蘑菇的毒性在水溶性、热敏性和可透析性等方面进行了研究。研究数据表明,蛋白质对大多数蘑菇子实体的杀虫活性起着重要作用,也许是一种可以用于植物抵抗害虫的基因源。在数种蛋白质中,凝集素和溶血素因不受蛋白酶的影响而成为良好的杀虫剂候选材料。     

基因工程植物的安全性问题

转基因植物的研究进展很迅速,但基因工程植物是否安全一直争论不休,主要表现在转基因食品的安全性及生态安全性问题上.转基因食品的安全性涉及这些食品的过敏性、毒性以及抗生素标记基因的安全性几个方面.转基因植物的生态安全性包括基因漂流、是否能诱发昆虫产生Bt抗性和对生物多样性的影响等.本文针对这些问题,对转基因植物潜在危害以及国际上现有的评价作简要综述.     

Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors: targets for commercially important insecticides

Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) are major excitatory neurotransmitter receptors in both vertebrates and invertebrates. In insects, nAChRs are the target site for several naturally occurring and synthetic compounds that exhibit potent insecticidal activity. Several compounds isolated from plants are potent agonists or antagonists of nAChRs, suggesting that these may have evolved as a defence mechanism against insects and other herbivores. Nicotine, isolated from the tobacco plant, has insecticidal activity and has been used extensively as a commercial insecticide. Spinosad, a naturally occurring mixture of two macrocyclic lactones isolated from the microorganism Saccharopolyspora spinosa, acts upon nAChRs and has been developed as a commercial insecticide. Since the early 1990s, one of the most widely used and rapidly growing classes of insecticides has been the neonicotinoids. Neonicotinoid insecticides are potent selective agonists of insect nAChRs and are used extensively in both crop protection and animal health applications. As with other classes of insecticides, there is growing evidence for the evolution of resistance to insecticides that act on nAChRs.