光周期对飞蝗三个地理种群胚胎滞育和生殖的影响(英文)

本文研究了光周期对飞蝗三个地理种群胚胎滞育和生殖的影响。结果表明飞蝗不同地理种群胚胎滞有特性存在显著差异。新疆和硕飞蝗种群无论在长光照还是短光照下均产滞育卵,属于专性滞育;天津北大港和新疆哈密飞蝗种群的胚胎滞育随光周期的不同而变化,长光照和短光照下分别产非滞有卵和滞育卵,属于不同类型的兼性滞育。在纬度等条件差别不大的情况下,海拔高度对滞有特性的影响可能起主导作用。长光照延长哈密和北大港飞蝗种群的产卵前期、降低其产卵频率及产卵量;但对和硕飞蝗种群的这些特性无明显影响。和硕飞蝗种群胚胎打破滞育所需的低温处理时间较哈密和北大港飞蝗种群所需时间长。     

红脂大小蠹幼虫和成虫耐寒能力及耐寒物质的研究

为明确红脂大小蠹Dendroctonus valens LeConte的耐寒能力以及主要耐寒物质,对越冬期幼虫和成虫的过冷却点及冰点进行了测定,同时对越冬期及非越冬期幼虫和成虫体内的抗冻保护物质进行了测定.结果表明,越冬期幼虫和成虫的过冷却点差异不显著,分别为-18.34±0.26℃和-18.59±0.63℃,冰点差异显著,分别为-10.17±0.36℃和-15.90±0.70.越冬期幼虫体内脂肪、甘油、海藻糖和山梨醇含量均显著高于非越冬期幼虫,水分、糖原和蛋白质含量差异不显著;越冬期成虫体内糖原、甘油、海藻糖和山梨醇含量均显著高于非越冬期成虫,水分、脂肪和蛋白质含量差异不显著.甘油、海藻糖、山梨醇是红脂大小蠹幼虫和成虫的主要抗冻保护物质,在越冬过程中发挥重要作用;此外,脂肪在红脂大小蠹幼虫越冬过程中也发挥重要作用,糖原在红脂大小蠹成虫越冬过程中发挥重要作用.     

轮纹异痂蝗卵的过冷却能力与其体内水分和生化物质含量的关系

【目的】低温是影响昆虫生长发育和存活的关键因子之一。为明确轮纹异痂蝗Bryodemella tuberculatum dilutum卵的抗寒性及其机理, 研究了其过冷却能力与其体内水分及其他抗寒性相关生化物质含量的关系。【方法】采用热电偶法测定了轮纹异痂蝗卵的过冷却点,同时采用烘干法、残余法、氨基酸自动分析仪和高效液相色谱法分别测定了其卵的含水量、脂肪、氨基酸及小分子糖醇的含量。【结果】土壤含水量对轮纹异痂蝗滞育前卵的含水量、脂肪含量（鲜重）及过冷却点有极显著的影响(P<0.01)。随着土壤含水量从4%增加到13%,卵含水量从45.12%上升到55.25%,卵脂肪含量（鲜重）从10.39%下降到9.39%,而过冷却点从-30.11℃上升到-25.69℃。不同发育阶段卵的过冷却点、含水量、脂肪、氨基酸及小分子糖醇含量存在极显著差异(P<0.01)。从卵产下当天至120 d,卵过冷却点从-26.78℃下降至-30.18℃,含水量从51.93%下降至46.69%,脂肪含量分别从9.99%（鲜重）和17.37%（干重）上升至13.92%(鲜重)和25.29%（干重）。滞育卵的过冷却点显著低于滞育前卵的过冷却点。从卵中共检测到17种氨基酸,其中5种与过冷却点存在显著的相关关系(P<0.05)。卵过冷却点随着甘氨酸和脯氨酸含量的升高而降低,而随着胱氨酸、亮氨酸及天冬氨酸含量的增加而升高。随着卵的发育,海藻糖、甘油、肌醇和山梨醇含量逐渐上升,而葡萄糖和果糖含量逐渐下降。在卵发育过程中,海藻糖和甘油的含量显著高于其他4种物质的含量。卵过冷却点与上述6种小分子糖醇均存在显著的相关关系,其中与海藻糖和葡萄糖的相关性最强。过冷却点随海藻糖、甘油、肌醇和山梨醇含量的升高而降低,而随葡萄糖和果糖含量的升高而上升。【结论】轮纹异痂蝗卵在发育过程中,通过降低含水量,积累脂肪、脯氨酸、甘氨酸及海藻糖、甘油、肌醇和山梨醇等抗寒物质,从而提高其过冷却能力。     

西藏飞蝗（Locusta migratoria tibetensis Chen）耐寒性理化指标

西藏飞蝗是青藏高原上的一种重要害虫.近年来, 西藏飞蝗在西藏、青海玉树以及川西高原上危害十分严重.通过对该虫各发育阶段过冷却能力测定,研究了各发育阶段虫体内生理生化物质与过冷却能力之间的关系,揭示了该虫耐寒性规律.结果表明,西藏飞蝗蝗卵的过冷却点和结冰点为最低,分别为-22.02℃和-16.36℃.在1～4龄蝗蝻期,过冷却点随体内水分、糖原和脂肪含量随着虫体的发育而升高,其过冷却点分别为-9.28℃、-8.51℃、-7.18℃、-6.46℃;到5龄蝗蝻时,虫体脂肪和糖原含量达最高值,过冷却点下降为-8.07℃.讨论了虫体脂肪、糖原和甘油含量变化与其耐寒力之间的关系.     

西藏飞蝗各发育阶段的耐寒性

西藏飞蝗Locusta migratoria tibetensis Chen是青藏高原的重要农牧业害虫。对该虫各发育阶段的过冷却点和结冰点的测定表明,西藏飞蝗卵的过冷却点和结冰点为最低,分别为-22.02℃、-16.36℃,4龄蝻的过冷却点和结冰点最高,分别是-6.46℃和-5.05℃,西藏飞蝗在甘孜以卵越冬。     

松突圆蚧种群耐寒性的季节变化

采用过冷却点、低温暴露死亡率、冷识别温度和致死中低温累积等指标评价不同季节松突圆蚧的耐寒性.结果表明:各季节松突圆蚧的过冷却点波动在-22.4～-3.1 ℃之间,以冬季雌成虫的平均过冷却点最低(-14.83 ℃),显著低于夏季雌成虫、冬季1龄若虫和初孵若虫(P＜0.01),但其它发育阶段在冬、夏季之间均无显著差异;冬季1龄若虫、2龄性分化前若虫、2龄性分化后雄若虫、雌成虫和种群总体在-20～0 ℃下的死亡率、冷识别温度和致死中低温累积均明显低于夏季;1龄若虫、2龄性分化后雄若虫和种群总体的致死中低温累积与季节性平均气温均呈显著正相关(R＞R0.05=0.950,n-2=2),但各发育阶段的过冷却点与其致死中低温累积的相关性均未达显著水平.松突圆蚧冬季种群耐寒性最强,夏季种群最弱;该虫耐寒性的这一季节适应性并不依赖于过冷却点,而与气温的季节变化密切相关.     

低温微生物的冷适应机理及其应用

低温微生物广泛分布于极地、冰川、永久冻土和深海等寒冷环境,其冷适应能力是多种机理共同作用的结果,包括酶的低温催化活性、低温下膜流动性的保持、冷休克蛋白、抗冻蛋白以及抗冻保护剂等.低温微生物主要应用于催化低温发酵、表达热不稳定蛋白质、生产抗冻保护剂和冬季治理污水等领域.     

黄脊雷蓖蝗越冬卵的滞育发育特性

黄脊雷蓖蝗Rammeacris kiangsu Tsai是我国竹林的重要害虫,1年发生1代,以卵越冬。为弄清其卵滞育发育特性,调查了卵期温度及低温处理对其卵孵化的影响,检测了恒温条件下胚胎的发育进度及卵粒含水量、过冷却点的变化。结果表明,在不同的卵期温度条件下黄脊雷蓖蝗卵的孵化前期均较长,且孵化不整齐、孵化期间长;低温处理30、60或90 d可显著促进其卵的孵化,低温处理的时间越长效果越明显。说明黄脊雷蓖蝗的卵存在滞育现象,低温能明显降低其卵滞育强度。胚胎头幅、触角长度及体长的测量结果显示,25℃温度条件下的黄脊雷蓖蝗的胚胎发育可划分为3个阶段,即前期的持续发育阶段、中期的发育延迟阶段和后期的发育恢复阶段。产卵后40 d左右卵进入滞育,40—75 d为卵的深度滞育期。黄脊雷蓖蝗的卵粒产下后水分含量较低,在25℃的温度条件下,于产卵后25 d前后有一快速的吸水过程,其后卵粒的含水量增加缓慢,可见其卵粒的吸水发生在进入滞育状态之前。在25℃的条件下,黄脊雷蓖蝗卵粒过冷却点的变化亦包含3个阶段,即胚胎发育初期的较高阶段、中期持续而稳定的较低阶段及后期的提升阶段,可以认为黄脊雷蓖蝗越冬卵耐寒性的提高与其滞育的发生密切相关。     

瓜实蝇耐低温相关生理指标的测定

【目的】了解瓜实蝇Bactrocera cucurbitae(Coquillett)对低温的耐受性,分析其不同发育阶段耐寒力差异。【方法】以不同发育阶段瓜实蝇为实验材料,分别测定并比较了过冷却点、水分、脂肪、甘油和糖类含量的变化情况。【结果】其不同龄期的过冷却点差异显著,5日龄蛹的过冷却点最低,为﹣17.04℃,1日龄幼虫的过冷却点最高,为﹣11.82℃,同一日龄的雌、雄成虫之间的过冷却点无显著差异;其幼虫期和蛹期虫体的含水量随着龄期的增长而下降,从1日龄幼虫79.64%下降到5日龄蛹65.31%,5日龄蛹的含水量显著低于其他龄期瓜实蝇,成虫期各龄期雌成虫含水量均显著高于雄成虫;5日龄幼虫脂肪含量最高,为32.90%,1日龄雄成虫和14日龄雄成虫脂肪含量最低,均为15%;幼虫期甘油含量随着龄期的增长而下降,从3.32μg/mg下降到1.12μg/mg,而蛹期逐渐上升,14日龄雌成虫甘油含量最高,为5.90μg/mg;1日龄幼虫总糖、海藻糖和糖原含量均最高,分别为7.51、0.94和1.93μg/mg,显著高于其他龄期瓜实蝇,蛹期糖类含量逐渐下降,而成虫期糖类含量随龄期增长而逐渐升高。【结论】本研究结果可为正确评估瓜实蝇的地理适应性和低温检疫处理提供依据。     

荒漠昆虫光滑鳖甲的耐寒性季节变化及其生理机制

光滑鳖甲Anatolica polita borealis生活于温差大的新疆荒漠环境, 为探讨其耐寒性及耐寒机制, 本研究测定了其3-9月份成虫在－10℃的耐寒性、过冷却点（SCP）、含水量、甘油含量和血淋巴热滞活性(thermal hysteresis activity, THA)以及冷驯化对增强光滑鳖甲成虫耐寒性的效果, 还测定了光滑鳖甲不同发育阶段幼虫的SCP。结果表明: 光滑鳖甲成虫的耐寒性和SCP具有明显的季节性变化, 3月初SCP为－12.5℃, 7月为－6℃, 9月底为－13.6℃。4℃冷驯化能够提高光滑鳖甲成虫在－10℃的存活率, 未驯化组在40 min的存活率为50%, 而驯化2 h的为70%, 驯化24 h的为90%。虫体含水量在夏季有显著降低, 3月、7月和9月结合水与自由水的比值分别为10.8∶1,2.6∶1和5.4∶1。成虫甘油含量与SCP的回归方程为y=－0.6204x－5.681, R²=0.7714。成虫血淋巴THA与过冷却点的回归方程为y=－5.26x－1.713, R²=0.9049。血淋巴THA比甘油浓度更能影响过冷却点降低的程度。随着幼虫的发育, 其SCP逐渐降低。结果提示, 光滑鳖甲通过提高结合水与自由水的比值、增加抗冻蛋白和甘油的含量使虫体保持较低的SCP, 因而具有较高的耐寒性。     

Distribution of N,P, K,Ca, Mg,S, Zn,Fe, Mn and Cu in groundnut

Summary Concentration of N, P, K, Ca, Mg and S in summer groundnut crop was higher than in kharif while Zn, Fe, Mn and Cu contents were higher in summer crop. Kernel's N, P and Zn; Leaflet's Ca and Mn; Stem's K and Fe; Root's S and Cu and Petiole's Mg contents were highest. Shell's N, P, K, Mg, S, Zn and Cu; Kernel's Ca, Fe and Mn contents were the least. N, P, K, S, Zn and Cu concentrations decreased linearly as the crop grew. Ca, Mg, Fe and Mn concentrations did not display any distinct pattern. Ca concentration was positively correlated with pod yield in both the seasons.     

Uniform hypothesis of cell behavior--movement, contact inhibition of movement, adhesion, chemotaxis, phagocytosis, pinocytosis, division, contact inhibition of division, fusion.

The cell has been represented as a charged liquid drop. Contrary to the DLVO-theory, the effect of the surface potential upon the value of the interfacial tension of the cell membrane has also been taken into consideration. The cell membrane has visco-elastic properties and its constituents may move against each other. Cell movement is caused by the appearance of a small number of the electrically charged constituents of the cell membrane on the leading edge of the cell. This produces a local decrease in the surface tension and the cell membrane expansion. At the moment of contact between two cells proton transfers occur between the strongly negatively charged microvilli of one cell and the body of the other, analogous to a condenser breakdown. This, through the effect on the surface tension, causes contact inhibition of movement. The distribution of the proton dissociable groups modifies the interaction between the cells (differentiation) and between the cell and the substratum (adhesion). Adsorption of the charged compounds at the surface of the cell membrane, decreasing the surface potential and increasing the surface tension, causes the phenomena of chemotaxis, phagocytosis and pinocytosis. Cell division, considered in the terms of the surface energy, requires an adequate supply of considerable quantities of energy inversely proportional to the surface potential value. In case of a reduction of the distance between the cells, their surface potential and the energetic barrier of the cell division processes increases, and causes contact inhibition of cell division. Due to their high charge, division of neoplastic cells is inhibited much later than division of normal cells, or is completely ininhibited due to geometric conditions. Fusion of the cell membrane in the intra-cellular and intercellular processes is a reverse process in relation to the cell division.     

The effect of malathion,diazinon, and various concentrations of zinc,copper, nickel,lead, iron,and mercury on fish

Acute and chronic toxicity tests for malathion, diazinon, copper (Cu), mercury (Hg), lead (Pb), zinc (Zn), nickel (Ni), and iron (Fe) were conducted. Mortalities ofBarilius vagra andCyprinus carpio (common carp) were variable but LC50-96 hr were similar for pesticides. AdultB. vagra seem to be more sensitive to malathion than juvenile carp. Both juvenile carp and adultB. vagra were extremely sensitive to diazinon. Long-term exposure to pesticides modified morphology and behavior. The LC50-96 values for Cu, Hg, and Pb were 0.3, 0.16, and 0.44, respectively, for smaller fish and 1.0, 0.77, and 1.33, respectively, for larger fish. Replicate LC50 values for Zn, Ni, and Fe were somewhat variable, and for these metals, the size of the fish seemed to affect response because LC50 values increased as fish size increased. Cooper, Pb, Zn, and Fe residues following exposure to sublethal concentrations of these metals for 15 d were significantly greater in whole juvenile common carp than in controls.     

The Effect of Age and Gender on Al, B, Ba, Ca, Cu, Fe, K, Li, Mg, Mn, Na, P, S, Sr, V, and Zn Contents in Rib Bone of Healthy Humans

The effect of age and gender on major, minor, and trace element contents in the intact rib bone of 80 relatively healthy 15–55-year-old women and men was investigated. Contents or upper limit of contents of 16 chemical elements in the rib bone were determined by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES). Mean values (M?±?SΕΜ) for the mass fraction of Ba, Ca, Cu, Fe, K, Li, Mg, Na, P, S, Sr, and Zn (milligram per kilogram of dry bone) were as follows: 2.54?±?0.16, 171,400?±?4,050, 1.35?±?0.22, 140?±?11, 1,874?±?71, 0.049?±?0.011, 2,139?±?38, 5,378?±?88, 75,140?±?1,660, 1,881?±?51, 291?±?20, and 92.8?±?1.5, respectively. The upper limits of contents of Al, B, Mn, and V were <7.20, <0.65, <0.36, and <0.03, respectively. Statistically significant tendency for the Ca, Mg, and P content to decrease with age was found in the human rib bone, regardless of gender. The mass fraction of Fe in the male rib bone increases with age. It was shown that higher Ca, Mg, Na, P, and Sr mass fractions as well as lower Fe content were typical of female ribs as compared to those in male ribs.     

Further studies of the sieve-element plastids of theCaryophyllales includingBarbeuia,Corrigiola, Lyallia,Microtea, Sarcobatus,andTelephium

The sieve-element plastids of 69 species of theCaryophyllales were investigated by transmission electron microscopy. All contained the specific subtype-P3 plastids characterized by a peripheral ring of protein filaments. The presence or absence of an additional central protein crystal and their shape being either polygonal or globular as well as the average sizes of the sieve-element plastids are useful features in the characterization of some families.—Barbeuia contains sieve-element plastids that confirm its placement within thePhytolaccaceae. Lyallia differs fromHectorella by including small starch grains in their sieve-element plastids, which otherwise by their globular crystals negate a closer connection to theCaryophyllaceae. The lack of a central protein crystal in its form-P3fs plastids placesMicrotea best within theChenopodiaceae. Sarcobatus, a so far uncontested member of theChenopodiaceae, contains form-P3cf plastids, i.e., including a central crystal not found elsewhere in this family.Telephium andCorrigiola, shifted back and forth betweenMolluginaceae andCaryophyllaceae, have form-P3cf(s) plastids with a polygonal crystal which favor their placement within theCaryophyllaceae.     

Simultaneous measurement of the trace elements Al, As, B, Be, Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, Li, Mn, Mo, Ni, Rb, Se, Sr, and Zn in human serum and their reference ranges by ICP-MS

The goal of this article was to establish reference ranges of the concentration of trace elements in human serum and to compare these results with those reported by other authors. We describe the sample preparation and measurement conditions that allow the rapid, precise, and accurate determination of Al, As, B, Be, Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, Li, Mn, Mo, Ni, Rb, Se, Sr, and Zn in human serum samples (n=110) by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Accuracy and precision were determined by analyzing three reconstituted reference serum samples by comparison with other methods and by the standard addition procedure. The advantages of the ICP-MS method include short time of analysis of the elements mentioned, low detection limit, high precision, and high accuracy. Disadventages include a high risk of contamination due to the presence of some of the elements of interest in the environment, the relatively delicate sample handling, and the high cost of the equipment.     

Translocation of radionuclides of Co, Zn, Se, Rb, Y, Tc, and Re into organs of tomato plant via roots

The translocation of the radionuclides of Co, Zn, Se, Rb, Y, Tc, and Re into red and green fruits, flesh, seeds, rind, calyxes, flower, leaves, and stems via the root of the tomato plant at two different growth stages was studied by a multitracer technique. The contents (%/g) of Co, Zn, Se, and Y in the roots were the highest among the organs, but only small amounts of them were translocated into the aerial parts after 5 d cultivation with a multitracer. In contrast, Rb, Tc, and Re showed rapid translocation into the stems and leaves from the root. In the plants cultivated for 95 d with a multitracer, Zn, Se, and Rb distributed in all of the organs, Co in the organs except for flowers, and Y, Tc, and Re in the limited organs. The translocation ratio of the elements for the edible part of the plants cultivated for 95 d decreased in the order of Rb>Zn>Co≈Se>Tc≈Y>Re. The transfer factor of the elements for tomato fruit was determined to be in the range of 10⁻⁵–10⁻². The characteristic translocation behavior of the elements gives us fundamental information on the assessment of pollutant uptake by the tomato plant.