中国迴条蜂属三新种(蜜蜂总科:条蜂科)

文中记述回条蜂属(Habropoda)三新种,连同作者1979年的记载,我国共有回条蜂12种。新种模式标本保存于中国科学院动物研究所。1.红足回条蜂Habropoda rufipes新种(图1) 体长10毫米,黑色;足红褐色,胸部被黄色及黑色混杂的毛。唇基隆起,为复眼宽     

中国黄斑蜂族九新种记述(蜜蜂总科,切叶蜂科,黄斑蜂族)

记述中国黄斑蜂族3属9新种.新种是:圆斑伟黄斑蜂Bathanthidum(s.str.)circinatum,峨眉伟黄斑蜂Bathanthidium(s.str.)emeiense,叉黄斑蜂Anthidium (s.str.)furcatum,双色黄斑蜂Anthidium(s.str.)bicolor,纹黄斑蜂Anthidum(s.str.)striatum,莫干山黄斑蜂An-thidium(s.str.)moganshanensis,向日葵黄斑蜂Anthidium(Proanthidium)helianthinum,皇冠准黄斑蜂Trachusa (Paraanthidium)coronum,角足准黄斑蜂Trachusa(Paraanthidium)cornopes.模式标本保存于中国科学院动物研究所.     

中国木蜂属的研究及新种记述(膜翅目,蜜蜂总科)

木蜂族Xylocopini共分为三属:厉蜂属Lestis分布于美洲;突眼木蜂属Proxylocopa主要分布于旧北区西南部;木蜂属Xylocopa全世界均有分布。据Hurd & Moure(1963)记载,东洋区木蜂属153种,旧北区76种。本文记述我国木蜂属24种,隶属于十个亚属,即分布于东洋区的典型亚属:绒木蜂亚属Bombioxylocopa,蓝胸木蜂亚属Cyaneoderes,尖足木蜂亚属Hoploxylocopa,夜木蜂亚属Nyctomelitta;分布于东洋区及旧北区的亚属:宽足木蜂亚属Platynopoda,毛带木蜂亚属Zonohirsuta;分布     

中国隧蜂亚属的研究及新种记述（膜翅目：蜜蜂总科：隧蜂科）

本文记述隧蜂亚属12种,其中三个新种:拟黄带隧蜂 Halictus (Halictus) pseudotakuiricus;扎达隧蜂Halictus (Halictus) zadaensis;红足斑点隧蜂Halictus (Halictus) frostus;一个新纪录种:黄带隧蜂Halictus (Halictus) takuiricus Blüthgen。文中附有12种的种检索表。     

彩带蜂属一新亚属记述(蜜蜂总科,隧蜂科)

中国彩带蜂亚科Nomiinae的种类分属于三个属,即:毛带蜂属Pseudapis、锤腹蜂属Rhopalomelissa及彩带蜂属Nomia。彩带蜂属是彩带蜂亚科中的一个大属,广泛分布于两半球,此属种类繁多,形态各异,亚属的研究尚待进一步完善。至目前为止,分布于亚州的共有以下六个亚属:Hoplonomia,Paranomina,Nomia,Dionomia,Austrnomia及Lobonomia。作者在研究中国彩带蜂属的基础上提出一个新亚属。 斑翅彩带蜂亚属Maculonomia新亚属     

中国宽痣蜂属(Macropis)的研究及两新种记述(蜜蜂总科,准蜜蜂科 Melittidae)

准蜜蜂科是蜜蜂总科中的一个小科,科内共分与足蜂亚科 Dasypodinae,准蜜蜂亚科Melittinae,栉距蜂亚科 Ctenoplectrinae及宽痣蜂亚科Macropidinae等四亚科。全科有12属,目前共记载有120种。宽痣蜂属 Macropis 是宽痣蜂亚科内唯一的属,属内包括 Ma-cropis s.str.及Paramacropis两亚属。此属分布于全北区,共记载有14种,其中北美有     

中国胫淡脉隧蜂亚属九新种(膜翅目:蜜蜂总科, 隧蜂科)

文中记述中国胫淡脉隧蜂亚属Lasioglossum(Evylaeus)九新种。所有正模、配模和大多数副摸标本保存在中国科学院动物研究所,少量副横标本保存于奥地利国P.Andreas Werner Ebmer处。 1.拟闪光淡脉隧蜂Lasioglossum(Eoylueus)subfuigens新种♀体长5mm。头长等于宽(图1)。唇基微隆起,唇基端部无刻点,具几条深的纵沟,     

云南条蜂科一新种(蜜蜂总科,条蜂科)

采自云南省横断山地区的腹毛刷回条蜂Habropoda ventiscopula为一新种,芒康条蜂Anthophora mangkamensis Wu雄性为新描述。模式标本保存于中国科学院动物所。 1.腹毛刷回条蜂Habropoda ventiscopula新种 ♂10毫米。体黑色;唇基中央、颜侧(触角窝以下)及上颚大部分(端部黑褐色)均黄色(图1);触角黑褐色,翅基片黄色透明,翅脉及翅痣深褐色,翅浅褐透明;足黑褐色,距黄褐,2—5跗节红褐色,腹部1—5节腹板两侧及中央褐色。上唇端半部     

中国无垫蜂属两新种(蜜蜂总科、条蜂科)

本文记述采自我国南方的无垫蜂Amegilla属两个新种。模式标本保存于中国科学院动物研究所。 1.熊无垫蜂Amegilla bombiomorpha新种 16—17毫米。体黑色;上唇(基部两侧各具一圆形黑斑)、唇基大部分(侧缘黑色)及额唇基区三角形斑均黄色(图2);翅基片褐色;翅脉黑褐;足黑褐色,但前足、中足及后     

中国突眼木蜂属的研究及新种记述(膜翅目:蜜蜂总科)

原木蜂亚属Ancylocopa系突眼木蜂属Proxglocopa的一亚属,本亚属共有六种,即光腹原木蜂Proxylocopa(Ancylocopa)nitidiventris Smith,褐足原木蜂Proxylocopa(Ancytocopa)przewalskyi Morawitz,巴氏原木蜂Proxylocopa(Ancylocopa)paylovskyi Popov,褐背原木蜂Proxylocopa(Ancylocopa)parviceps Morawitz,烟背原木蜂Proxylocopa(Ancylocopa)andarabana Hedicke,浅背原木蜂Proxylocopa(Ancy     

Maximum Entropy,Word-Frequency,Chinese Characters,and Multiple Meanings

The word-frequency distribution of a text written by an author is well accounted for by a maximum entropy distribution, the RGF (random group formation)-prediction. The RGF-distribution is completely determined by the a priori values of the total number of words in the text (M), the number of distinct words (N) and the number of repetitions of the most common word (k_max). It is here shown that this maximum entropy prediction also describes a text written in Chinese characters. In particular it is shown that although the same Chinese text written in words and Chinese characters have quite differently shaped distributions, they are nevertheless both well predicted by their respective three a priori characteristic values. It is pointed out that this is analogous to the change in the shape of the distribution when translating a given text to another language. Another consequence of the RGF-prediction is that taking a part of a long text will change the input parameters (M, N, k_max) and consequently also the shape of the frequency distribution. This is explicitly confirmed for texts written in Chinese characters. Since the RGF-prediction has no system-specific information beyond the three a priori values (M, N, k_max), any specific language characteristic has to be sought in systematic deviations from the RGF-prediction and the measured frequencies. One such systematic deviation is identified and, through a statistical information theoretical argument and an extended RGF-model, it is proposed that this deviation is caused by multiple meanings of Chinese characters. The effect is stronger for Chinese characters than for Chinese words. The relation between Zipf’s law, the Simon-model for texts and the present results are discussed.     

中国沟颈螺属研究及一新种记述(肺螺亚纲,柄眼目,艾纳螺科)

记述中国沟颈螺属12种,其中包括1新种,即康种检索表,对新种进行了描述,并与近似种进行了比较。模定沟颈螺Holcuuchern kangdingensis sp.nov,同时编制了分式标本保存于中国科学院动物研究所。     

Residue dynamics and risk assessment of dimethoate in sweet potato,purple flowering stalk,Chinese kale,celery, and soil

Residue dynamics and risk assessment of the insecticide dimethoate applied to sweet potato, purple flowering stalk, Chinese kale, celery were investigated under the climatic conditions of China. The dissipation experiments indicated that the half-lives of dimethoate in purple flowering stalk, Chinese kale, celery, and soil were 5.9–6.5, 3.8–5.1, 3.5–5.4, 3.4–3.6 d, respectively. The terminal residues of dimethoate and omethoate in the vegetables and soil ranged from 0.008 to 1.73 mg kg^?1 at preharvest intervals of 3, 5, and 7 d. The results showed risk quotient (RQ) of <1 for sweet potato, Chinese kale, and celery, and of >1 for purple flowering stalk when under the age of 18, indicating that spraying dimethoate on sweet potato, Chinese kale, and celery at the recommended dosage is safe for human consumption, whereas spraying it on purple flowering stalk is associated with some risks to human health.     

Neighborhood effects on soil properties,mycorrhizal attributes,tree growth,and nutrient status in afforested zones

A harmonious interspecies relationship is the key to the success of mixed afforestation. This study was conducted to assess the responses of afforestation species to their neighboring trees. We examined five types of stands—monocultures of Chinese pine (Pinus tabuliformis), black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia), sea‐buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides), and two mixtures (Chinese pine × black locust mixture and Chinese pine × sea‐buckthorn mixture)—in the Loess Plateau, northwestern China. The height and diameter at breast height of each tree species were measured, and rhizosphere soil, shoot, and root were sampled. In monocultures, black locust was taller than Chinese pine and sea‐buckthorn, while the height of Chinese pine and sea‐buckthorn was similar. In mixtures, Chinese pine grew better with sea‐buckthorn than alone as a result of modified soil properties and plant nutrition, but not with black locust. When Chinese pine was used as neighbors, it affected the level of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) colonization of black locust, soil properties and AM fungal spore density of black locust and sea‐buckthorn, but did not significantly affect their growth. Our results suggest that the reciprocal effects between tree species in mixture are not symmetric, and thus planning for efficient mixed afforestation requires knowledge of species‐specific growth rate, nutrient requirements, and species interactions.     

化石植物中文名的现状、问题与建议

化石植物的中文名, 即化石植物学名的中文译名, 在古植物学、植物演化生物学专业领域和科学普及等方面起着重要的作用。然而, 长期以来对化石植物中文名重视程度不够且拟订时缺乏统一的标准, 导致各种文本中化石植物的中文名比较混乱, 不利于古植物学知识的传播及科学普及。本文通过统计中文古植物学综合性文献和教材中的化石植物中文名, 梳理出化石植物中文名拟订方面出现的一些包括同物异中文名、中文名重名、音译拗口和存在生僻字的使用等常见问题。针对这些问题, 本文提出应尽快制定出一套规范统一的化石植物中文名拟定方案, 编写和出版化石植物拉汉词典及相应网络查询系统等, 从而统一和规范化石植物的中文名, 同时也可为化石动物中文名的拟订方案提供相关参考。     

荒漠猫的演化遗传、分类和保护研究进展

荒漠猫(Felis bieti)是中国特有的野生猫科动物, 也是世界上最鲜为人知的猫科动物之一, 在IUCN濒危物种红色名录中列为易危(Vulnerable, VU), 在我国被列为国家一级重点保护野生动物。本文对荒漠猫的野外分布现状、分类学地位、遗传多样性、演化史以及致危因素等近期研究进展进行了综述和展望, 以期为荒漠猫的保护提供科学依据。荒漠猫定名于1892年, 其分类学地位长期存在争议。形态学证据支持其独立物种的划分, 但分子遗传学研究则表明荒漠猫与亚洲野猫(Felis silvestris ornata)等野猫亚种之间的演化距离相当, 建议将其归为野猫亚种(F. s. bieti)。然而研究也表明包括荒漠猫在内的各野猫支系之间的分歧时间已有100万年以上, 因此解决野猫类群分类学争议的另一种可能是将所有野猫亚种提升为物种水平, 从而维持荒漠猫的独立物种地位, 不过这需要对所有野猫类群在全基因组层面深入全面地分析。最新的基因组学研究揭示荒漠猫与亚洲野猫(F. s. ornata)存在着古老的基因交流, 与青藏高原同域家猫之间存在近期且广泛的基因渗透。该遗传杂交信号以荒漠猫到家猫为主并局限于荒漠猫分布区, 时间尺度对应于20世纪中叶, 可能与藏区社会经济的发展以及家猫种群在当地的增长有关。该发现也意味着青藏高原增长的家猫种群对于同域分布的野猫产生的遗传影响将是亟需关注的问题。IUCN最新评估结果显示, 荒漠猫明确分布区域仅限于青藏高原东部, 包括青海东部、四川西北部、甘肃西南部以及紧邻青海的西藏东南部局部区域。荒漠猫当前面临着包括鼠药施用造成的二次毒害、毛皮贸易、开发建设造成的栖息地的丧失和碎片化、路撞以及与同域家猫杂交等在内的直接或潜在威胁。对荒漠猫开展更全面的调查和深入的研究以及评估并制定有效的保护管理措施, 是保护我国唯一的特有猫科动物的重要举措。     

中国金丝雀螺属研究及一新种记述(腹足纲,肺螺亚纲,柄眼目,艾纳螺科)

对我国金丝螺属9种和5亚种进行了整理和厘订,对德钦金丝螺新种进行了描述,并附有我国金丝螺属9种和5亚种的检索表。模式标本保存在中国科学院动物研究所无脊椎动物标本馆。     

Modesty,sexuality, and breast health in Chinese-American women.

Although breast cancer rates among Chinese women are lower than among white women, breast cancers and other breast diseases often go undetected and untreated in Chinese women. Cultural values with respect to modesty and sexuality, especially in unmarried women, partly account for a Chinese lack of attention to breast health. In addition, institutional barriers, such as an unavailability of information in Chinese languages, few female physicians, and an absence of educational campaigns, contribute to Chinese women''s neglect of breast health.     

First Report of AG-A of Binucleate Rhizoctonia in China, Pathogenic to Soya Bean, Pea, Snap Bean and Pak Choy

Twenty binucleate Rhizoctonia (BNR) isolates were collected from roots of soya bean, pea, snap bean and pak choy with root rot symptoms in Yunnan Province, China. Chinese isolates anastomosed with the tester isolate of anastomosis group‐A (AG‐A; C‐517) with a high C2 fusion rate (>70%). Chinese isolates were pathogenic to soya bean, pea, snap bean and pak choy and had 97% similarity sequence of 5.8S rDNA‐internal transcribed spacer with AG‐A tester isolates SN‐2 and C‐662. When compared with other groups, AG‐Ba and AG‐Bb, Chinese isolates showed 77% sequence similarity. These results show that Chinese isolates belong to AG‐A of BNR. Growth rate, hyphal diameter, cultural characteristics and pathogenicity of the Chinese isolates differed significantly from the tester isolate of AG‐A. This is the first report on AG‐A in China.     

甜菜夜蛾在四种寄主植物上的生命表参数比较研究

在控制条件下对甜菜夜蛾Spodoptera exigua(Hübner)在白菜、大葱、甘蓝和豇豆上的生命表参数进行了比较研究。结果表明,甜菜夜蛾幼虫在4种寄主植物上均为5个龄期。幼虫和蛹在大葱上的发育历期最长,在白菜上最短。甘蓝叶片饲养的甜菜夜蛾生殖力最高,单雌产卵量为1015.8粒,豇豆叶片上饲养的生殖力最低,为496.1粒。甜菜夜蛾在甘蓝上的内禀增长率和净增殖率最高,分别为0.237和287.82,在大葱上最低,分别为0.172和173.90。在大葱上甜菜夜蛾幼虫存活率较低,在其他3种寄主植物上较高。甜菜夜蛾的特定年龄生殖率在甘蓝叶片上最高,第22天单雌产卵量高达453.6粒。研究结果表明,在选取的4种植物中,甘蓝是甜菜夜蛾的最适寄主。