不同食物对甜菜夜蛾生长发育参数的影响

选择上海地区近年甜菜夜蛾Spodoptera exigua(Hübner)发生比较严重的甘蓝、豇豆、大葱、芦笋4种寄主植物,在温度(27±1)℃,相对湿度70%±5%,光照L:D=14:10的条件下研究了不同寄主植物对甜菜夜蛾发育特征的影响。结果表明,不同寄主植物饲喂甜菜夜蛾,甜菜夜蛾幼虫发育历期、存活率、蛹重、成虫寿命、净生殖力和内禀增长率等参数在寄主植物间有显著差异。用甘蓝饲喂的甜菜夜蛾雌虫产卵量明显高于取食大葱和芦笋的。同样,取食甘蓝的甜菜夜蛾蛹重、净生殖力和种群内禀增长率等参数明显高于取食大葱和芦笋的,说明甘蓝与其他寄主植物相比提供了较好质量的食物。     

甜菜夜蛾对不同寄主植物的产卵和取食选择

为了探讨甜菜夜蛾Spodoptera exigua对不同寄主植物的产卵选择及成虫产卵选择与幼虫取食选择间的关联度, 本研究选取玉米、豇豆、甘蓝、黄瓜、棉花、辣椒和番茄7种植物进行了选择性和非选择性实验研究, 并采用Y型嗅觉仪测定了成虫对其中3种寄主植物及其挥发物抽提物的趋性。结果表明：在田间非选择性实验中, 甜菜夜蛾在不同寄主植物上的落卵量依次为：玉米>辣椒>棉花>黄瓜、豇豆、番茄>甘蓝。Y型嗅觉仪的行为测定表明, 雌成虫对玉米及其挥发物抽提物的趋性最强, 黄瓜次之, 对甘蓝的趋性最弱, 这与雌虫的产卵选择性一致。不同龄期甜菜夜蛾幼虫对寄主植物的取食选择性有所不同, 且随观测时间的延长有所改变;低龄幼虫对豇豆、玉米和黄瓜的选择性较强, 对甘蓝、番茄、辣椒和棉花的取食选择性则较弱, 高龄幼虫对辣椒也具有较强的选择性;5龄幼虫对寄主植物的选择性不如低龄幼虫明显。结果显示, 甜菜夜蛾对不同寄主植物的产卵选择性显著不同, 植物抽提物在雌成虫的产卵选择中具有重要作用, 甜菜夜蛾对寄主植物的产卵选择性和幼虫取食选择性并不一致。     

草地贪夜蛾对5种寄主植物和6种杂草的取食选择性和适应性

为明确草地贪夜蛾Spodoptera frugiperda J. E. Smith对不同寄主植物和主要杂草的取食选择及适应性,以玉米Zea mays、甘蔗Saccharum officinarum、花生Arachis hypogaea、大豆Glycine max、香蕉Musa nana、稗草Echinochloa crusgalli、马唐Digitaria sanguinalis、牛筋草Eleusine indica、莎草Cyperus rotundus、马齿苋Portulaca oleracea、鹅肠草Malachium aquaticum作为寄主,采用叶碟法测定草地贪夜蛾各龄幼虫对5种寄主植物和6种杂草的取食偏好,并测定了不同虫态的发育历期、单头蛹重、化蛹率以及单雌产卵量等。结果表明,草地贪夜蛾在5种寄主植物和6种杂草上均可完成世代发育。寄主作物中,香蕉处理的草地贪夜蛾成虫前期最长,为29.66 d;甘蔗处理下草地贪夜蛾蛹重和化蛹率分别为250.44 mg和71.67%,显著低于玉米和花生处理的蛹重和化蛹率;草地贪夜蛾取食花生后单雌产卵量最高,为768.93粒,与玉米上产卵量差异不显著,香蕉上最低,为498.76粒;1~2龄幼虫对玉米和香蕉的取食选择率有显著差异,3~6龄幼虫对玉米取食选择率显著高于其他寄主植物。6种杂草中取食莎草的成虫前期最长30.21 d,且单雌产卵量最低526.33粒;取食鹅肠草蛹重最低188.00 mg;取食马齿苋化蛹率最低为72.37%;草地贪夜蛾取食马唐后其蛹重、化蛹率、单雌产卵量最高,与取食其它5种杂草有显著性差异;2~4龄幼虫更偏向取食马唐,与其它5种差异显著。研究结果表明：寄主植物种类对草地贪夜蛾的生长发育有显著影响,其中草地贪夜蛾对玉米和马唐具有较高的取食偏好。     

寄主植物对甜菜夜蛾的发育和繁殖及体内酯酶活性的影响

在恒温(2 8±1 )℃条件下考察了葱、苋菜、豇豆、蕹菜、菜心5种寄主植物对甜菜夜蛾SpodopteraexiguaH櫣ｂｎｅｒ的营养效应及体内羧酸酯酶、乙?铛ッ富钚缘挠跋?,结果表明,不同寄主植物对甜菜夜蛾幼虫和蛹的发育历期、存活率、蛹重、雌成虫产卵量等有显著影响,其中对雌成虫产卵量的影响最大。雌成虫产卵量最高为取食菜心的处理,其次是取食葱的处理。寄主植物对甜菜夜蛾体内羧酸酯酶、乙酰胆碱酯酶活性也有显著影响,但这些酶的活性与发育历期、存活率、产卵量无明显相关性。在进行预测预报、田间防治时应充分考虑寄主植物对甜菜夜蛾发育历期、产卵量、解毒酶活性的影响。     

不同寄主植物对小地老虎生长发育和保护酶活性的影响

通过室内饲养和生物化学测定,研究了白菜(Brassica campestris ssp.Pekinensis)、大豆(Glycine max Merrill)和玉米(Zea mays L.)3种寄主植物的营养差异及对小地老虎Agrotis ypsilon(Rottemberg)幼虫发育、成虫产卵、成活率及6龄幼虫体内超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活力的影响。结果表明:供试3种寄主植物的可溶性蛋白、可溶性糖和含水量差异显著。与取食玉米和白菜的个体相比,取食大豆的小地老虎幼虫历期、蛹期较短,分别为43.02 d和11.87 d;雌虫成虫寿命最长,为15.92 d;单雌产卵量最高,为936.67粒。但后代卵的孵化率以取食玉米的最低。取食3种寄主植物的幼虫和蛹的成活率由高到低依次为取食大豆>取食白菜>取食玉米。幼虫体内CAT活力没有显著差异,但SOD、POD活力由高到低依次为取食大豆>取食白菜>取食玉米。     

五种寄主植物对甜菜夜蛾幼虫中肠蛋白酶活性的影响

甜菜夜蛾Spodoptera exigua(Hübner)是重要的多食性、暴食性农业害虫之一。其寄主广泛,可危害禾谷类、甜菜、蔬菜、棉花等作物及杂草。昆虫中肠胰蛋白酶和胰凝乳蛋白酶在昆虫消化和生长发育中起重要的作用。本研究分别用辣椒、豇豆、玉米、甘蓝、反枝苋5种寄主植物饲喂甜菜夜蛾幼虫,利用酶专性底物分别测定了甜菜夜蛾幼虫中肠总蛋白酶活性、强碱性胰蛋白酶活性、弱碱性胰蛋白酶活性和胰凝乳蛋白酶活性。结果表明:甜菜夜蛾中肠总蛋白酶活性、强碱性胰蛋白酶活性、弱碱性胰蛋白酶活性以及胰凝乳蛋白酶活性在不同寄主植物之间存在显著差异,取食反枝苋甜菜夜蛾各中肠蛋白酶活性均高,取食甘蓝的各中肠蛋白酶活性均低,而取食玉米、豇豆、辣椒居中且活性差异不显著。取食同一寄主植物(反枝苋或甘蓝)不同龄期甜菜夜蛾幼虫的中肠蛋白酶活性也各不相同,随着龄期的增加,各中肠蛋白酶活性总体呈下降趋势,2龄幼虫的酶活性偏高,而5龄的酶活性显著低于其他龄期的酶活性。本研究明确了不同寄主植物对甜菜夜蛾幼虫中肠蛋白酶活性的影响,结果对明确甜菜夜蛾对寄主的适应性及对以中肠蛋白酶为靶标的害虫防治具有一定参考价值。     

寄主植物对甜菜夜蛾生长发育的影响

甜菜夜蛾SpodopteraexiguaHubner属鳞翅目夜蛾科,是世界性害虫之一。国内主要分布于华北及长江流域,目前已上升为春末、夏、秋季节蔬菜上的主要害虫。甜菜夜蛾幼虫取食的寄主范围很广,据报道涉及３５科,１０５属,１３８种植物［１］,浙江南部温州等地蔬菜地的寄主植物主要有野苋菜、甘蓝、花椰菜、萝卜、白菜、辣椒茄子、豇豆、芋艿等近２０种,寄主植物对主要食（潜）叶害虫生长发育的影响有过报道［２］,但涉及甜菜夜蛾的还没有。为了解影响其田间消长的因素,我们对该虫在不同寄主植物上各虫态生长发育进行了系统研究,结果如下…     

甜菜夜蛾核多角体病毒杀虫剂研究进展

一、利用人工半合成饲料批量饲养甜菜夜蛾从 2 8种不同的人工饲料配方中 ,筛选出一种有利于甜菜夜蛾生长发育的人工饲料。经大批量连续饲养表明 ,该饲料具有饲养效率高、产卵量多和历期短等特点。其中孵化率为 85 %、幼虫存活率 93.3%、幼虫历期 9.5± 2 .1ｄ、化蛹率 92 .6 %、雌蛹重 1 2 1 .2± 1 4.3ｍｇ、雄蛹重1 0 8.6± 1 0 .9ｍｇ、羽化率 1 0 0 %、产卵量 1 45 2 .2粒 /雌、成虫期 (寿命 ) :雌 1 2 .2± 2 .3ｄ、雄 1 1 .0± 2 .8ｄ。经多年连续批量饲养 ,已建立了一套较为成熟的饲养技术 ,平均每人每月饲养幼虫达 1 0 - 1 2万条。…     

广聚萤叶甲实验种群生命表

通过在(26±1)℃恒温条件下的饲养观察,组建了广聚萤叶甲实验种群的特定年龄生命表和生殖力表。结果表明:广聚萤叶甲卵、幼虫、蛹和产卵前期的历期分别为7.51、12.14、7.67和4.75d;各虫态的存活率变幅在77%～94%,其中以卵期存活率最高,3龄幼虫存活率最低,且种群存活曲线呈DeeveyⅡ型分布;单雌平均产卵量为193.8粒;种群趋势指数为36.95,世代平均历期为31.37d,内禀增长能力为0.095,周限增长率为1.10。     

转Bt基因玉米对甜菜夜蛾幼虫存活和发育的影响

在室内测定了2种转Cry1Ab基因的Bt玉米MON810和Bt11不同组织对甜菜夜蛾 Spodoptera exigua （Hübner）初孵幼虫以及心叶对4龄幼虫存活和发育的影响,在田间比较了甜菜夜蛾幼虫取食Bt 和非Bt玉米雌穗的存活和为害情况。结果表明,转Cry1Ab基因的Bt玉米的不同组织对甜菜夜蛾初孵幼虫都具有明显的杀虫活性,取食Bt玉米心叶、苞叶、籽粒时甜菜夜蛾均在幼虫期死亡; 取食MON810和Bt11雄穗的初孵幼虫化蛹率分别为5.2%和2.1%,羽化率为2.1%和1.0%;取食MON810和Bt11花丝的初孵幼虫化蛹率分别为1.0%和2.1%,但不能羽化。4龄幼虫取食MON810玉米心叶的化蛹率与对照差异不显著,而取食Bt11的化蛹率与对照差异显著; 取食两种Bt玉米心叶的４龄幼虫化蛹后的雌、雄蛹重和羽化率与对照组差异显著,但蛹期和平均单雌产卵量差异不显著,虽然对照组羽化的成虫平均产卵量高于Bt玉米组。田间接种初孵幼虫10 天后的调查结果表明,在MON810和Bt11玉米花丝上幼虫存活率分别为1.3%和0.3%, 而对照组分别为12.9%和16.2%;MON810和Bt11玉米雌穗被害率分别为18.3%和5.0%,而对照组分别为93.3%和95.0%,均显著低于对照组。     

Differential parasitism of Plutella xylostella (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) larvae by the parasitoid Cotesia plutellae (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) on two host plant species

Laboratory experiments were conducted to examine host selection by Cotesia plutellae Kurdjumov when larvae of its host, Plutella xylostella (Linnaeus), fed on Chinese cabbage, Brassica campestris L. ssp. pekinensis and those fed on common cabbage, Brassica oleracea L. var. capitata were provided simultaneously, and to investigate the roles of plant and host volatiles in mediating host selection. When C. plutellae were provided with equal numbers of host larvae on plants of the two species in one arena, the parasitoid parasitized 4- to 15-fold more host larvae on Chinese cabbage than on common cabbage. This preference changed little with host density. However, an experience of searching coupled with an oviposition in a host larva on a leaf of the less-preferred plant, common cabbage, significantly increased the preference for parasitizing host larvae on this plant and resulted in twice as many host larvae parasitized on this plant than on Chinese cabbage. Dual choice tests with a Y-tube olfactometer showed that plant volatiles from Chinese cabbage were more attractive to female C. plutellae than those from common cabbage when plants of both species were either intact or infested. In parallel to the increased parasitism on common cabbage following experience, oviposition in a host larva on this less-preferred plant significantly increased the response to volatiles emanating from that plant. These results indicate that host plants may strongly influence the foraging behaviour of C. plutellae, but their differential attractiveness to the parasitoid may be altered by experience of the parasitoid.     

Life history of Spodoptera exigua (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) on various host plants

The incubation period of Spodoptera exigua (Hübner) was not influenced by the host plant, whereas larval development time and pupal period were affected. Larval development time was longest on shallot and lady's finger, followed by cabbage and long bean. Larvae did not develop beyond the first instar when fed on chilli. The pupal period was longer on lady's finger than on cabbage, shallot and long bean. Overall, adult longevity was not influenced by the host plant but there was a difference between female and male longevity among the host plants. Survival of S. exigua was affected by the host plant at the larval stage. The number of larval instars varied between 5 and 8 within and between the studied host plants. Long bean was found to be the most suitable host plant and provide the best food quality for S. exigua compared to the other host plants, as it allowed faster development, fewer larval instars and a higher survival rate.     

Host plant mediation of diapause induction in the cabbage beetle, Colaphellus bowringi Baly （Coleoptera： Chrysomelidae）

The cabbage beetle, Colaphellus bowringiBaly （Coleoptera： Chrysomelidae）, is a serious pest of crucifers in China, undergoing an imaginal summer and winter diapause in the soil. The effects of host plants on diapause incidence were tested in the beetle. The ratio of adults entering diapause was significantly low when they fed on the mature leaves of Chinese cabbage Shanghaiqin （Brassica chinesis var communis） than those feeding on Chinese cabbage Suzhouqin （Brassica chinesis var communis）, radish （Raphanus sativus var longipinnatus） and stem mustard （Brassicajuncea vat tumida） at 25℃ combined with 13：11 （L： D） h. Fewer adults entered diapause on young leaves compared to physiologically aged and mature radish leaves at 25℃ combined with 13：11 （L： D） h. The effect of host plant species on diapause induction was also evident under continuously dark rearing conditions or at different photoperiods. These experimental results demonstrate that host plant mediation of diapause induction exists in the cabbage beetle. However, at temperatures ≤20℃ or photoperiods of 16：8 （L： D） h combined with 25℃, all individuals entered diapause regardless of the host plants, indicating that the effects of host plants on diapause induction could be expressed only within a limited range of temperatures and photoperiods.     

Influence of various host plants on the consumption and utilization of food by Pieris brassicae (Linn.)

Pieris brassicae (Linn.) is a destructive cosmopolitan pest of cruciferous crops. It is present wherever its host plants occur, and it is considered to be one of the most widely distributed of all the Lepidoptera. We investigated the affect of various host plants on the food consumption and utilization by P. brassicae. We quantified consumption of food, larval duration, pupal duration and weight on cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata), cauliflower (Brassica oleracea var. botrytis), radish (Raphanus sativus), broccoli (Brassica oleracea var. italica) and mustard (Brassica campestris) under laboratory conditions. Insect-host relationships can be better understood by knowing the rate of food consumption, its digestibility and conversion of food eaten to body tissue. The consumption of food generally increased with the advancement of larval age. In our study we found that consumption of food was highest on radish and lowest on broccoli. The highest consumption of a particular host does not always indicate greater suitability of that host, until and unless other factors like consumption index (CI), relative growth rate (RGR), efficiency of conversion of ingested food (ECI), approximate digestibility (AD) and efficiency of conversion of digested food (ECD) are also considered. In the current investigation, factors like CI, RGR, ECI and ECD were highest on cabbage. Low body weight of pupa is associated with rapid development. On cabbage, the weight of pupa of both sexes was found lowest. Thus, from the present study, it can be concluded that cabbage is a more suitable host for P. brassicae than other host plants evaluated. Hence, on cabbage, the values of Waldbauer indices were highest and P. brassicae developed with a faster rate.     

异迟眼蕈蚊在不同植物上的生长发育及种群参数

【目的】异迟眼蕈蚊Bradysia difformis Frey的幼虫取食为害作物的地下部分,影响作物的品质,为了明确韭菜、蚕豆、生菜、白菜和甘蓝5种植物对异迟眼蕈蚊生长发育以及繁殖的影响。【方法】本试验采用室内人工饲养测定的方法,研究了5种不同植物对异迟眼蕈蚊生长发育,繁殖力和存活率的影响,并统计了其对异迟眼蕈蚊种群参数的影响。【结果】结果表明:卵到蛹的发育历期依次为甘蓝、白菜、韭菜、生菜、蚕豆;5种植物对雌雄虫寿命影响不显著,对雌虫产卵量以及蛹重均有影响,其中在韭菜上的产卵量最大,甘蓝最少,在韭菜上蛹最重,生菜上蛹最轻;异迟眼蕈蚊的存活率随着生长发育降低,总体在韭菜上的存活率高于其他寄主植物,在生菜上的存活率均最低。统计分析不同植物对异迟眼蕈蚊种群参数的影响,净增殖率和内禀增长率在韭菜上最大而在甘蓝上最小;平均世代周期在蚕豆上最短,甘蓝上最长;种群加倍时间在韭菜上最短,而在甘蓝上最长。【结论】由此可知,异迟眼蕈蚊均可以在韭菜,蚕豆,生菜,白菜和甘蓝上完成生长发育及繁殖,其对5种植物的适应性依次为:韭菜、蚕豆、白菜、甘蓝和生菜。     

寄主植物对甜菜夜蛾三龄幼虫抗寒力的影响

寄主植物是影响昆虫抗寒性的主要因子之一。研究了不同温度下甜菜夜蛾Spodoptera exigua(Hübner)3龄幼虫取食小白菜、甘蓝、葱和菠菜后,对过冷却能力和体内冷冻保护剂的影响。结果表明,寄主植物对甜菜夜蛾3龄幼虫的过冷却能力有显著性影响,其中以取食甘蓝的幼虫过冷却点最低。温度和寄主植物对其过冷却点、结冰点和虫体含水量有明显的交互作用。寄主植物对其体内的海藻糖含量有显著性影响,而对甘油和糖原含量没有显著性影响。温度和寄主植物仅对海藻糖含量有显著的交互作用。随着温度的升高,取食不同寄主的幼虫体内海藻糖和糖原含量的变化趋势完全相反,认为海藻糖是由糖原转化而来。研究结果提示冬季合适的寄主植物有利于甜菜夜蛾低龄幼虫越冬。     

Life history of western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis (Thysan., Thripae), on five different vegetable leaves

Biological characteristics of western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) (Thysan., Thripae), were investigated on excised leaves of five vegetables: cabbage (Brassica oleracea L. var. Jingfeng 1), cucumber (Cucumis sativus L. var. Zhongnong 8), capsicum (Capsicum annuum L. var. Zhongjiao 5), kidney bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L. var. Gonggeizhe) and tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum M. var. zhongza 9). The developmental time from egg to adult on the cucumber, cabbage, bean, capsicum and tomato leaf was 9.22 ± 0.13, 10.19 ± 0.08, 10.42 ± 0.06, 12.15 ± 0.07 and 12.91 ± 0.04 days, respectively. Survivorship of immatures on cucumber, cabbage and tomato was high (75–80%) but low on capsicum (50%). The total number of first instars produced was highest on cabbage (76.62 ± 11.79), while the daily first instar production was highest on cucumber (6.12 ± 1.81), whereas the total and daily first instar production rates were lowest on capsicum (7.67 ± 3.35 and 1.89 ± 0.91). F. occidentalis had the highest intrinsic rate of increase (r_m) on cucumber (0.208), followed by cabbage (0.184), bean (0.164), tomato (0.100) and capsicum (0.017). The results indicate that cucumber was the most suitable host plant for F. occidentalis, whereas capsicum was the least suitable.     

不同寄主植物对三条橙灯蛾生长发育和繁殖的影响

在室内条件(温度(26±1)℃,相对湿度80%,光周期12L∶12D)下研究了天仙果(Ficus erecta Thunb.var.beecheyana(Hook.et Arn.)King)、大青(Clerodendrum cyrtophyllum Turcz)、华东油柿(Diospyros oleiera Cheng)、喜树(Camptotheca acuminate Decne)和杨梅(Myrica rubra(Lour.)Sieb.et Zucc)5种不同科的寄主植物对三条橙灯蛾Lemyra alikangensis(Strand)取食偏好、生长发育、繁殖及营养效应的影响。结果表明,三条橙灯蛾对不同寄主植物表现出明显的取食选择差异;不同寄主植物对三条橙灯蛾的幼虫发育历期、累计存活率、产卵量及营养效应等指标均有显著影响。三条橙灯蛾4龄幼虫偏好取食大青,对杨梅和喜树的选择率很低。幼虫历期以大青饲喂组最短为(39.20±1.79)d,杨梅饲喂组最长为(48.25±2.22)d;累计存活率以大青饲喂组最高(45.71%),杨梅饲喂组最低(28.57%);大青饲喂组产卵量最多为(553.75±61.69)粒/雌,杨梅饲喂组最少为(386.25±51.05)粒/雌。大青饲喂组三条橙灯蛾的相对生长率(0.30±0.03)mg·mg-1·d-1、食物利用率(13.46±1.84)%、近似消化率(62.04±6.29)%在各组中均最高,但食物转化率(21.65±0.95)%很低;杨梅饲喂组三条橙灯蛾的相对生长率(0.12±0.03)mg·mg-1·d-1、近似消化率(14.75±1.48)%很低,但是食物利用率(5.41±0.61)%较高,食物转化率(36.79±4.07)%最高。综合各指标认为:在5种供试植物中大青是三条橙灯蛾的最适寄主植物,杨梅则最不利于其生长发育和种群繁衍。     

雄性不育相关基因msLTP的反义RNA验证

根据普通白菜雄性不育相关的脂质转移蛋白基因(msLTP)的cDNA序列设计引物,从普通白菜花蕾的cDNA中扩增出312bp的片段,然后将该片段连接至双元载体pBI12l中,得到反义RNA植物表达载体并导入农杆菌LBA4404菌株中,通过农杆菌介导法转化菜心;利用PCR和Southern blot分析检测得到了25株转基因植株,转基因植株的花粉部分畸形或空瘪,花粉离体萌发率为38.56%,较未转化植株的萌发率(76.32%)降低了37.76个百分点.研究表明,反义RNA技术使msLTP基因沉默而导致了菜心转基因植株的部分花粉发育不良,说明msLTP基因在普通白菜和菜心等花粉发育中具有重要作用.