中国特有植物短丝木犀(Osmanthus serrulatus Rehd.)群落结构及其环境解释

为了解环境因子对短丝木犀植物群落的影响,研究了四川省宝兴县东拉山短丝木犀植物群落地区的环境因子、TWINSPAN分类、物种和多样性指数与环境因子的DCCA排序。结果表明:1)TWINSPAN将东拉山短丝木犀24个植物群落里划分为12个群落类型,分类结果在空间上反映了东拉山植物群落的演替变化趋势。2)短丝木犀植物群落生长在土壤含水量较高、郁闭度较高,并处于西南和南坡向的沟边。短丝木犀群落的主要伴生物种为鹅耳枥Carpinus turczaninowii、宝兴木姜子Litsea moupinensis、领春木Euptelea pleiosperma、云锦杜鹃Rhododendron fortunei、宝兴过路黄Lysimachia baoxingensis、糙苏Phlomis umbrosa和铁角蕨Asplenium trichomanes。3)DCCA排序结果验证了TWINSPAN分类结果的合理性,同时指出影响东拉山短丝木犀植物群落类型及空间分布的重要环境因子是土壤有机质和腐殖质含量。     

桂北喀斯特峰丛洼地植物群落特征及其与土壤的耦合关系

基于喀斯特峰丛洼地草丛、灌丛、次生林、原生林4个生态系统24个样地(20 m × 20 m)的系统取样调查, 研究了喀斯特峰丛洼地不同生态系统群落的结构组成与生物多样性特征, 选取代表植物群落和土壤性质的35个指标, 对不同生态系统及整个喀斯特脆弱生态系统植物群落与土壤主要养分、土壤矿质养分和土壤微生物间的相互关系进行了主成分分析与典范相关分析。结果表明: 沿草丛、灌丛、次生林、原生林的顺向演替发展, 重要值(importance value, IV)>10.00的科、属、种及物种多样性最大值出现在次生林, 群落结构最佳值出现在顶级群落原生林; 喀斯特峰丛洼地景观异质性高, 各生态系统影响因子不同, 土壤微生物在喀斯特脆弱生态系统处于主导地位, 其次为灌丛; 不同集团因子的典范相关分析表明, 植物多样性指标与土壤氮素、Al₂O₃、Fe₂O₃、土壤微生物生物量碳(C_mic)、真菌和细菌关系密切。因此, 在喀斯特脆弱生态系统恢复与重建过程中, 应针对不同生态系统制定相应的培育管理措施。     

植物群落和土壤理化性质对碧塔海湿地土壤细菌群落的影响

土壤微生物是湿地生态系统中土壤-植物系统生源要素迁移转化的引擎。探究湿地生态系统地上植物群落、土壤理化性质和空间结构与土壤细菌间的相互关系是维护湿地生态系统健康和稳定的关键。本研究运用双向指示种分析法(TWINSPAN)对碧塔海湿地采集的35个样方中的植物群落进行分类,并采用高通量测序技术对样方的表层土壤细菌进行测序,分析植物群落、土壤理化性质和空间结构与细菌群落间的关系。结果表明: 双向指示种分析将样方的植物群落划分为3种群落类型,相同类型的植物群落在外貌和结构上相似,说明基于双向指示种分析的数量分类方法在高原湿地生态系统植物群落分类中有较好的适用性;细菌相对丰度统计结果表明,酸杆菌门(21.0%)、绿弯菌门(15.5%)、变形菌门(15.3%)和拟杆菌门 (10.1%)是碧塔海湿地总丰度高于10%的门类,相似性分析(ANOSIM)显示,不同植物群落类型对应的土壤细菌群落存在显著差异,说明植物群落对土壤细菌组成有一定的影响;典范对应分析(CCA)结果显示,植物群落的多样性、含水率、pH、铁和空间结构是影响土壤细菌群落的重要因素。方差分解结果显示,细菌群落既受单一环境变量的影响,也受环境变量间复合作用的影响。综上,地上植物群落、土壤理化环境和空间结构共同塑造细菌群落,地上植物群落-细菌-土壤理化性质是不可分割的整体。     

鄱阳湖典型湿地植物群落土壤酶活性

调查了鄱阳湖典型湿地植物群落表层土壤(0～10 cm)养分性状及土壤酶活性.结果表明:不同群落之间显示了较明显的土壤养分性状及土壤酶活差异.灰化薹草群落与水蓼群落显示了较高的土壤有机质、全氮、有效氮、全磷与有效磷含量,而芦苇群落土壤养分含量明显低于其他群落.灰化薹草群落与水蓼群落土壤蔗糖酶活性与蛋白酶活性也明显高于其他群落;此外,脲酶活性和酸性磷酸酶活性也以水蓼群落与灰化薹草群落最高.表明这2种植物群落土壤中碳、氮、磷等元素转化速率要高于其他植物群落.芦苇群落与芦苇(荻)群落则显示了较低的土壤蔗糖酶活性、蛋白酶活性、脲酶活性和酸性磷酸酶活性.相比较而言,多酚氧化酶以芦苇群落最高,其次为阿及薹草群落、水蓼群落和灰化薹草群落;香蒲群落多酚氧化酶活性则显著低于其他群落.相关分析表明:多酚氧化酶活性与土壤养分含量关系不密切;蔗糖酶、脲酶、蛋白酶和酸性磷酸酶活性与土壤有机质及氮素含量则呈明显的正相关,在一定程度上可表征湿地土壤质量的演变动态.     

荒漠草原典型群落土壤粒径和养分的分布特征及其关系研究

为了明确荒漠草原区土壤机械组成与养分的关系,以宁夏盐池荒漠草原4种典型群落为研究对象,通过对不同群落(柠条、沙蒿、蒙古冰草、短花针茅)表层(0~5cm)、亚表层(5~10cm)和深层(10~15cm)土壤粒径分布分形(PSD)、养分含量的动态变化分析,揭示荒漠草原区土壤结构与土壤养分的相关性。结果表明:(1)4种典型群落土壤PSD均呈正态分布,不同群落间的土壤PSD差异显著,粒径100~500μm颗粒含量对PSD影响最大,不同群落间的差异大于不同生境间或不同土层间。(2)4种典型群落除全磷(TP)外,其余土壤全肥均随土壤深度增加呈降低趋势,且冠下大于丛间,表现出荒漠草原区特殊的"肥岛"聚集效应,不同群落间分布特征均表现为:柠条短花针茅蒙古冰草沙蒿,速效养分含量相对较高,各群落均达到适宜水平。(3)土壤养分与土壤PSD显著相关,除速效磷(AP)外,其余土壤养分与土壤分形维数(D)均呈正相关关系,粒径100~250μm、250~500μm颗粒与土壤养分呈显著或极显著负相关关系,土壤中的黏粒、粉粒在有机无机胶结过程及土壤良好的结构维持中起主要作用。     

近10年艾比湖湿地不同植物群落土壤水分 盐分 养分变化特征

为研究新疆准噶尔盆地艾比湖湿地不同植物群落近10年土壤水盐及养分的动态变化,以环湖1周160km范围内的典型植被梭梭-柽柳、梭梭、胡杨、芦苇群落为研究对象,分析其在2006和2015年土壤含水量、盐分含量、pH值和有机质含量的变化和空间分布特征。结果表明:(1)近10年艾比湖湿地不同植物群落土壤有机质含量和含水量明显下降且整体水平较低,二者分别下降了24.65%~48%和5.41%~20.16%;土壤含盐量、pH值分别上升81.92%~128.74%和2.99%~4.21%,土壤盐碱程度加强。(2)通过土壤水分-盐分-养分空间分布分析显示,各群落近10年土壤盐渍化增加、养分降低程度大小表现为梭梭-柽柳群落胡杨群落梭梭群落芦苇群落,其中梭梭-柽柳群落土壤达到重度盐化水平,有机质降到6级,而其他群落土壤均为中度盐化,有机质为4级,但芦苇群落土壤退化程度较小。研究发现,近10年艾比湖湿地不同植物群落土壤养分不断下降、水分含量降低、盐渍化程度加剧,土壤处于退化状态;土壤质地、降水和气温暖干化是不同植物群落下土壤退化程度差异的基础,人口、耕地面积和农业用水等人类活动使各群落土壤退化程度的差异更加显著。     

不同放牧强度下羊草草原群落斑块植被-土壤特征

植物群落斑块化是天然放牧草地最基本的特征之一,影响着草地生态系统结构和功能。本研究以不同放牧强度下典型羊草草原植物群落斑块为研究对象,对植物群落多样性特征、初级生产力、土壤理化性质、植物养分含量及其相关关系进行研究。结果表明:随着放牧强度的增加,斑块群落内植物种类组成发生改变并趋于简单化,放牧敏感物种消失,物种多样性降低;高放牧强度显著降低了植物群落的地上净初级生产力;初级生产力与土壤氮含量具有显著的正相关关系;随着放牧强度增加,土壤碳、氮、磷含量呈现增加趋势;由于放牧强度及斑块结构的影响,土壤碳、氮、磷含量存在空间分布差异;同时,斑块群落中植被碳、氮、磷含量与土壤碳、氮、磷含量之间没有显著的相关性。研究表明,放牧能够改变草地群落结构和功能,引起植被-土壤养分之间的非同步性发展。     

桂林会仙喀斯特湿地不同植物群落土壤养分分布差异与微生物活性特征

以桂林会仙喀斯特湿地8 种植物群落为研究对象, 分析了群落土壤含水率、pH、土壤养分(有机碳SOC、全氮TN、全钾TK、速效氮AN、速效钾AK)和微生物活性指标(微生物生物量碳MBC、微生物生物量氮MBN、土壤基础呼吸BR、土壤呼吸势PR、微生物熵qMB 和代谢熵qCO₂)的变化及其相互关系, 探讨水位梯度下不同植物群落类型对土壤养分和微生物活性特征的影响。结果表明: (1)会仙湿地大部分植物群落土壤pH 呈弱碱性, 含水量随着土层的加深而降低,且土壤pH 值和含水量随着群落积水深度的增加而升高; (2)各植物群落土壤有机碳、全氮、速效氮和速效钾含量在垂直剖面上均表现出随土壤深度的增加而减少的趋势; 土壤微生物生物量碳氮含量(除铺地黍群落外)、土壤基础呼吸和呼吸势均随着土壤深度的增加而降低, 且各土层之间差异显著(P<0.05), 而土壤微生物熵和代谢熵在垂直剖面的分布并无明显规律; (3)8 个植物群落中, 华克拉莎群落的土壤有机碳、全氮、速效氮、速效钾和微生物生物量碳氮含量、土壤基础呼吸速率和呼吸势均最高; 田间鸭嘴草群落的土壤微生物熵显著高于其它群落(P<0.05); (4)会仙湿地土壤微生物生物量碳氮、基础呼吸、呼吸势与土壤有机碳、全氮之间均呈极显著的正相关关系(P<0.01), 微生物熵和全钾、速效氮均显著正相关(P<0.05), 表明在水位梯度变化的驱动下, 会仙喀斯特湿地不同植物群落土壤养分和微生物活性特征存在差异, 土壤微生物活性特征反映了不同植物群落的环境适应和土壤质量的状况。     

广佛地区典型湿地类型植物多样性与土壤因子的关系

为了解土壤影响湿地植物多样性的主要因子,在广佛地区9大湿地类型选取18个样地作为研究对象,通过样方调查以及内业试验获得湿地群落物种组成分布、植物多样性、土壤状况等数据,运用方差分析、典范冗余分析(RDA)、典范对应分析(CCA)对群落分布、植物多样性与土壤因子之间的相关性进行分析。经实地调查,统计出湿地植物312种,隶属90科198属,以禾本科(Gramineae)、莎草科(Cyperaceae)、菊科(Compositae)等为优势科。草本植物占绝对优势,占79.17%。主成分评价结果表明, 近海及海岸湿地土壤养分水平较高。RDA排序分析结果表明土壤因子对植物多样性影响较大的指标是土壤有机质、全氮、全磷、全钾、碱解氮;CCA排序结果表明土壤环境因子对湿地草本植物群落分布主要影响因子为pH、速效钾、有效磷。各研究结果表明,湿地生态系统比陆地生态系统更为复杂和脆弱,植物群落与土壤环境因子之间的关系也更为复杂,湿地植被的分布格局、群落多样性、群落结构和土壤条件及其相互关系受到人为干扰的类型和强度影响更加明显。     

鄱阳湖南矶湿地优势植物群落及土壤有机质和营养元素分布特征

湿地植物和土壤是承担湿地诸多生态功能的主要基质和载体,相互之间有着强烈的影响。湿地土壤影响植物的种类、数量、生长发育、形态和分布,湿地植物又影响土壤中元素的分布与变化。鄱阳湖湿地的植物和土壤的特征及由他们带来的候鸟栖息地价值都受到他们之间的相互作用以及湖泊水位不同频率和幅度波动的影响。研究鄱阳湖湿地植物和土壤的特征及其形成原因和相互关系。为此,从2010年10月到2011年10月,对鄱阳湖湿地不同水位梯度下分布的芦苇、南荻、苔草、虉草和刚毛荸荠5个优势植物群落中57个定点样方展开了月度植被调查并且对5个不同植物群落下的135个土壤样品进行了实验室分析,研究了鄱阳湖优势植物群落及湿地土壤中有机质、全氮、全磷、全钾含量的分布特征及其相互关系。研究结果表明,鄱阳湖湿地优势植物群落分布特征受湿地土壤元素分布特征、湖面水位波动及植物生长特性和土壤沉积及土壤养分的综合影响,呈现了沿水位和海拔梯度明显的条带状或弧状分布、从湖岸到湖心依次分布为:狗牙根群落、芦苇群落、南荻群落、苔草群落、虉草群落、刚毛荸荠群落,最后是水生植物。同时植物群落的组成和分布特征也随季节性水位涨落的变化而变化;土壤有机质及其他各元素含量特征受植物群落分布、水位波动规律及湿地土壤特性等各种因素的影响,呈现出相对一致的分布规律,在0—20cm土壤层含量较高,20cm层后随土壤深度的增加含量逐渐减小,减小的速度先快后慢直至40cm层后趋于稳定;不同植物群落对土壤有机质、全氮、全磷、全钾的含量及变化具有很大的影响,不同植物群落下同种元素含量差异显著,并且各自随土壤深度和植物群落的变化呈现出层状、带状或弧状富集特征。不同植物群落对土壤养分元素含量影响程度不同,苔草群落对各元素吸收和滞留能力最强、影响最大,刚毛荸荠群落对土壤营养元素影响最弱。湿地植物群落和土壤之间彼此有着强烈的影响,其中植株的重量和土壤的SOC、TN及TP含量有非常显著的负相关关系,与土壤TK含量则有较强的正相关关系,同时,植株的重量和高度与土壤地下水埋深也有微弱的负相关关系。     

Systematic significance of mature embryo of bamboos

The mature embryo of seven species belonging to five genera of Indian bamboos is described. In all these the basic pattern of embryo organisation is same: the scutellar and coleoptilar bundles are not separated by an internode, the epiblast is absent, the lower portion of the scutellum and the coleorhiza are separated by a cleft and the margins of embryonic leaves overlap. The features unique to fleshy fruited bamboos are: presence of a massive scutellum, the juxtaposition of plumule and radicle and the occurrence of a bud in the axil of the coleoptile. The fleshy fruit bearing bamboos should be classified into one group, the tribeMelocanneae. Evidence is provided to recognise additional groups in the subfamilyBambusoideae.     

Taxonomic status of the species of the green algal genusNeochloris

Komárek has recently reviewed the various species assigned to the green algal genusNeochloris Starr (Chlorococcales, Chlorococcaceae) and removed those with uninucleate vegetative cells to a new genus,Ettlia. Watanabe & Floyd, unaware ofKomárek's work, also reviewed the species ofNeochloris and distributed them among three genera—Neochloris, Chlorococcopsis gen. nov., andParietochloris gen. nov.—on the basis of details of the covering of the zoospore and the arrangement of the basal bodies of the flagellar apparatus. This paper reconciles these two treatments and makes additional recommendations at the ranks of genus, family, order, and class.     

Analysis of twin of eyeless regulation during early embryogenesis in Drosophila melanogaster

The Drosophila Pax6 homolog twin of eyeless (toy) is so far the first zygotically expressed gene involved in eye morphogenesis in Drosophila. The study of its expression during embryogenesis is therefore informative of the initial events of eye development in Drosophila. We have analyzed how the initial expression domain of toy at cellular blastoderm is regulated. We show that the three maternal patterning systems active in the cephalic region (the anterior, terminal and dorsal-ventral systems) cooperate with zygotically activated gap genes to shape the initial expression domain of toy. Whereas Bicoid, Dorsal and Torso signaling synergistically act as activators, Hunchback, Knirps and Decapentaplegic act as repressors.     

Apoptotic Regulation of Caspase Activity

Intracellular cysteine aspartate-specific proteases (caspases) play both signaling and effector roles in realizing the program of cell death. Caspases function as proteolytic cascades unique for each cell type and signal triggering apoptosis. All parts of the proteolytic cascades are duplicated and controlled by feedback signals. Amplification cycles between pairs of caspases (the third and the sixth, the ninth and the third, the twelfth and the sixth, and others) help multiply the initial apoptotic signal. The presence of physiological inhibitors of apoptosis that directly interact with caspases creates a multilevel regulatory network of apoptosis in cell. The caspase proteolytic cascades are also regulated by sphingolipid secondary messengers, among them ceramide, sphingosine, and their phosphates. Moreover, an association of the caspase signaling with ubiquitin-dependent proteolysis is shown in cells. In particular, the use of extracellular activators and inhibitors of caspases allows irreversible activation of apoptosis in tumor cells or the prevention of apoptosis in cortical neurons under neurodegenerative diseases.     

广西青藓科分类学修订

通过对采自广西24个县(市)的1 147份青藓科植物标本的逐一鉴定及相关文献的查阅,确认有广西青藓科植物11属、44种,其中包括广西青藓科植物新记录属1属,即拟异叶藓属(Pseudokindbergia),新记录种7种,分别为匐枝青藓(Brachythecium procumbens)、阔叶尖喙藓(Oxyrrhynchium latifolium)、泛生尖喙藓(O. vagans)、拟异叶藓(Pseudokindbergia dumosa)、华东细喙藓(Rhynchostegiella sinensis)、长肋拟青藓(Sciurohypnum populeum)和弯叶拟青藓(S. reflexum)。该文提供了修订后的广西青藓科植物名录,并对其中的新记录属、种的主要形态学识别特征、生境和地理分布等进行了详细描述。     

The effect of cyanobacteria and azolla on the performance of rice under different levels of fertilizer nitrogen

Cyanobacteria and/or azolla were inoculated, with urea at 0, 72 or 144 kg N/ha, in plots in which azolla-free Indica rice var. IR 28 was grown. Productive tillers, yield and nitrogen contents of grain and straw positively responded to inoculation with cyanobacteria or azolla, even with fertilizer-N up to 144 kg N/ha. Inoculation improved colonization by cyanobacteria. Azolla were superior to the asymbiotic cyanobacteria in enhancing rice performance. Urea at a rate of 72 kg N/ha was found to support the best colonizations when applied with cyanobacteria or azolla or, to give maximum rice yields, both inoculants.     

Phylogeny of cardinalfishes (Teleostei: Gobiiformes: Apogonidae) and the evolution of visceral bioluminescence

The cardinalfishes (Apogonidae) are a diverse clade of small, mostly reef-dwelling fishes, for which a variety of morphological data have not yielded a consistent phylogeny. We use DNA sequence to hypothesize phylogenetic relationships within Apogonidae and among apogonids and other acanthomorph families, to examine patterns of evolution including the distribution of a visceral bioluminescence system. In conformance with previous studies, Apogonidae is placed in a clade with Pempheridae, Kurtidae, Leiognathidae, and Gobioidei. The apogonid genus Pseudamia is recovered outside the remainder of the family, not as sister to the superficially similar genus Gymnapogon. Species sampled from the Caribbean and Western Atlantic (Phaeoptyx, Astrapogon, and some Apogon species) form a clade, as do the larger-bodied Glossamia and Cheilodipterus. Incidence of visceral bioluminescence is found scattered throughout the phylogeny, independently for each group in which it is present. Examination of the fine structure of the visceral bioluminescence system through histology shows that light organs exhibit a range of morphologies, with some composed of complex masses of tubules (Siphamia, Pempheris, Parapriacanthus) and others lacking tubules but containing chambers formed by folds of the visceral epithelium (Acropoma, Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia). Light organs in Siphamia, Acropoma, Pempheris and Parapriacanthus are distinct from but connected to the gut; those in Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia are simply portions of the intestinal tract, and are little differentiated from the surrounding tissues. The presence or absence of symbiotic luminescent bacteria does not correlate with light organ structure; the tubular light organs of Siphamia and chambered tubes of Acropoma house bacteria, those in Pempheridae and the other Apogonidae do not.     

Evaluation of antiprotozoal and antimycobacterial activities of the resin glycosides and the other metabolites of Scrophularia cryptophila

Resin glycosides are secondary metabolites exclusive to the convolvulaceous plants. In this study, crypthophilic acids A–C (1–3), the first resin glycosides occurring in another family (Scrophulariaceae), and the other constituents of Scrophularia cryptophila were examined for in vitro antiprotozoal and antimycobacterial potentials. Except for crypthophilic acid B (2), all tested compounds exhibited growth-inhibitory effect against Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense, with l-tryptophan (6) and buddlejasaponin III (7) being the most potent ones (IC₅₀'s 4.1 and 9.7 μg/ml). In contrast, the activity towards Trypanosoma cruzi was poor, and only crypthophilic acid C (3), 6 and 7 were trypanocidal at concentrations above 40 μg/ml. With the exception of 2 and 6, all compounds were active against Leishmania donovani. Harpagide (4) and 3 emerged as the best leishmanicidal agents (IC₅₀'s 2.0 and 5.8 μg/ml). Only compounds 3, 6 and 7 showed antimalarial activity against Plasmodium falciparum with IC₅₀ values of 4.2, 16.6 and 22.4 μg/ml. Overall the best and broadest spectrum activity was presented by compounds 3 and 7, as they inhibited all four parasitic protozoa. None of the isolates had significant activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MICs >100 μg/ml) or were toxic towards mammalian (L6) cells. This is the first report of antiprotozoal activity for natural resin glycosides, as well as for harpagide (4), acetylharpagide (5), tryptophan (6) and buddlejasaponin III (7).     

New species of Peruvian Orchidaceae III

Sixteen new species are proposed in the generaAckermania, Dressleria, Epidendrum, Maxillaria, Oncidium, Rodriguezia, Sigmatostalix, andTrigonidium. All new species are illustrated.Maxillaria vittariifolia L. O. Williams is newly recorded for Peru. A key is provided forTrigonidium of Peru.Trigonidium loretoense Schltr. andT. peruvianum Schltr. are lectotypified.