鉴别差异表达基因的新方法──抑制消减杂交法(SSH)

抑制消减杂交法（SuppressicSubtractiveHybridization,SSH）是最近（1996）报道的能有效鉴别两个不同细胞群差异表达基因的新方法［1,2］。该方法是以抑制PCR和消减杂交法为基础,在一轮反应中实现mRNA的均等化和消减步骤。本文对SSH法的原理、优缺点作了介绍,并与其它检测差异表达基因的方法,如mRNA差别显示法（DDRT－PCR）、代表性序列差异分析（RDA）比较,认为SSH方法具有高效快速、高敏感性和假阳性低等优点。同时,625个克隆中有很大一部分是转录物丰度很低的基因,40％的克隆可能为新的基因。因此,SSH可作为鉴别差异表达基因和克隆新基因的有效方法。     

抑制消减杂交及其应用

抑制消减杂交(Suppressionsubtractivehybridization,SSH)是以消减杂交为基础结合抑制PCR方法发展起来的分离克隆差异表达基因的一种策略。该方法具有简便易行、特异性高、背景低、重复性好、能分离出丰度较低的特异性片段等特点。主要介绍其原理、方法及其应用,并对方法的优缺点和应用前景作分析。     

鉴别差异表达基因的新方法—抑制消减染交法（SSH）

抑制消减杂交法是最近报道的能有效鉴别两个不同细胞群差异表达基因的新方法。该方法是以抑制ＰＣＲ和消减杂交法为基础,在一轮反应中实现ｍＲＮＡ的均等化和消减步骤。本文对ＳＳＨ法的原理,优缺点作了介绍,并与其它检测差异表达基因的方法,如ｍＲＮＡ差别显示江,代表性序列差异分析比较,认为ＳＳＨ方法具有高效快速,高敏感性和假阳性低等优点。     

用改良消减杂交结合选择性PCR法构建老年性白内障消减cDNA文库

为构建含较多大片段的高质量的老年性白内障消减cDNA文库 ,利用生物素标记、磁珠分离的改良消减杂交法获得差异cDNA .利用选择性PCR法扩增其中大片段差异cDNA ,将其与T 载体进行T A连接并转化入大肠杆菌 ,成功构建老年性白内障消减cDNA文库 .共获得 4 0 0 0余个克隆 ,随机挑取的 2 2个克隆中 ,≥ 10 0 0bp的片段有 7个 ,占 31 8% ,≥ 75 0bp有 15个 ,占 6 8 2 % .将≥ 75 0bp的 15个克隆进行反向点杂交 ,排除其中假阳性克隆 ,阳性克隆经测序并与GenBank比较 ,得到 6个已知基因、1个新基因 ,6个已知基因中 4个为全长基因 ,说明所得cDNA片段较大 ,文库质量较高 .改良消减杂交法结合选择性PCR法可以快速有效地获得大片段高质量的消减cDNA文库 ,为进一步筛选、鉴定老年性白内障致病相关基因奠定了基础     

抑制消减杂交（SSH）技术及在克隆基因方面的最新进展

基因表达的变化是调控细胞生命活动的核心机制,分离并克隆差异表达基因已成为现代分子生物学研究的热点,亦是功能基因组学研究的重要内容之一。抑制消减杂交技术以其低假阳性率、高灵敏度等优点,被广泛应用于生物及医学领域中差异表达基因的克隆。     

黄瓜芽黄突变体抑制消减杂交文库的构建及初步分析

利用抑制消减杂交技术(suppression subtractive hybridization,SSH)分离了黄瓜芽黄突变体及其野生型之间差异表达的cDNA片段.以突变体和野生型分别作检测子和驱赶子,建立正向和反向两个消减杂交cDNA文库;经阳性克隆鉴定,在正向文库中获得特异表达的阳性克隆有133个,在反向文库中得到的阳性克隆有73个.测序后将所得到的159条非重复且非黄瓜的ESTs(登录号:GH270133～GH270291)进行序列同源性比对分析,发现这些ESTs分别与叶绿素合成、光合系统、信号转导、转录因子、氨基酸代谢、糖类代谢、脂类代谢等相关酶及蛋白基因高度同源.     

一种用少量标本快速构建老年性白内障消减cDNA文库的方法

为从少量标本中获得含较多大片段的、高质量的老年性白内障消减cDNA文库,利用磁珠分离、生物素标记的改良消减杂交法获得差异cDNA,利用选择性PCR法扩增其中大片段差异cDNA,从而成功构建老年性白内障消减cDNA文库.在文库中随机挑取的22个克隆中,1 000 bp以上的片段有7个,占31.8%,750 bp以上有15个,占68.2%.所得cDNA片段较大,可以满足下一步研究需要.改良消减杂交法结合选择性PCR法可以从少量标本中快速有效地获得大片段高质量的消减cDNA文库.     

筛选差异表达基因和蛋白质的方法进展

分离和鉴定差异表达基因和蛋白质不仅有助于发现基因和蛋白质的功能,更有助于揭示某些疾病的发生机理.目前筛选差异表达基因的方法主要有差异显示PCR方法(differential display RT-PCR,DDRT-PCR)、消减杂交法(subtractive hybridization,SH)、基因芯片技术(DNA chip technique)和基因表达的系统分析(serial analysis of gene expression,SAGE)等,其中消减杂交法中又先后建立了代表性差异分析技术(representational difference analysis,RDA)、抑制消减杂交法(suppression subtractive hybridization,SSH)和获得全长基因的消减杂交法(full-length-gene-obtainable subtractive hybridization).筛选差异表达蛋白质的方法主要有双向电泳技术(two-dimentional gel electrophoresis)和噬菌体全套抗体库技术(phage display antibody repertoire library technique).这些方法各有特点,各有利弊,研究者可根据自己的需要选择适合于自己的方法.     

人细胞差异表达基因cDNA消减杂交体系的建立

为克隆肺腺癌分化相关基因, 采用诱导分化与消减杂交相结合的策略, 建立了全反式维甲酸(RA)诱导前后人肺腺癌细胞系的cDNA消减文库, 得到124个cDNA消减克隆. 经加减法杂交差异筛选、DNA和RNA印迹、cDNA全序列测定和生物学功能分析, 分离到3个在人肺腺癌细胞系分化过程中由RA激活而特异表达的新的cDNA序列这一策略和技术路线适用于分离细胞中呈过量表达或表达抑制基因的cDNA克隆, 并具有反映细胞分化过程中基因表达动态变化特征和相对简便适用的特点.     

用少量样本进行抑制性消减杂交

利用根据cap-finder方法建立的全长cDNA合成技术,扩增获得了恒河猴着床点子宫内膜组织表达mRNA的双链cDNA,通过抑制性消减杂交,成功地构建了恒河猴着床点消减文库.随机挑选文库中的阳性克隆,经点杂交证明27％为着床点差异表达的克隆.由此表明抑制性消减杂交结合cap-finder扩增全长cDNA的方法,可以有效地从少量而珍贵的样本中获得高质量的消减文库.     

抑制性消减杂交在生物基因克隆中的应用

抑制性消减杂交(SSH)是抑制PCR与消减杂交技术相结合,能对未知序列差异表达基因克隆的一种方法。该方法具有速度快、效率高、假阳性率低、目的序列富集程度高、实验结果复杂程度低等特点。本主要介绍其基本原理、操作过程、优缺点、在生物基因克隆中的应用,并对其应用前景进行了分析。     

抑制性消减杂交技术（SSH）及其在基因克隆上的应用

简要概述了抑制性消减杂交技术的基本原理、基本过程、优越性、主要缺陷及其在基因克隆方面的应用进展。     

Molecular cloning of GA-suppressed G2 pea genes by cDNA RDA

GA-treated and non-treated G2 pea cDNAs were compared using a newly developed method called cDNA representational difference analysis (cDNA-RDA), and several GA-suppressed mRNAs were found. After cloning of the larger fragments PGAS1-3 ( pea GA-suppressed cDNA 1-3), they were demonstrated to be expressed only in pea tissue not treated with GA3 through Northern analysis. Compared with subtractive hybridization and differ-ential display techniques, this method not only can be easily manipulated but also has a relatively low rate of false posi-tive and is highly repetitive. It is the major progress in molecular cloning techniques.     

Isolation of pathogen-induced Chinese cabbage genes by subtractive hybridization employing selective adaptor ligation

We have developed a subtractive cloning method in which target sequences are effectively enriched by selective adaptor ligation and PCR after hybridization. In this method both tester and driver DNAs are digested with RsaI, ligated with the linker DNA containing a KpnI recognition site, and amplified by PCR. The tester DNA samples are divided into two aliquots, each digested with either RsaI or KpnI. The two DNA samples are then combined and hybridized with an excess of the driver DNA retaining the linker. After hybridization, the DNA mixture is ligated to a new adaptor compatible only with double-stranded tester/tester DNAs. Therefore, only the tester/tester is selectively amplified in subsequent PCR. This also leads to complete elimination of the tester DNA hybridized with driver DNA from the tester DNA population. Although our protocol employs enzymatic treatments, the efficiency of the enzymatic treatments does not affect the subtraction efficiency. This new subtractive enrichment method was applied to isolate Chinese cabbage defense-related genes induced by Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato (Pst), which elicits a hypersensitive response in Chinese cabbage. After two or three rounds of subtractive hybridization, the sequences of enriched DNAs were determined and examined by BLAST analysis. Northern blot hybridization showed that 12 of the 19 genes analyzed were strongly induced by Pst treatment. Among the 12 Pst-induced genes five represent pathogenesis-related genes encoding PR1a, two chitinases, a thaumatin-like protein, and a PR4 protein. Other Pst-induced genes include two cytochrome P450 genes responsible for glucosinolate biosynthesis, a disease resistance gene homolog, and several genes encoding proteins with unknown functions.     

基因克隆的常用方法介绍

为能快速、准确地克隆出有意义的基因,本文介绍了目前常用的一些基因克隆方法,如差异显示ＰＣＲ、抑制性差减杂交、ＲＡＰ－ＰＣＲ、代表性差异显示、酵母双杂交系统、ｃＤＮＡ直接捕捉法等;并对这些方法作了简要的评价,以利于大家选择适合自己的方法。     

差减抑制杂交技术在植物研究中的应用

差减抑制杂交技术在医学研究中应用较多,而在植物研究中的应用较少,近几年有所增加。本文介绍了目前差减抑制杂交技术在植物发育、逆境胁迫或人为诱导条件下差异基因表达以及不同组织中差异基因表达和突变等研究方面的应用。随着研究的不断深入,差减抑制杂交技术将在植物新基因的发现和克隆中发挥更大作用。     

植物基因克隆的策略和方法

本文介绍了功能克隆,定位克隆,表型克隆等９种克隆植物基因的方法,着重分析了每项克隆方法的工作原理,应用范围和进展     

The terminal 5′ phosphate and proximate phosphorothioate promote ligation‐independent cloning

Function studies of many proteins are waited to develop after genome sequencing. High‐throughout technology of gene cloning will strongly promote proteins' function studies. Here we describe a ligation‐independent cloning (LIC) method, which is based on the amplification of target gene and linear vector by PCR using phosphorothioate‐modified primers and the digestion of PCR products by λ exonuclease. The phosphorothioate inhibits the digestion and results in the generation of 3′ overhangs, which are designed to form complementary double‐stranded DNA between target gene and linear vector. We compared our phosphorothioate primer cloning methods with several LIC methods, including dU primer cloning, hybridization cloning, T4 DNA polymerase cloning, and in vivo recombination cloning. The cloning efficiency of these LIC methods are as follows: phosphorothioate primer cloning > dU primer cloning > hybridization cloning > T4 DNA polymerase cloning >> in vivo recombination cloning. Our result shows that the 3′ overhangs is a better cohesive end for LIC than 5′ overhang and the existence of 5′phosphate promotes DNA repair in Escherichia coli, resulting in the improvement of cloning efficiency of LIC. We succeeded in constructing 156 expression plasmids of Aeropyrum pernix genes within a week using our method.     

The "ups" and "downs" in Using Subtractive Cloning Techniques to Isolate Regulated Genes in Fish

Over the last decade, subtractive cloning approaches have beenused extensively to isolate genes that are up- or down-regulatedunder various conditions. These techniques have provided thefoundation for many subsequent studies concerning gene functionand regulation and, as such, have been valuable tools for manybiological fields. Over the past 10 years, we have used differentsubtractive cloning approaches to isolate genes in fish thatare regulated in relation to hormonal stimulation or the stageof ovarian maturation. These include conventional cDNA subtractionfollowed by library screening, differential display PCR, suppressionsubtraction hybridization, and more recently, iterative PCRsubtraction. We continue to use these techniques for the isolationof new genes involved in physiological processes in fish andbivalve molluscs. Examples that illustrate the use of thesedifferent subtractive cloning techniques are described, includingwhere possible the advantages and disadvantages of each. Inaddition, the use of ancillary methods (e.g., "Reverse Northerns")to facilitate the use of these subtractive approaches are discussed.