原生动物的捕食作用对水细菌的影响

原生动物和水细菌关系密切 ,Ｓａｎｄｅｒｓ等[1] 指出无论在淡水或海洋生态系统中 ,细菌和鞭毛虫的数量有着较为稳定的比例 (约 10 0 0∶1)。由于细菌细胞富含Ｎ和Ｐ ,原生动物通过对细菌的捕食作用成为重要的无机盐再生者 ,因而在水体的物质循环中占据重要地位[2 ] 。原生动物是水细菌数量的主要调节者 ,它沟通了细菌与后生动物之间的食物链。原生动物中的三大类 :鞭毛虫、肉足虫、纤毛虫都有一些专门吃细菌的种类 ,如波豆虫属 (Ｂｏｄｏ)、屋滴虫属 (Ｏｉｋｏｍｏｎａｓ)、鼻吻滴虫属 (Ｒｈｙｎｃｈｏｍｏｎａｓ)、领鞭毛虫类 (Ｃｈｏａ…     

中国典型地带土壤原生动物:Ⅱ生态学研究

研究了中国典型地带土壤原生动物生态学。结果表明,在各典型地带中,凋落物层原生动物的年平均现存量以温带（吉林长白山）和暖温带（北京小龙门）的为最大,北热带（云南西双版纳）的次之,中热带（海南尖峰岭）的最小;０～５ｃｍ土壤层的原生动物年平均现存量以暖温带和北热带的为最大,亚热带（武昌珞珈山）和温带的次之,高寒带（青海海北）和中热带的最小。各地带各样点凋落物层的原生动物现存量均大于０～５ｃｍ土壤层的。从丰度来看,在原生动物三大类群中,肉足虫现存量最大,鞭毛虫次之,纤毛虫现存量最小。各地带各样点的原生动物丰度高峰一般都出现在夏季。回归分析结果表明,土壤含水量、温度、ｐＨ值和有机质、总氮、总磷及总钾含量对土壤原生动物丰度均有显著影响。     

中国尾孢菌属及其近似属的研究VI.(英文)

本文报道９种尾孢菌,其中有２个新种：蟹甲草尾孢 Ｃｅｒｃｏｓｐｏｒａ ｃａｃａｌｉａｅ Ｙ． Ｌ． Ｇｕｏ　＆ Ｙ．Ｊｉａｎｇ和菜蓟尾孢Ｃｅｒｃｏｓｐｏｒａ 　ｃｙｎａｒａｅ Ｙ． Ｌ． Ｇｕｏ　＆ Ｙ． Ｊｉａｎｇ,中国新记录种有迪氏尾孢Ｃｅｒｃｏｓｐｏｒａｄｅｍｅｔｒｉｏｎｉａｎａ　 Ｇ． Ｗｉｎｔｅｒ,田菁生尾孢 Ｃｅｒｃｏｓｐｏｒａ　 ｇｌｏｔｈｉｄｉｉｃｏｌａ 　Ｔｒａｃｙ　＆ 　Ｅａｒｌｅ,甘草尾孢 Ｃｅｒｃｏｓｐｏｒａｇｌｙｃｙｒｒｈｉｚａｅ 　（Ｓａｖｕｌｅｓｃｕ　＆　Ｓａｎｄｕ）Ｃｈｕｐｐ,野桐尾孢Ｃｅｒｃｏｓｐｏｒａ　ｍａｌｌｏｔｉ　Ｅｌｌｉｓ　＆ 　Ｅｖｓｒｈ,木薯尾孢Ｃｅｒｃｏｓｐｏｒａ ｍａｎｉｈｏｂａｅ Ｖｉｅｇａｓ,补骨脂尾孢 Ｃｅｒｃｏｓｐｏｒａ ｐｓｏｒａｌｅａｅ－ｂｉｔｕｍｉｎｏｓａｅ Ｓａｖｕｌ．＆ Ｓａｎｄｕ和香豆尾孢Ｃｅｒｃｏｓｐｏｒａ ｔｒａｖｅｒｓｉａｎａ Ｓａｃｃ。文中为新种提供了拉丁文描述并附图,研究的标本保存在中国科学院微生物研究所菌物标本馆（ＨＭＡＳ）。     

哈尔滨人工湖泊中原生动物群落变化规律

2003年3月~2004年2月调查了哈尔滨人工湖泊原生动物群落多样性的变化规律,应用PFU法研究了原生动物群落季节变化演替的特征。共观察到各类原生动物120种,其中鞭毛虫53种,占原生动物总数的44%,肉足虫9种占原生动物总数的8%,纤毛虫58种占原生动物总数的48%,分析了原生动物在该湖的组成特点。原生动物在此人工湖泊中1个周年内的表现规律为植物性鞭毛虫多,动物性鞭毛虫少;纤毛虫多,肉足虫少。原生动物群落的结构参数(种类组成、个体丰度和多样性指数)因水质的变化而发生变化。在此湖中原生动物的优势种为喇叭虫属(S tentor)、眼虫属(E ug lena)、游仆虫属(E up lote)、隐滴虫属(C ryp tom onas),常年的居留种为眼虫属(E ug lena)、弹跳虫属(H a lteria)、侠盗虫属(S trobilid ium)、隐滴虫属(C ryp tom onas)。全年3个采样站的生物多样性指数在1.912~7.473之间。原生动物在1个周年中平均个体丰度出现的规律依次递减的顺序是秋季、夏季、春季、冬季。采样站1的平均个体丰度在四个季节中均高于采样站2、3。     

中国叶猴类的分类、现状与保护

中国的叶猴据记载朋５种;长尾叶猴、戴帽叶猴、灰叶猴、黑叶猴（含２亚种）和（？）金叶猴。对这叶猴的属、种分类颇有争议;在属级水平上, 使用过Ｐｉｔｈｅｃｕｓ、Ｓｅｍｎｏｐｉｔｈｅｃｕｓ、Ｐｒｅｓｂｙｔｉｓ和Ｔｒａｃｈｙｐｉｔｈｅｃｕｓ作为属名,我国绝大多数学者迄今一直用Ｐｒｅｓｂｙｔｉｓ作为属名。本文采用Ｓｅｍｎｏｐｉｔｈｅｒｃｕｓ（长尾叶猴）和Ｔｒｒａｃｈｙｐｉｔｈｅｃｕｓ（其他叶猴）作为属名,在     

中国典型地带土壤原生动物：：I.区系特征和物种分布

研究中国典型地带土壤原生动物区系特征和物种分布。结果表明,鞭毛虫以波豆虫类和变形鞭毛虫类种类最多,其次为金滴虫类和无色眼虫类。肉足虫以有壳种类占优势,其中又以表壳目种类最多。纤毛虫最重要的３个类群为下毛目、肾形目和前口目,其中又以下毛目种类最丰富。凋落物层的种类多于０￣５ｃｍ土壤层,其原因在于凋落物层具有比０￣５ｃｍ土壤层更为优越的生态环境条件。２９０种原生动物中,中热带分布有７２种,北热带１０６     

利用微束激光穿刺法将菜豆几丁质酶基因导入油菜的研究

利用微束激光穿刺法将菜豆几丁质酶基因导入油菜的研究杨仲毅王兰岚刘志岩张铁汉刘桂珍陈正华（中国科学院遗传研究所,北京,１００１０１）ＩｎｔｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎｏｆＢｅａｎＣｈｉｔｉｎａｓＧｅｎｅｉｎｔｏＢｒａｓｓｉｃａｎａｐｕｓｂｙＬａｓｅｒＭｉｃｒｏｂ...     

鸟凤考

１．鸟凤南宋·范成大（１１２６—１１７５）《桂海虞衡志》第六篇志禽载有一种珍禽,曰：“鸟凤,出桂海左、右两江峒中,大如喜鹊,给碧色,项毛似雄鸡,头上有冠,尾垂二弱骨。长一尺四五寸,至杪始有毛,其形略似凤。音声清越如笙萧,能度小曲合宫商,又能为百鸟之音,被处亦自难得”。鸟凤究属何鸟？前人有说。Ｒｅａｄ定为长尾鹦鹉ＰｓｉｔｔａｃｕｌａＬｏｎｇ　ｉｃａｕｄａ：朱建霞译述为鸡尾鹦鹉Ｎｙｍｐｈｉｃｕｓｈｏｌｌａｎｄｉｃｕｓ。ｆ二者仅列种名,均无考释。按：长尾鹦鹉在我国为西南山地亚区可疑种,分布在四川、云南…     

青霉素酰化酶活性中心的定点突变

对Ｅ．ｃｏｌｅ ＡＴＣＣ １１１０５的青霉素酰化酶（ｐｅｎｉｃｉｌｌｉｎ Ｇ ａｃｙｌａｓｅ,ＰＧＡ）活性中心的Ｓｅｒ２９０分别进行了定点突变和和化学修饰,将活性中心的Ｓｅｒ２９０改变成Ｃｙｓ或Ｓｅｃｙｓ,ＰＧＡ水解活力均大为下降,但仍保留部分活性。其对底物６－硝基（３－苯乙酰氨基）苯甲酸（６－ｎｉｔｒｏ－３－ｐｈｅｎｙｌａｃｅｔａｍｉｄｏ ｂｅｎｚｏｉｃ ａｃｉｄ,ＮＩＰＡＢ）的ｋｃａｔ分别从１     

略谈理论和模型在生态学中的作用

略谈理论和模型在生态学中的作用邬建国（美国内华达大学系统、荒漠研究所生物科学中心）ＯｖｅｒｖｉｅｗｏｎｔｈｅＲｏｌｅｏｆＴｈｅｏｒｙａｎｄＭｏｄｅｌｉｎＥｃｏｌｏｇｙ．￥ＷｕＪｉａｎｇｕｏ（ＢｉｏｌｏｇｉｃａｌＳｃｉｅｎｃｅｓＣｅｎｔｅｒ,Ｄｅｓｅｒ...     

中国土壤原生动物新纪录种·肉鞭虫门

报道了首次在中国土壤中鉴定到隶属于肉鞭虫门的１１种原生动物。这些种类是蚁固滴虫、唇缝口虫、斜缝口虫、喜盐匣壳虫、束拟砂壳虫、尖足法帽虫、长匣壳虫、森林地壳虫、佩氏三足虫、花瓶梨壳虫和鬃鳞壳虫。     

南极菲尔德斯半岛地区土壤原生动物生态学研究

作者于1994年12月至1995年2月设置13个采样站,对南极菲尔德斯半岛地区土壤原生动物进行了研究。共观察到原生动物37种,其中:鞭毛虫11种,肉足虫9种,纤毛虫17种;优势种为梨波豆虫,球波豆虫,小滴虫,聚滴虫,跳侧滴虫,磷壳虫和钩刺斜管虫;原生动物密度在采样站间的变化范围在33-577个/g干土之间,格鲁玻科湖岸边土壤站最低,而阿德雷岛苔藓下土壤站最高,回归分析表明:土壤原生动物密度与土壤含水量呈显着性直线相关。       

中国典型地带土壤原生动物食性的观察

报道了中国６人典型地带土壤原生动物的食性观察结果,并就观察结果进行了讨论和分析。根据食性或营养方式,将鉴定到的２０９种土壤原生动物分为８个功能营养类群－－自养者、食细菌者、肉食者、食碎屑者、食真菌者、植食者、杂食者和腐生性营养者。对鉴定到的各分类类群的食性进行了讨论和分析。     

从时空异质性看东湖富营养化中原生动物的演替

1993-08～1994-08,东湖原生动物年均丰度为59,391ind./L,年均生物量为1.40mg/L。从V站到0站,随着营养水平(TSI)增加,数量(A)和生物量(B)显著增加LnA=-58.323+16.503LnTSI(n=5,r=0.983,p=0.003);LnB=-16.840+0.256TSI(n=5,r=0.996,p<0.001),两者均表现出明显的空间异质性。同时,丰度的周年动态模式也发生了明显演替,原来的春季和秋季高峰演变为冬季高峰,营养水平越高,冬季高峰越明显,随营养水平增加形成的原生动物群落结构-种类组成和现存量-的空间格局与年代变化趋势一致。     

MITOCHONDRIA OF PROTOZOA

A study of thin sections of Paramecium multimicronucleatum, Tetrahymena pyriformis, Tokophrya infusionum, and Amoeba proteus shows that the mitochondria in all these protozoa are similar in certain aspects of their fine structure to that described in metazoan cells. As in higher organisms the mitochondrion is surrounded by a double limiting membrane and contains protrusions directed inward from the innermost of the double membranes. There are, however, some differences. In a majority of higher organisms the internal structure of mitochondria consists of ridges or cristae mitochondriales and in a few instances only of finger-like projections, or microvilli. In all protozoa described here and elsewhere microvilli represent the dominant structure. They are characteristic therefore of protozoan mitochondria.     

Estimating the growth potential of the soil protozoan community

We have developed a method for determining the potential abundance of free-living protozoa in soil. The method permits enumeration of four major functional groups (flagellates, naked amoebae, testate amoebae, and ciliates) and it overcomes some limitations and problems of the usual 'direct' and 'most probable number' methods. Potential abundance is determined using light microscopy, at specific time intervals, after quantitative re-wetting of air-dried soil with rain water. No exogenous carbon substrates or mineral nutrients are employed, so the protozoan community that develops is a function of the resources and inhibitors present in the original field sample. The method was applied to 100 soil samples (25 plots x 4 seasons) from an upland grassland (Sourhope, Southern Scotland) in the UK. Median abundances for all four functional groups lie close to those derived from the literature on protozoa living in diverse soil types. Flagellates are the most abundant group in soil, followed by the naked amoebae, then the testate amoebae and ciliates. This order is inversely related to typical organism size in each group. Moreover, preliminary evidence indicates that each functional group contains roughly the same number of species. All of these observations would be consistent with soil having fractal structure across the size-scale perceived by protozoa. The method described will be useful for comparing the effects on the soil protozoan community of different soil treatments (e.g. liming and biocides).     

Testate amoebae community structure in the moss biotopes of streams

The specific composition and community structure of testate amoebae in the moss biotopes of streams were studied in the Sura River basin (Middle Volga region). Twenty-nine species and forms were identified. The eurybiont species Trinema enchelys, Euglypha ciliata glabra, Centropyxis aerophila, Tracheleuglypha dentata, Crythion dubium, Centropyxis cassis, Trinema complanatum, and Trinema lineare are dominant. The species richness varies from 2 to 11 species per sample, the abundance is 100 to 4000 ind./g of absolutely dry moss. The degree of forest covering in the basin, hydrochemical peculiarities (the amount of biogenic elements and water hardness) of streams, the size of streams, and environmental contamination are possible factors that determine the specific character of the composition and structure of testate amoebae communities.     

Impact of protozoan grazing on bacterial community structure in soil microcosms

The influence of grazing by a mixed assemblage of soil protozoa (seven flagellates and one amoeba) on bacterial community structure was studied in soil microcosms amended with a particulate resource (sterile wheat roots) or a soluble resource (a solution of various organic compounds). Sterilized soil was reinoculated with mixed soil bacteria (obtained by filtering and dilution) or with bacteria and protozoa. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) of PCR amplifications of 16S rRNA gene fragments, as well as community level physiological profiling (Biolog plates), suggested that the mixed protozoan community had significant effects on the bacterial community structure. Excising and sequencing of bands from the DGGE gels indicated that high-G+C gram-positive bacteria closely related to Arthrobacter spp. were favored by grazing, whereas the excised bands that decreased in intensity were related to gram-negative bacteria. The percentages of intensity found in bands related to high G+C gram positives increased from 4.5 and 12.6% in the ungrazed microcosms amended with roots and nutrient solution, respectively, to 19.3 and 32.9% in the grazed microcosms. Protozoa reduced the average bacterial cell size in microcosms amended with nutrient solution but not in the treatment amended with roots. Hence, size-selective feeding may explain some but not all of the changes in bacterial community structure. Five different protozoan isolates (Acanthamoeba sp., two species of Cercomonas, Thaumatomonas sp., and Spumella sp.) had different effects on the bacterial communities. This suggests that the composition of protozoan communities is important for the effect of protozoan grazing on bacterial communities.     

对虾养殖池塘底质修复技术对原生动物群落结构的影响

在对虾养殖池塘水体中共检测到原生动物86种,其中纤毛虫48种;鞭毛虫25种,肉足虫13种.原生动物优势种主要由一些运动能力相对较弱或固着生长的种类组成,如褐砂壳虫(Difflugia avellana)、瓜形膜袋虫(Cyclidium citrullus)、透明鞘居虫(Vaginicola crystalline)、多态喇叭虫(Stentor polymorphrus)和钟虫(Vorticella sp.)等,这些原生动物有以腐质和藻类为食、耐污性较强的特点.结果表明:在养殖初期,使用底质修复技术的试验池塘原生动物群落结构恢复比对照塘快,PFU群集的原生动物种类数和密度比对照塘多,水质比对照塘好,嗜污性相对较强的一些纤毛虫如尾草履虫(Paramecium caudaium)、拟瘦尾虫(Paruroleptus spp.)等比对照塘出现晚.在随后的养殖过程中,使用底质修复技术的试验塘原生动物群落结构比对照塘稳定,原生动物种类数和密度起伏小,pH值、透明度变化幅度也小于对照池塘,没有发生病害,水质较对照塘好.     

Dynamics of grazing protozoa follow that of microalgae in natural biofilm communities

This study investigates the dynamics of protozoan community in biofilms formed on inert artificial surfaces suspended in various freshwater environments. The results also test the hypothesis that the dynamics of protozoan and microalgal communities in biofilms are interdependent because the latter form one of the major food items of benthic protozoa. Cleaned glass slides were suspended in surface waters at four sampling locations to collect biofilm communities. The glass slides after retrieval were observed under a microscope for diatom and protozoan density and their generic composition. Members of protozoa belonging to phylum Sarcomastigophora dominated the protozoan community followed by phylum Ciliophora in all sampling locations. The variation of protozoan feeding groups showed an initial abundance of autotrophs/holophytes which gave way to heterotrophs, predators, and bacterivores towards the end of the study. The density and generic composition of protozoa varied significantly with the age of biofilm and sampling location. The density variation of protozoa followed that of diatoms in all four sampling locations and this has resulted in a significant positive correlation between diatom and protozoan densities. This suggests the dependency and/or food web connectedness of these two communities in natural biofilms.