珍稀濒危植物黄杉种群结构与空间分布格局北大核心CSCD

为了解珍稀濒危植物黄杉种群的生存现状和更新机制,对贵州省威宁县黄杉自然保护区内天然分布的黄杉(Pseudotsuga sinensis)群落的结构特征和空间分布格局进行了研究。结果表明,黄杉种群的中龄级个体数较多,幼龄级和老龄级个体相对较少,呈典型的“∩”型结构。种群结构动态指数V_(pi)(13.49%)和V′_(pi)(0.05%)均大于0,种群属于增长型,但增长幅度逐渐降低,对外界干扰敏感度较高。种群存活曲线趋于Deevey-II型,生命期望值单调下降,死亡率呈“V”型,有2个死亡高峰,第1个出现在I龄级,第2个出现在IX龄级。黄杉种群除部分样地(Q2和Q7)呈均匀分布外,大部分样地呈集群分布;随龄级的增加,空间分布格局由集群分布逐渐趋向于均匀分布。因此,黄杉种群濒危的主要因素是幼树个体无法及时补充种群,建议加强对幼苗的抚育和通过适度干扰,促进黄杉种群的更新。     

水杉原生母树种群结构与动态

为揭示水杉(Metasequoia glyptostroboides)原生母树种群的生存现状与数量动态,预测未来种群的发展趋势,基于野外种群调查数据,对种群结构与动态进行探讨。结果表明:(1)种群自然更新不良,DBH40 cm的个体仅占种群个体总数的4.5%,纺锤型的径级结构表明种群属衰退型。(2)种群幼龄个体存活率较低,中龄个体生存能力强,Ⅷ龄级之后存活量快速减少,存活曲线接近Deevey-Ⅲ型;种群死亡率和消失率整体上都随龄级增大而升高,均在Ⅸ龄级达到最大值。(3)生存分析表明,种群呈前期略减、中期波动、后期衰退的特征;幼龄阶段是种群生活史中的脆弱环节,Ⅷ龄级之后种群进入生理衰退期。(4)时间序列预测表明,未来8年期间种群幼龄和中龄个体不断减少,老龄个体渐增,种群整体的长期稳定性难以维持。总之,幼龄个体严重缺乏是种群趋于衰退的主要原因,保持适当的人工辅助恢复和加强现有植株及其生境保护是种群更新复壮的关键。     

广西猫儿山鹅掌楸天然种群动态研究

为进一步探讨鹅掌楸濒危的机制,对广西桂林猫儿山鹅掌楸天然种群进行了调查,以种群生命表及生存分析理论为基础,以林木径级结构代表龄级结构,编制鹅掌楸种群静态生命表,分析种群结构的动态变化特点.结果表明:鹅掌楸种群龄级结构为金字塔型,幼龄个体数量较多,中龄个体数居中,而老龄个体则相对数量较少,表现为增长型种群;在第Ⅳ龄级时该种群出现死亡高峰,其种群存活曲线属Deevey-Ⅱ型;猫儿山鹅掌楸天然种群具有前期种群数量快速减少,中后期稳定,末期衰退的特点.该研究结果对鹅掌楸天然种群的保护提供参考依据.     

濒危植物澜沧黄杉种群结构及动态特征

澜沧黄杉(Pseudotsuga forrestiiCraib)为中国特有珍稀濒危植物,野外种群个体数量少,分布范围狭窄,研究其种群结构及动态特征可以量化种群未来发展趋势,并为科学合理保护该物种提供依据。通过对云南省迪庆州德钦县不同群落类型下澜沧黄杉种群的调查及数据收集,编制澜沧黄杉静态生命表,绘制存活曲线和生存分析函数曲线,并采用时间序列模型对种群的数量动态进行预测,以揭示不同群落环境下澜沧黄杉的种群结构和动态特征。结果表明:德钦县澜沧黄杉种群主要分布在海拔2200-3300m的区域,栖息地群落类型为澜沧黄杉林、冷杉林与云南松林,三种群落澜沧黄杉种群均属增长型,数量变化动态指数V_pi和V_pi''都大于0,但对外界干扰比较敏感,存活曲线趋于Deevey-Ⅱ型,表明种群各龄级的死亡率基本接近。不同群落类型下种群大小依次为澜沧黄杉林 ＞ 冷杉林 ＞ 云南松林,结合种群动态分析表明,澜沧黄杉林更适宜种群的生存;生存分析和时间序列预测表明幼龄个体的缺乏、死亡率高,是导致种群野外更新困难的主要原因。野外调查发现澜沧黄杉天然种群受到人类砍伐、放牧、开荒等因素的影响,严重影响了种群的生存,因此未来在加大科学研究力度进一步探究该物种濒危影响因素的同时,还要加大保护宣传力度,并扩大建立保护区以实现对该物种的多方位保护。     

长白山阔叶红松林红松种群年龄结构与数量动态特征

该研究以分布于长白山阔叶红松林内的红松(Pinus koraiensis)种群为对象, 通过编制种群静态生命表, 计算数量动态指数, 绘制存活曲线、死亡率曲线和消失率曲线, 应用4个生存函数并引入谱分析和时间序列预测模型, 分析红松种群年龄结构, 揭示其天然更新过程及未来发展趋势, 以期为野生红松种群的保护和恢复提供科学依据。结果显示: 红松种群数量变化具有阶段性, 幼龄(I-III龄级)和成龄(VII-X龄级)个体数量多, 中龄(IV-VI龄级)和老龄(XI-XIV龄级)个体数量少, 形成明显间断的两个优势年龄分布区。种群存活曲线趋近于Deevey-Ⅲ型, 表明幼龄个体死亡率高。忽略外部干扰时的总体数量动态变化指数大于>0, 表明红松种群为增长型; 考虑未来外部干扰时的种群动态变化指数趋近于0, 结合死亡率和消失率曲线呈现出连续先增后降的复杂动态变化趋势, 可知该种群受外界随机干扰时增长不明显。生存函数分析显示, 红松种群具有前期锐减、中期稳定、后期衰退的特点。谱分析表明红松种群天然更新呈周期性波动。未来2、3、4、5、6、7、8、9、10个龄级时间后, 红松幼、中龄个体数逐渐减少, 而成、老龄个体数量将逐渐增加。幼龄个体死亡率高、生存空间和资源条件有限, 老龄个体生理衰老明显是限制红松种群增长的主要原因。建议加强幼龄个体的抚育工作, 提高其存活率和生存质量; 保护和改善生存环境, 从而促进红松种群的自然更新和恢复。     

珍稀濒危植物紫纹兜兰的种群结构和数量动态

通过对广东省河源市紫金县白溪省级自然保护区紫纹兜兰(Paphiopedilum purpuratum)进行样方调查,运用种群生命表、存活曲线、种群生存函数值和时间序列预测分析方法,研究紫纹兜兰种群的动态变化过程,揭示各龄级植株的数量动态和变化规律。结果表明,紫纹兜兰龄级以幼龄为主,幼龄阶段占整个种群的54.73%,年龄结构为稳定型。种群年龄结构的动态指数V_(pi)为0.33、V_(pi)'为0.07,均大于0,紫纹兜兰的存活曲线更接近Deevey-Ⅱ型,表明该种群目前属于稳定型种群。累计死亡率函数和危险率函数上升,生存率函数下降,死亡密度函数波动较大。从时间序列预测分析表明,种群具备一定的恢复能力,但是种群整体数量随时间的增加,成年植株逐渐增加,幼苗减少。平均开花和结实率仅为16.94%和3.29%,种子没有胚乳而营养不足,在自然环境下很难发育成幼苗,主要靠分蘖植株繁殖,因此对紫纹兜兰幼苗的保护很关键。     

基于生命表的大兴安岭兴安杜鹃(Rhododendron dauricum)种群数量特征及动态分析

兴安杜鹃(Rhododendron dauricum)是大兴安岭森林群落灌木层的优势种,其种群统计研究尚属空白。以大兴安岭呼中区不同海拔和林型的兴安杜鹃种群为对象,编制了静态生命表,计算生存分析函数,采用时间序列分析种群数量动态。结果表明,低海拔梯度(600m)的落叶松林中,兴安杜鹃幼龄级(Ⅰ-Ⅱ)个体较多,占67.31%,且幼龄级死亡率和消失率较低,存活率较高,存活曲线为Deevey Ⅰ型曲线,为增长型种群。种群的衰退期转折点在Ⅱ-Ⅲ龄级,未来种群数量呈增长趋势。中低海拔梯度(600-900m)的白桦林中,中龄级(Ⅱ-Ⅲ)个体数量较多,占45%以上,中龄级死亡率和消失率较低,存活率较高,存活曲线为Deevey Ⅰ型曲线,为稳定型种群。种群的衰退期转折点在Ⅲ-Ⅴ龄级之间,由于种群密度制约,未来种群数量逐渐趋于衰退。高海拔梯度(1200m)的落叶松林中,种群个体总数最少。其中,Ⅰ龄级个体数量最多,占33.52%,但死亡率和消失率较高,存活率较低,Ⅱ-Ⅴ龄级死亡率和消失率较低,存活率较高,存活曲线为Deevey Ⅲ型曲线,为增长型种群,但增长趋势较弱。种群的衰退期转折点在Ⅴ龄级,未来种群数量呈增长趋势,但由于环境限制,种群数量更趋于稳定。可以认为,大兴安岭兴安杜鹃种群数量整体稳定。海拔和林型是影响兴安杜鹃种群数量的重要因素,海拔为600-900m,郁闭度为45%-50%的白桦林为兴安杜鹃的适宜生境,成为灌木层中的主要优势种。     

海南吊罗山濒危植物山铜材种群结构与动态特征

为探究海南吊罗山山铜材（Chunia bucklandioides）种群结构与动态特征，以当地山铜材野生种群为研究对象，将种群集中分布区域设为典型样地并开展样地调查，以空间代替时间构建种群年龄结构，采用动态量化分析、绘制存活曲线、计算生存函数等方法分析现有种群结构特点和动态特征，并通过时间序列预测模型推测种群未来发展趋势。结果表明：（1）吊罗山山铜材种群年龄结构接近不规则金字塔型，动态量化分析显示该种群为增长型种群，但第Ⅰ～Ⅲ龄级间存在衰退现象，种群增长性弱，稳定性差，受外界干扰敏感度高，有向稳定型种群转变的趋势。（2）随龄级增加，山铜材标准化存活个体数量减少，生命期望降低，死亡率和消失率总体呈上升趋势，存活曲线趋近于Deevey-Ⅱ型。（3）生存分析显示吊罗山山铜材种群具有前期增长、中期稳定、后期衰退的特点。（4）经过未来2、4、6龄级时间后，Ⅰ～Ⅲ龄级个体数量将逐渐减少，Ⅳ～Ⅶ龄级个体数量少量增加，幼龄苗木自我更新能力不足，种群存在规模收缩和衰退的风险。研究表明，生境碎片化、分布范围小、植株结实量少和幼龄个体不足是导致吊罗山山铜材濒危的主要因素，建议通过设立自然保护小区、辅助种子入...     

濒危植物银杉的种群统计与年龄结构

通过对银杉主要群落种群的数量统计和年龄组成的分析,编绘了银杉种的特定时间生命表,存活曲线和年龄结构图,结果表明,银杉种群年龄超过２００ａ后,出现植株个体死亡高峰,种群的平均生命期望陡降,预示着种群的生理衰退。银杉种群的存活曲线介于ＤｅｅｖｅｙＩ和ＩＩ型曲线之间整个银杉种群在４０龄级以上的年龄结构基本表现为增长型,但不同的银杉群落种群的年龄结构差异很大,大部分种群都存在的幼龄个体缺乏的现象,其中花坪     

长白山阔叶红松林紫椴种群结构与动态特征

紫椴(Tilia amurensis)为国家二级重点保护野生植物。以长白山北坡阔叶红松林内的紫椴种群为研究对象,通过建立种群静态生命表、绘制存活曲线、计算数量动态指数并引入生存函数和时间序列预测模型定量描绘其结构与动态特征。结果表明:1)种群年龄结构呈不规则金字塔形,幼龄阶段(Ⅰ-Ⅳ龄级)个体数之和占个体总数的67.26%。2)种群存活曲线接近Deevey-Ⅲ型,表明植株在幼龄阶段死亡率高。3)总体数量动态变化指数V_pi>V''_pi>0,表明紫椴种群为增长型,但V''_pi趋近于0,结合死亡率(q_x)和消失率(K_x)曲线呈现出连续性先增后降的复杂动态变化趋势,可知该种群不稳定且在干扰情况下增长趋势不明显。4)生存函数分析显示,种群在Ⅲ-Ⅳ龄级间达到平衡状态,尔后进入衰退期且从第Ⅷ龄级开始进入生理衰退。5)时间序列预测分析表明,在未来2、3、4、5、6、7、8、9、10龄级时间后,紫椴幼龄个体数逐渐减小,而中、成和老龄个体数量将逐渐增加,说明未来紫椴种群的增长主要依靠后者。生物学特性和生境是限制紫椴种群增长的主要原因。建议加强幼苗抚育工作,提高幼苗和小树的存活率,保护和改善生存环境,从而促进紫椴种群的自然更新和恢复。     

Systematic significance of mature embryo of bamboos

The mature embryo of seven species belonging to five genera of Indian bamboos is described. In all these the basic pattern of embryo organisation is same: the scutellar and coleoptilar bundles are not separated by an internode, the epiblast is absent, the lower portion of the scutellum and the coleorhiza are separated by a cleft and the margins of embryonic leaves overlap. The features unique to fleshy fruited bamboos are: presence of a massive scutellum, the juxtaposition of plumule and radicle and the occurrence of a bud in the axil of the coleoptile. The fleshy fruit bearing bamboos should be classified into one group, the tribeMelocanneae. Evidence is provided to recognise additional groups in the subfamilyBambusoideae.     

Taxonomic status of the species of the green algal genusNeochloris

Komárek has recently reviewed the various species assigned to the green algal genusNeochloris Starr (Chlorococcales, Chlorococcaceae) and removed those with uninucleate vegetative cells to a new genus,Ettlia. Watanabe & Floyd, unaware ofKomárek's work, also reviewed the species ofNeochloris and distributed them among three genera—Neochloris, Chlorococcopsis gen. nov., andParietochloris gen. nov.—on the basis of details of the covering of the zoospore and the arrangement of the basal bodies of the flagellar apparatus. This paper reconciles these two treatments and makes additional recommendations at the ranks of genus, family, order, and class.     

Analysis of twin of eyeless regulation during early embryogenesis in Drosophila melanogaster

The Drosophila Pax6 homolog twin of eyeless (toy) is so far the first zygotically expressed gene involved in eye morphogenesis in Drosophila. The study of its expression during embryogenesis is therefore informative of the initial events of eye development in Drosophila. We have analyzed how the initial expression domain of toy at cellular blastoderm is regulated. We show that the three maternal patterning systems active in the cephalic region (the anterior, terminal and dorsal-ventral systems) cooperate with zygotically activated gap genes to shape the initial expression domain of toy. Whereas Bicoid, Dorsal and Torso signaling synergistically act as activators, Hunchback, Knirps and Decapentaplegic act as repressors.     

Apoptotic Regulation of Caspase Activity

Intracellular cysteine aspartate-specific proteases (caspases) play both signaling and effector roles in realizing the program of cell death. Caspases function as proteolytic cascades unique for each cell type and signal triggering apoptosis. All parts of the proteolytic cascades are duplicated and controlled by feedback signals. Amplification cycles between pairs of caspases (the third and the sixth, the ninth and the third, the twelfth and the sixth, and others) help multiply the initial apoptotic signal. The presence of physiological inhibitors of apoptosis that directly interact with caspases creates a multilevel regulatory network of apoptosis in cell. The caspase proteolytic cascades are also regulated by sphingolipid secondary messengers, among them ceramide, sphingosine, and their phosphates. Moreover, an association of the caspase signaling with ubiquitin-dependent proteolysis is shown in cells. In particular, the use of extracellular activators and inhibitors of caspases allows irreversible activation of apoptosis in tumor cells or the prevention of apoptosis in cortical neurons under neurodegenerative diseases.     

广西青藓科分类学修订

通过对采自广西24个县(市)的1 147份青藓科植物标本的逐一鉴定及相关文献的查阅,确认有广西青藓科植物11属、44种,其中包括广西青藓科植物新记录属1属,即拟异叶藓属(Pseudokindbergia),新记录种7种,分别为匐枝青藓(Brachythecium procumbens)、阔叶尖喙藓(Oxyrrhynchium latifolium)、泛生尖喙藓(O. vagans)、拟异叶藓(Pseudokindbergia dumosa)、华东细喙藓(Rhynchostegiella sinensis)、长肋拟青藓(Sciurohypnum populeum)和弯叶拟青藓(S. reflexum)。该文提供了修订后的广西青藓科植物名录,并对其中的新记录属、种的主要形态学识别特征、生境和地理分布等进行了详细描述。     

The effect of cyanobacteria and azolla on the performance of rice under different levels of fertilizer nitrogen

Cyanobacteria and/or azolla were inoculated, with urea at 0, 72 or 144 kg N/ha, in plots in which azolla-free Indica rice var. IR 28 was grown. Productive tillers, yield and nitrogen contents of grain and straw positively responded to inoculation with cyanobacteria or azolla, even with fertilizer-N up to 144 kg N/ha. Inoculation improved colonization by cyanobacteria. Azolla were superior to the asymbiotic cyanobacteria in enhancing rice performance. Urea at a rate of 72 kg N/ha was found to support the best colonizations when applied with cyanobacteria or azolla or, to give maximum rice yields, both inoculants.     

Phylogeny of cardinalfishes (Teleostei: Gobiiformes: Apogonidae) and the evolution of visceral bioluminescence

The cardinalfishes (Apogonidae) are a diverse clade of small, mostly reef-dwelling fishes, for which a variety of morphological data have not yielded a consistent phylogeny. We use DNA sequence to hypothesize phylogenetic relationships within Apogonidae and among apogonids and other acanthomorph families, to examine patterns of evolution including the distribution of a visceral bioluminescence system. In conformance with previous studies, Apogonidae is placed in a clade with Pempheridae, Kurtidae, Leiognathidae, and Gobioidei. The apogonid genus Pseudamia is recovered outside the remainder of the family, not as sister to the superficially similar genus Gymnapogon. Species sampled from the Caribbean and Western Atlantic (Phaeoptyx, Astrapogon, and some Apogon species) form a clade, as do the larger-bodied Glossamia and Cheilodipterus. Incidence of visceral bioluminescence is found scattered throughout the phylogeny, independently for each group in which it is present. Examination of the fine structure of the visceral bioluminescence system through histology shows that light organs exhibit a range of morphologies, with some composed of complex masses of tubules (Siphamia, Pempheris, Parapriacanthus) and others lacking tubules but containing chambers formed by folds of the visceral epithelium (Acropoma, Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia). Light organs in Siphamia, Acropoma, Pempheris and Parapriacanthus are distinct from but connected to the gut; those in Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia are simply portions of the intestinal tract, and are little differentiated from the surrounding tissues. The presence or absence of symbiotic luminescent bacteria does not correlate with light organ structure; the tubular light organs of Siphamia and chambered tubes of Acropoma house bacteria, those in Pempheridae and the other Apogonidae do not.     

Evaluation of antiprotozoal and antimycobacterial activities of the resin glycosides and the other metabolites of Scrophularia cryptophila

Resin glycosides are secondary metabolites exclusive to the convolvulaceous plants. In this study, crypthophilic acids A–C (1–3), the first resin glycosides occurring in another family (Scrophulariaceae), and the other constituents of Scrophularia cryptophila were examined for in vitro antiprotozoal and antimycobacterial potentials. Except for crypthophilic acid B (2), all tested compounds exhibited growth-inhibitory effect against Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense, with l-tryptophan (6) and buddlejasaponin III (7) being the most potent ones (IC₅₀'s 4.1 and 9.7 μg/ml). In contrast, the activity towards Trypanosoma cruzi was poor, and only crypthophilic acid C (3), 6 and 7 were trypanocidal at concentrations above 40 μg/ml. With the exception of 2 and 6, all compounds were active against Leishmania donovani. Harpagide (4) and 3 emerged as the best leishmanicidal agents (IC₅₀'s 2.0 and 5.8 μg/ml). Only compounds 3, 6 and 7 showed antimalarial activity against Plasmodium falciparum with IC₅₀ values of 4.2, 16.6 and 22.4 μg/ml. Overall the best and broadest spectrum activity was presented by compounds 3 and 7, as they inhibited all four parasitic protozoa. None of the isolates had significant activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MICs >100 μg/ml) or were toxic towards mammalian (L6) cells. This is the first report of antiprotozoal activity for natural resin glycosides, as well as for harpagide (4), acetylharpagide (5), tryptophan (6) and buddlejasaponin III (7).     

New species of Peruvian Orchidaceae III

Sixteen new species are proposed in the generaAckermania, Dressleria, Epidendrum, Maxillaria, Oncidium, Rodriguezia, Sigmatostalix, andTrigonidium. All new species are illustrated.Maxillaria vittariifolia L. O. Williams is newly recorded for Peru. A key is provided forTrigonidium of Peru.Trigonidium loretoense Schltr. andT. peruvianum Schltr. are lectotypified.