黑河流域水-生态-经济协调发展方案及用水效益

在西北干旱地区的黑河流域,推行流域水-生态-经济协调发展模式,是从根本上高效配置流域水资源,彻底化解流域上、中、下游利益冲突,实现利益共享,保护流域生态环境,全面实施国务院黑河流域分水方案和提高用水效益的重要途径。采用系统动力学模型进行模拟调控实验,从众多实验方案中选择生成水-生态保护型发展方案(WEP)、水-经济高效型发展方案(WEH)、水-生态-经济协调型发展方案(WEE)3种有效方案。从需水总量与用水结构、空间配水结构、经济总量与经济结构、生态环境保护、投水产出效益等方面对3种有效方案进行比较分析。研究认为,WEP方案耗水总量相对较少,利于黑河流域生态环境保护,但经济发展步伐比较缓慢,不利于流域建设小康社会和全面建设节水型社会;WEH方案耗水量大,经济发展步伐快,经济效益显著,但不利于生态环境保护和黑河分水方案的实施,WEE方案耗水量介于WEP和WEH之间,经济效益和生态环境效益都比较显著,同时兼顾了黑河流域的经济发展目标和生态环境保护目标,虽然单纯从经济发展或生态保护角度分析,不是最好的方案,但从流域可持续发展和建设流域生态经济带的角度分析,却是一个最优化的方案。进而确定出WEE方案为满足国务院黑河流域分水方案要求和提高用水效益双重目标的优化方案。为了提高流域单方水产值,建议合理安排黑河流域上、中、下游的产业分工和生态建设分工;大力发展绿色节水产业和红色节水产业,加大节水型经济结构调整力度;强抓节水灌溉,建立高效节水型社会;逐步建立定额水价制度和水权贸易制度,推进水票制和用水户参与式管理模式。     

三江平原沼泽湿地生态承载能力综合评价

从湿地水资源、土地资源、水环境、生物资源等多方面入手,研究湿地生态系统的承载能力,采用分级评价方法,建立分级评价指标和承载模式,评价了沼泽湿地生态系统的生态弹性度、资源与环境承载力和承载压力度。利用基于加速遗传算法的层次分析技术确定承载模型的权重,计算得出的排序权值具有结果稳定、计算精度高的特点。应用到三江平原沼泽湿地生态承载力的综合评价中,结果表明整个三江平原大部分生态系统处于中稳、较高承载、中低压区。这说明三江平原生态承载能力比较高,人口压力不大,但要进一步提高生态承载能力,则需改善沼泽湿地生态环境,提高水资源利用效率。     

黑河流域生态经济带分异协调规律与耦合发展模式

在西北干旱地区建设黑河流域生态经济带,是从根本上高效配置流域水资源,彻底化解流域上,下游利益冲突,实现利益共享,保护流域生态环境,推进流域可持续发展,全面实施国务院黑河流域分水方案的重要途径,通过对黑河流域生态经济带上－中－下游投入产出效益的比较分析和流域上、中、下游生态－生产、生活系统发展分异及互动协调关系的分析,提出了黑河流域生态经济带上－中－下游多维互动的协调耦合发展模式,进而提出了黑河流域生态经济带建设与发展的主要途径,包括推进黑河流域经济发展一体化和集成管理公司化,大力推行全流域水资源的差异化有偿使用制度,实施流动上、中、下游的水权转让贸易,实行规范的流域财政转移支付制度,建立流域资源与生态环境和经济的整合帐户体系,实行跨行政区域河流边界水量水质达标交接制度,等等。     

基于流域尺度的甘肃省水资源承载力评价

资源承载力是评价水资源状况的重要指标, 基于流域尺度研究水资源承载力可为水资源规划管理、经济社会发展与人民生活提供参考依据。为得到更加符合实际的评价结果, 从水资源、居民生活、社会经济、生态环境等4个方面选取14个指标, 采用博弈论组合赋权法确定指标权重, 利用TOPSIS综合分析法对甘肃省2009—2018 年水资源承载力进行分析评价, 并对省内7个二级流域分别进行了水资源承载力评价。结果表明: (1)2009—2018 年甘肃省水资源承载力有升有降, 存在波动现象, 其中2012年承载力最强, 综合评价值为0.371, 处于略强承载状态; 2015年最弱, 为0.627, 处于略弱承载状态, 其余年份均处于均衡承载状态; (2)甘肃省水资源承载力在空间分布上总体表现出南强北弱的特点; (3)为增强甘肃省水资源承载力, 满足水资源可持续利用, 建议细化水资源管理方案、加大水利设施的建设强度、推进流域间水资源调度的实施、实施更为合理且有效的水资源配置方案, 以实现水资源的合理规划与管理。     

黑河流域生态系统服务空间协同与权衡变化

黑河流域是西北地区重要的生态功能区,流域内生态系统服务变化对当地社会经济发展和流域生态安全具有重要影响,其社会-生态-环境问题一直受到高度关注,因此开展黑河流域生态系统服务评估及协同/权衡关系研究对该区域的可持续发展具有重要意义.本文采用基于时间序列的双变量逐像元相关分析,对黑河流域1990-2015年的各项关键生态系...     

玛纳斯河流域水资源可持续利用评价方法

水资源短缺是制约玛纳斯河流域水资源可持续发展的"瓶颈"因素,对流域水资源可持续发展水平进行综合评价对其国民经济可持续发展至关重要。从水资源、社会、经济、生态环境四个子系统出发,采用了熵值法和投影寻踪理论相结合的评价模型,对流域水资源可持续利用水平进行评价,并将两种方法的评价结果进行加权求和,得出流域水资源可持续利用变化趋势。评价结果表明,该模型方法可靠,分析结果合理,评价结果可以为水资源可持续开发利用提供科学依据,是评价水资源可持续利用水平的一种有效新方法。最后,提出了促进流域水资源可持续利用的建议,为实现水资源可持续开发利用提供借鉴和参考。     

武汉城市圈生态足迹时空差异及其与经济发展的协同性

自然资源的分配公平与配置效率是社会经济与生态环境之间协调发展的基础。本研究通过生态足迹方法,结合三维生态足迹模型,评价武汉城市圈10年间生态环境演变特征和生态压力,并运用基尼系数构建生态承载系数和经济贡献系数,分析生态足迹与经济发展之间的协同性。结果表明:武汉城市圈人均生态足迹呈先增后减的变化趋势,而人均生态承载力相对稳定,武汉城市圈整体处于生态赤字状态;足迹深度和足迹广度表明自然资本流量利用水平低且无法满足人类对自然资源的需求,对资本存量的消耗成为社会经济发展的常态;生态需求与经济增长匹配水平在各城市间匹配较好。武汉属相对"高经济贡献、低生态承载贡献"城市,黄冈市和咸宁市属相对"高生态承载贡献、低经济贡献"城市。     

黑河流域中游地区净初级生产力的人类占用

基于Miami模型,对黑河流域中游净初级生产力的人类占用（HANPP）及其与生态系统多样性的关系进行了研究,并对HANPP与生态足迹（EF）指标在可持续发展评估方面的价值进行了比较.结果表明：HANPP的提高将降低生态系统多样性,研究区现状年的平均HANPP率为38.61%,肃州区和甘州区的HANPP已超过生态系统潜在生产能力的极限;结合气候变化和社会经济发展状况进行分析,未来40年黑河流域中游生态系统将面临更大压力.与生态足迹（EF）相比,HANPP更适于从生态系统功能变化角度评估区域发展的可持续性.     

生态流量方法应用现状研究

水资源是制约国家经济社会发展的重要因素。长期以来,水资源的过度开发利用直接影响了流域的生态保护和高质量发展。生态流量(Ecological Flow)是保障流域水生态环境可持续发展和管理的重要指标。然而当前研究方法众多,尚未进行系统性梳理。以生态流量为出发点,归纳总结国内生态流量评估的最新进展,系统地对水文学法、水力学法、生境模拟法和整体分析法等四大类共17种方法进行对比总结,评述其优缺点及适用条件,并根据国内流域的生态流量评估现状,建议在我国流域水系庞杂且气候、水文地质、下垫面和水资源开发利用等条件差异较大的情况下,因地制宜地选择生态流量评估方法。未来的生态流量研究和流域水生态管理应综合考虑气候、水文条件变化和人类活动的影响,依据生态流量目标制定、水利水电工程调度、生态流量监测、流域制度法规建设等方面系统性完善生态流量管理与研究,实现流域水资源的高质量发展。     

基于景观格局的甘肃白龙江流域生态风险评价与管理

流域生态风险评价是流域生态保护与环境管理的重要研究内容.开展以人类活动为风险源的生态风险评价,揭示流域生态风险的空间变化规律,对于促进流域生态保护和环境管理及社会发展具有重要的指导意义.本文基于景观格局指数和生态环境脆弱度构建了流域生态风险综合指数,以甘肃白龙江流域2010年土地利用数据为基础,以ArcGIS和Fragstats软件为平台,通过空间采样和地统计空间插值得到白龙江流域生态风险的空间分布规律.结果表明：白龙江流域生态风险空间分布差异明显,总体而言,白龙江流域西北部和北部的生态风险高于流域的西部和南部山区;在白龙江流域各县区中,武都和宕昌县的生态风险较高,迭部县和文县的生态风险较低.今后应加强流域土地利用综合管理和人类活动调控,开展植被恢复和生态重建,降低不合理人为干扰的生态风险和危害,实现流域经济、社会与生态保护的“多赢”,促进区域可持续发展.     

六种藓类植物茎的比较解剖学研究

通过对6种藓类植物,即褶叶青藓(Brachythecium salebrosum(Web.et Mohr.)B.S.G.)、湿地匐灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum(Lindb.)Kop.)、侧枝匐灯藓(Plagiomnium maximoviczii(Lindb.)Kop.)、大凤尾藓(Fissidensnobilis Griff.)、大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium(Doz.et Molk.)B.S.G.)和大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme Wils.)嫩茎和老茎的石蜡切片和显微观察发现,同一藓类植株的嫩茎和老茎,茎结构稳定,不同种藓类植物茎横切面具有不同特征.植物体茎横切面形状、表层细胞的层数、细胞大小和细胞壁厚薄、皮层细胞大小和形状、中轴的有无以及比例等特征可以作为藓类植物的分科分类依据之一.     

Photoregulation of seed germination of wild-type and of an aurea-mutant of tomato

Seed germination of an aurea mutant of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is promoted by continuous irradiation with red, far-red or long-wavelength far-red (758 nm) light as well as by cyclic irradiations (5 min red or 5 min far-red/25 min darkness). Far-red light applied immediately after each red does not change the germination behaviour. Seed germination of the isogenic wild-type, cv. UC-105, is promoted by continuous and cyclic red light while it is inhibited by continuous and cyclic far-red light and by continious 758 nm irradiation. Far-red irradiation reverses almost completely the promoting effect of red light. The promoting effect (in the aurea mutant) and the inhibitory effect (in the wild-type) of continuous far-red light do not show photon fluence rate dependency above 20 nmol m⁻² s⁻¹. It is concluded that phytochrome controls tomato seed germination throgh low energy responses in both the wild type and the au mutant. The promoting effect of continuous and cyclic far-red light in the au mutant can be attributed to a greater sensitivity to P_fr.     

Cause of Senescence of Nine Sorts of Flowers

The levels of endogenous phytohormones and respiratory rate in nine sorts of flowers such as Cymbidium faberi Rolfe, Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth and others were investigated both at full bloom and senescence and meanwhile the effect of exogenous phytohormones on prolonging the blossoms and promoting ethylene production were tested. There is a high content of endogenous ethylene in all the long-lived flowere, about 3–16 folds higer than the short-lived ones. There is a high level of ABA at full blooming flowers of short-lived flowers, in which there is no or only some cytokinins in it, but the ratio of CTK (6BA+zeatin)/ABA is smaller(l.7). The endogenous ABA reached a much higher level at senescence in all nine sorts of flowers, so it is reasonable to consider that it is ABA which plays an important role of regulation in controlling flower's senescence. There is a much higher level of GA3 and zeatin in the long-lived flowers which is not demonstrated in the shortlived ones. The respiratory rate is one of the factors controtling the longevity of flowers, but it does not play a decided role. Application of 6BA and zeatin prolongs distinctly orchid’s longevity, however exogenous IAA through the promotive action on ethylene production, evidently extends the longevity of the flowers of the Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth.     

龙胆科药用植物化学成分的研究现状

龙胆科植物在我国的分布范围很广,且多数为药用植物,其多数种属的药用植物,至今其化学成分尚未被系统研究。综述了目前龙胆科药用植物的化学成分的研究现状及一般提取方法,对近年来发现的环烯醚萜及裂环烯醚萜类化合物进行了总结,为本科药用植物的更深入研究提供了参考。     

Interconnection of parameters of regulation system of lipid peroxidation and of morphophysiological parameters of mouse liver

A complex analysis of seasonal fluctuations of the mean group parameters of the system of regulation of lipid peroxidation has been performed in liver of Balb/c mice. Association of lipid characteristics and morphophysiological parameters is studied in the Balb/c mouse liver. An inter-connection is revealed between the liver index and the amount of lysoforms of phospholipids, the scale and character of the interconnection differing essentially depending on proportion of phos-phatidylcholine in mouse liver phospholipids.     

真菌类遗传学分析的知识结构教学

本文以认知结构理论为指导,讨论了真菌类遗传分析与高等动植物遗传分析的内在联系,认为利用这种内在联系进行教学可收到好的效果并说明了作者的具体教学过程。 Abstract:In the paper, the relationship between genetic analysis of Fungi and genetic analysis of high animal and plant was discussed.A good results were obtained when we adopted this method in the teaching.     

Physiological characteristics of various species of strains of carboxydobacteria

Seven strains of aerobic carbon monoxide-oxidizing bacteria (carboxydebacteria) when growing on CO as sole source of carbon and energy had doubling times which ranged from 12–42 h. The activity profiles obtained after discontinuous sucrose density gradient centrifugation indicated that the CO-oxidizing enzymes are soluble and the hydrogenases are membrane-bound in all strains examined. The CO-oxidizing enzymes of Pseudomonas carboxydohydrogena, Pseudomonas carboxydoflava, Comamonas compransoris, and the so far unidentified strains OM2, OM3, and OM4 had a molecular weight of 230,000; that of Achromobacter carboxydus amounted to 170,000. The molecular weights of the CO-oxidizing and H₂-oxidizing enzymes turned out to be identical. The cell sonicates were shown to catalyze the oxidation of both CO and H₂ with methylene blue, thionine, phenazine methosulfate, toluylene blue, dichlorophenolindophenol, cytochrome c or ferricyanide as electron acceptors. Methyl viologen, benzyl viologen, FAD⁺, FMN⁺, and NAD(P)⁺ were not reduced. The spectrum of electron acceptors was identical for all strains tested. Neither free formate, hydrogen nor oxygen gas were involved in the CO-oxidation reaction. Methylene blue was reduced by CO at a 1:1 molar ratio. The results indicate that CO-oxidation by carboxydobacteria is catalyzed by identical or similar enzymes and that the reaction obeys the equation CO+H₂OCO₂+2H⁺+2e^- as previously shown for Pseudomonas carboxydovorans.Dedicated to Otto Kandler remembering almost three decades of enjoyable cooperation     

Modulation of allostery of pyruvate kinase by shifting of an ensemble of microstates

Since the introduction of the concepts of allostery about four decades ago, much advancement has been made in elucidating the structure-function correlation in allostery. However, there are still a number of issues that remain unresolved. In this review we used mammalian pyruvate kinase (PK) as a model system to understand the role of protein dynamics in modulating cooperativity. PK has a triosephosphate isomerase (TIM)(α/β)₈ barrel structural motif. PK is an ideal system to address basic questions regarding regulatory mechanisms about this common (α/β)₈ structural motif. The simplest model accounting for all of the solution thermodynamic and kinetic data on ligand-enzyme interactions involves two conformational states, inactive E^T and active E^R. These conformational states are represented by domain movements. Further studies provide the first evidence for a differential effect of ligand binding on the dynamics of the structural elements, not major secondary structural changes. These data are consistent with our model that allosteric regulation of PK is the consequence of perturbation of the distribution of an ensemble of states in which the inactive E^T and active E^R represent the two extreme end states. Sequence differences and ligands can modulate the distribution of states leading to alterations of functions. The future work includes: defining the network of functionally connected residues; elucidating the chemical principles governing the sequence differences which affect functions; and probing the nature of mutations on the stability of the secondary structural elements, which in turn modulate allostery.