黑河流域生态经济带分异协调规律与耦合发展模式

在西北干旱地区建设黑河流域生态经济带,是从根本上高效配置流域水资源,彻底化解流域上,下游利益冲突,实现利益共享,保护流域生态环境,推进流域可持续发展,全面实施国务院黑河流域分水方案的重要途径,通过对黑河流域生态经济带上－中－下游投入产出效益的比较分析和流域上、中、下游生态－生产、生活系统发展分异及互动协调关系的分析,提出了黑河流域生态经济带上－中－下游多维互动的协调耦合发展模式,进而提出了黑河流域生态经济带建设与发展的主要途径,包括推进黑河流域经济发展一体化和集成管理公司化,大力推行全流域水资源的差异化有偿使用制度,实施流动上、中、下游的水权转让贸易,实行规范的流域财政转移支付制度,建立流域资源与生态环境和经济的整合帐户体系,实行跨行政区域河流边界水量水质达标交接制度,等等。     

基于压力-状态-响应模型的黑河中游张掖市生态安全评价

生态系统服务的状态与生态是否安全密切相关，生态系统服务的正常发挥是实现生态安全的前提。近年来，中国西北荒漠-绿洲扩张速度加快，改变了生态系统服务的供给与传输，进而影响了区域生态安全。以典型荒漠-绿洲区域黑河中游的张掖市为例，基于压力-状态-响应模型，耦合生态系统服务理论，构建了黑河中游生态安全评价指标体系，评估了2001-2015年黑河中游生态安全演变趋势。研究结果表明黑河中游生态系统面临的资源消耗和环境污染压力越来越大，压力指数有所降低；部分地区出现植被退化、破碎化增加等现象，状态指数略有降低；在实施节水灌溉、产业转移、湿地保护等举措后，响应指数显著增加。总体来看，2001-2015年黑河中游生态安全水平呈现波动增长趋势，生态安全综合指数由0.3748增至0.5888，生态安全等级由"较不安全"达到"临界安全"状态，其中高效节水灌溉面积、生态用水量、地下水开采率等水资源相关要素是影响绿洲生态安全水平的主要因子。基于以上研究，提出了坚持生态保护优先、调整种植和产业结构、发展高效节水灌溉技术、提高公众生态保护意识等提高生态安全水平的相关对策与建议，以期为促进区域生态经济可持续发展提供支撑。     

海南中部生态核心区流域水资源横向生态补偿方法

流域水资源生态补偿是促进流域生态环境保护、区域经济可持续发展的必要举措。本文以海南中部生态核心区的琼中黎族苗族自治县为例,综合应用遥感、GIS和SWAT水文模型等技术手段,探讨了流域水资源横向生态补偿所涉及的相关问题和解决方法。利用GIS的流域结构分析和空间叠加分析方法分别勾画、确定了琼中下游万泉河流域、昌化江流域和南渡江流域的范围及下游的相关市县,明确了生态补偿实施的主体构成。利用SWAT水文模型计算得出琼中县多年下游输水量为43.73×10~8m~3·a~(-1),万泉河流域、南渡江流域、昌化江流域输水量分别占总水量的74%、14%和12%。通过对琼中县施行的植树造林、农村环境综合整治、水源地保护等多项水环境生态保护项目投入的核算以及"两个暂停"政策下的机会成本计算,构建了基于成本核算法的琼中县水资源横向生态补偿总量计算模型,按照先流域、后市县的办法,根据下游输水量和生产用水指标构建了下游市县补偿份额分配模型并计算了下游各市县分担的横向生态补偿量。本研究可为水源地型流域水资源横向补偿的实施提供参考。     

黑河流域水资源承载能力分析

黑河流域属资源性缺水地区,区域水资源难以满足当地社会经济发展和生态平衡的需要.随着西部大开发战略的逐步实施,西北干旱内陆河地区水资源的支撑作用将显得愈来愈重要.因此分析黑河流域水资源现状条件下对区域经济、社会发展的承载能力,显得极为重要.根据黑河流域具体情况,结合流域经济社会发展特点、生态环境状况,以遏制并逐步改善流域生态环境为基本前提,以流域水资源承载能力为约束.首先利用水资源承载压力指数计算了现状条件下黑河流域水资源承载压力度,得出目前黑河流域水资源承载能力属于超负荷承载.水资源将成为制约黑河流域社会经济发展和保证生态平衡的重要因素.当前必须立足于当地的水资源条件,按照以供定需的原则,合理安排生活、生产和生态用水,才能实现流域经济社会和生态环境的协调和可持续发展.然后针对超载现状,对黑河流域规划水平年（2010年）水资源承载能力作进一步的分析评价,根据相关预测资料设计了3种可能情景,利用流域评价的发展系数、协调系数、公平系数和可持续发展系数,从水资源开发利用方式、社会发展方式、经济发展模式、生态恢复程度等方面分析水资源承载能力,并计算其水资源承载压力度,同时结合水资源的可持续发展建立流域可持续发展评价指标体系,进行方案组合和各种发展模式的水资源优化配置.满足流域水资源支撑经济社会可持续发展判据的方案的承载能力指标即为该方案下的水资源可持续承载能力指标. 通过对黑河流域现状及规划水平年的水资源承载能力及可持续发展度分析评价,利用水资源可持续发展战略分析,选取出了最优发展模式,为流域的可持续发展提供了基本依据.通过寻求情景方案中水资源承载能力和可持续发展度的最佳组合,实现了经济、社会与生态的可持续发展目标.结果表明：通过努力,谋求经济和社会与水资源承载能力协调发展是有可能实现的.     

干旱区受水资源胁迫的下游绿洲动态变化趋势分析——以黑河流域额济纳绿洲为例

干旱内陆流域下游绿洲的形成与演变对流域地表径流变化响应强烈 .采用绿洲生态斑块动态模拟、植被与水盐状态相关分析、生态需水量估算等方法 ,分别对黑河流域下游额济纳绿洲在不同分水方案与水资源利用情景下的变化趋势进行了研究 .结果表明 ,维持现状绿洲面积不再萎缩 ,在考虑水资源利用合理化的前提下 ,其最低净需水量为 5 .7× 10 8m3 ,如果考虑下游地区人畜生活用水及工业用水 ,同时考虑水量在输送过程中的散失损耗 ,为在近期 (2 0 15年以前 )维持现状绿洲面积 ,狼心山断面入境流量需达到6 .0× 10 8m3 ;而要使绿洲面积恢复到 2 0世纪 80年代初的水平 ,狼心山断面过水量应不低于 8.9× 10 8m3 ,正义峡断面下泄水量要求达到 10 .9× 10 8～ 13.1× 10 8m3 .     

流域水电开发对干热河谷社会-生态系统的影响及意义

西南干热河谷是我国重要生态脆弱区和经济发展落后区,流域大型水电开发是干热河谷重要的人类干扰活动,对生态脆弱区的社会-生态系统造成极大影响。社会-生态系统演变的方向和规律具有复杂性和非线性变化,又涉及到生态保护修复、能源安全、经济发展和乡村振兴等国家重大需求,因此,亟待加强流域社会-生态系统演变和驱动机制方面的研究。通过总结当前研究的进展和不足,提出了加强生态系统演变的长期监测和分析、深入研究流域社会经济演变规律和驱动机制、完善流域生态资产价值评估和生态补偿机制、构建流域社会-生态系统耦合理论与方法等对策建议,从而为脆弱生态区未来可持续发展提供科技支撑。     

基于农户感知的黄河下游人-水关系结构分析

人-水关系研究是社会-生态系统研究的重要领域。识别黄河下游农户对人-水关系的感知及其影响因素,对黄河下游因人施策开展生态保护与高质量发展政策调控具有重要作用。但已有研究多从区域水资源、水环境、水文化等某一种或几种关系开展居民感知调查及归因,忽视了人-水关系之间结构化的相互影响机制。基于对黄河下游山东省10个县的农户发放的1651份问卷,经过验证性因子分析后,最终引入水资源与生态关系、水文化与旅游关系、居住地生态功能、河口湿地功能、文化旅游功能五个潜变量,建立结构方程模型发现：农户对水资源与生态关系的认识正向影响其对居住地生态功能和河口湿地功能的评估,农户对水文化与旅游关系的认识正向影响其对居住地生态功能、河口湿地功能和文化旅游功能的评估。研究结果通过基于农户感知刻画人-水关系结构,揭示人-水系统功能认知的影响机制,有助于为黄河下游地区生态保护和乡村振兴提供决策参考。     

干旱内陆流域河道外生态需水量评价——以黑河流域为例

河道外生态系统需水量的合理评价是干旱区水资源合理配置与管理、生态环境保护与建设中最为关键的科学问题。基于不同植被蒸散发潜力估算模型,依据不同生态系统及同一生态系统在不同气候与地理区域具有不同生态需水规律的特点,提出了可模拟和评价不同时期生态系统需水量的方法,不仅能体现生态系统需水量的年际变化,也能反映年内不同时间段(月、季节甚至每日)的需水量变化,并提出干旱区生态适宜需水量在不同时期是一个区间。以黑河流域中下游地区为研究区域分析其生态需水量,结果表明:黑河中游地区年平均生态需水量(11.16±2.67)×108m3,其中绿洲生态系统需水(9.13±2.29)×108m3;下游地区生态需水量(16.16±4.04)×108m3,现状绿洲生态体系需水(11.06±2.77)×108m3,现阶段实施的下游分水9.7亿m3/年的方案,可以促使现有绿洲生态系统有一个良好的结构与功能,并给出了不同典型年不同月份的生态需水量及其变化。     

1930—2010年额济纳三角洲土地利用景观格局变化

干旱区内陆河流域下游的土地利用、景观格局对水资源调配具有重要意义.本文基于1930、1961、1990、2000、2010年土地利用数据,分析黑河流域下游额济纳三角洲土地利用和景观格局的变化.结果表明: 2010年,研究区沙漠化土地面积占总面积的73.4%,其次是草地,占20.8%.1930—2010年,土地利用变化最明显的特征是草地、农田和建设用地增加;各土地类型间转化突出表现为农田和建设用地的转入;土地利用景观破碎度和多样性增加,优势度降低,且具有明显水源依赖性和地域性差异;土地利用变化使景观趋于均匀、多样、破碎.基于其驱动因素及生态环境效应的探讨,针对人-水-生态协调问题,提出“有计划生态移民、限制农田面积、发展集约式精准农业、增加生态用水比例”的建议.     

1930—2010年额济纳三角洲土地利用景观格局变化

干旱区内陆河流域下游的土地利用、景观格局对水资源调配具有重要意义.本文基于1930、1961、1990、2000、2010年土地利用数据,分析黑河流域下游额济纳三角洲土地利用和景观格局的变化.结果表明:2010年,研究区沙漠化土地面积占总面积的73.4%,其次是草地,占20.8%.1930—2010年,土地利用变化最明显的特征是草地、农田和建设用地增加;各土地类型间转化突出表现为农田和建设用地的转入;土地利用景观破碎度和多样性增加,优势度降低,且具有明显水源依赖性和地域性差异;土地利用变化使景观趋于均匀、多样、破碎.基于其驱动因素及生态环境效应的探讨,针对人-水-生态协调问题,提出"有计划生态移民、限制农田面积、发展集约式精准农业、增加生态用水比例"的建议.     

Multiscale modeling of the cardiovascular system: application to the study of pulmonary and coronary perfusions in the univentricular circulation

The objective of this study is to compare the coronary and pulmonary blood flow dynamics resulting from two configurations of systemic-to-pulmonary artery shunts currently utilized during the Norwood procedure: the central (CS) and modified Blalock Taussig (MBTS) shunts. A lumped parameter model of the neonatal cardiovascular circulation and detailed 3-D models of the shunt based on the finite volume method were constructed. Shunt sizes of 3, 3.5 and 4 mm were considered. A multiscale approach was adopted to prescribe appropriate and realistic boundary conditions for the 3-D models of the Norwood circulation. Results showed that the average shunt flow rate is higher for the CS option than for the MBTS and that pulmonary flow increases with shunt size for both options. Cardiac output is higher for the CS option for all shunt sizes. Flow distribution between the left and the right pulmonary arteries is not completely balanced, although for the CS option the discrepancy is low (50-51% of the pulmonary flow to the right lung) while for the MBTS it is more pronounced with larger shunt sizes (51-54% to the left lung). The CS option favors perfusion to the right lung while the MBTS favors the left. In the CS option, a smaller percentage of aortic flow is distributed to the coronary circulation, while that percentage rises for the MBTS. These findings may have important implications for coronary blood flow and ventricular function.     

Genetic Mapping and Non-Mendelian Segregation of Mating Type Loci in the Oomycete, Phytophthora Infestans

DNA markers linked to the determinants of mating type in the oomycete, Phytophthora infestans, were identified and used to address the genetic basis of heterothallism in this normally diploid fungus. Thirteen loci linked to the A1 and A2 mating types were initially identified by bulked segregant analysis using random amplified polymorphic DNA markers (RAPDs) and subsequently scored in three crosses as RAPD markers, restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs), single-strand conformational polymorphisms (SSCP), cleaved amplified polymorphisms (CAPS), or allele-specific polymerase chain reaction markers (AS-PCR). All DNA markers mapped to a single region, consistent with a single locus determining both mating types. Long-range restriction mapping also demonstrated the linkage of the markers to one region and delimited the mating type locus to a 100-kb region. The interval containing the mating type locus displayed non-Mendelian segregation as only two of the four expected genotypes were detected in progeny. This is consistent with a system of balanced lethal loci near the mating type locus. A model for mating type determination is presented in which the balanced lethals exclude from progeny those with potentially conflicting combinations of mating type alleles, such as those simultaneously expressing A1 and A2 functions.     

Behavioural and Physiological Effects of Finely Balanced Decision-Making in Chickens

In humans, more difficult decisions result in behavioural and physiological changes suggestive of increased arousal, but little is known about the effect of decision difficulty in other species. A difficult decision can have a number of characteristics; we aimed to monitor how finely balanced decisions, compared to unbalanced ones, affected the behaviour and physiology of chickens. An unbalanced decision was one in which the two options were of unequal net value (1 (Q1) vs. 6 (Q6) pieces of sweetcorn with no cost associated with either option); a finely balanced decision was one in which the options were of equal net value (i.e. hens were "indifferent" to both options). To identify hens'' indifference, a titration procedure was used in which a cost (electromagnetic weight on an access door) was applied to the Q6 option, to find the individual point at which hens chose this option approximately equally to Q1 via a non-weighted door. We then compared behavioural and physiological indicators of arousal (head movements, latency to choose, heart-rate variability and surface body temperature) when chickens made decisions that were unbalanced or finely balanced. Significant physiological (heart-rate variability) and behavioural (latency to pen) differences were found between the finely balanced and balanced conditions, but these were likely to be artefacts of the greater time and effort required to push through the weighted doors. No other behavioural and physiological measures were significantly different between the decision categories. We suggest that more information is needed on when best to monitor likely changes in arousal during decision-making and that future studies should consider decisions defined as difficult in other ways.     

The Sustainability Balanced Scorecard as a Framework for Eco-efficiency Analysis

To provide valuable support for successful decision-making, managers need a balanced set of financial and nonfinancial measures that represent different requirements, strategic goals, strategies, resources, and capabilities and the causal relationships between these domains. The balanced scorecard is such a measurement system. As an open system the balanced scorecard facilitates the consideration of sustainability issues. But enhanced balanced scorecards require a new type of data. This is where eco-efficiency analysis comes into play.
This article discusses the relationship between so-called sustainability balanced scorecards and eco-efficiency analysis. Eco-efficiency analysis not only provides a data source for sustainability balanced scorecards; in the perspective of environmental information systems it also serves as a link between the balanced scorecard and corporate environmental accounting systems so that eco-efficiency as a component of an environmental information system becomes an adapter with two interfaces, which are characterized in this article. The main focus is on the principle of cause and effect, its different forms, and the implications for the design of appropriate information system components.     

Capitalizing on multi-element interactions through balanced nutrition - A pathway to improve nitrogen use efficiency in China, India and North America

A viable option for increasing nitrogen (N) use efficiency and mitigation of negative impacts of N on the environment is to capitalize on multi-element interactions through implementation of nutrient management programs that provide balanced nutrition. Numerous studies have demonstrated the immediate efficacy of this approach in the developing regions like China and India as well as developed countries in North America. Based on 241 site-years of experiments in these countries, the first-year N recovery efficiency (RE) for the conventional or check treatments averaged 21% while the balanced treatments averaged 54% RE, for an average increase of 33% in RE due to balanced nutrition. Effective policies to promote adoption are most likely those that enable site-specific approaches to nutrient management decisions rather than sweeping, nation-wide incentives supporting one nutrient over another. Local farmers, advisers and officials need to be empowered with tools and information to help them define necessary changes in practices to create more balanced nutrient management.     

Capitalizing on multi-element interactions through bal-anced nutrition——A pathway to improve nitrogen use efficiency in China,India and North America

A viable option for increasing nitrogen (N) use efficiency and mitigation of negative impacts of N on the environment is to capitalize on multi-element interactions through implementation of nutrient management programs that provide balanced nutrition. Numerous studies have demonstrated the immediate efficacy of this approach in the developing regions like China and India as well as developed countries in North America. Based on 241 site-years of experiments in these countries, the first-year N recovery efficiency (RE) for the conventional or check treatments averaged 21% while the balanced treatments averaged 54% RE, for an average increase of 33% in RE due to balanced nutrition. Effective policies to promote adoption are most likely those that enable site-specific approaches to nutrient management decisions rather than sweeping, nation-wide incentives supporting one nutrient over another. Local farmers, advisers and officials need to be empowered with tools and information to help them define necessary changes in practices to create more balanced nutrient management.     

Capitalizing on multi-element interactions through balanced nutrition — A pathway to improve nitrogen use efficiency in China,India and North America

A viable option for increasing nitrogen (N) use efficiency and mitigation of negative impacts of N on the environment is to capitalize on multi-element interactions through implementation of nutrient management programs that provide balanced nutrition. Numerous studies have demonstrated the immediate efficacy of this approach in the developing regions like China and India as well as developed countries in North America. Based on 241 site-years of experiments in these countries, the first-year N recovery efficiency (RE) for the conventional or check treatments averaged 21% while the balanced treatments averaged 54% RE, for an average increase of 33% in RE due to balanced nutrition. Effective policies to promote adoption are most likely those that enable site-specific approaches to nutrient management decisions rather than sweeping, nation-wide incentives supporting one nutrient over another. Local farmers, advisers and officials need to be empowered with tools and information to help them define necessary changes in practices to create more balanced nutrient management.     

Capitalizing on multi-element interactions through balanced nutrition — A pathway to improve nitrogen use efficiency in China,India and North America

A viable option for increasing nitrogen (N) use efficiency and mitigation of negative impacts of N on the environment is to capitalize on multi-element interactions through implementation of nutrient management programs that provide balanced nutrition. Numerous studies have demonstrated the immediate efficacy of this approach in the developing regions like China and India as well as developed countries in North America. Based on 241 site-years of experiments in these countries, the first-year N recovery efficiency (RE) for the conventional or check treatments averaged 21% while the balanced treatments averaged 54% RE, for an average increase of 33% in RE due to balanced nutrition. Effective policies to promote adoption are most likely those that enable site-specific approaches to nutrient management decisions rather than sweeping, nation-wide incentives supporting one nutrient over another. Local farmers, advisers and officials need to be empowered with tools and information to help them define necessary changes in practices to create more balanced nutrient management.

     

Neuronal identification of signal periodicity by balanced inhibition

Many animals, including men, use periodicity information, e.g., amplitude modulations of acoustic stimuli, as a vital cue to auditory object formation. The underlying neuronal mechanisms, however, still remain a matter of debate. Here, we mathematically analyze a model for periodicity identification that relies on the interplay of excitation and delayed inhibition. Our analytical results show how the maximal response of such a system varies systematically with the time constants of excitation and inhibition. The model reliably identifies signal periodicity in the range from about ten to several hundred Hertz. Importantly, the model relies on biologically plausible parameters only. It works best for excitatory and inhibitory neuronal couplings of equal strength, the so-called ‘balanced inhibition’. We show how balanced inhibition can serve to identify low-frequency signal periodicity and how variation of a single parameter, the inhibitory time constant, can tune the system to different frequencies.