黄土丘陵区农业生态系统和经济系统的互动关系——以安塞县纸坊沟小流域为例

基于1938—2007年黄土丘陵区纸坊沟流域的调查资料,利用生态系统服务价值评估方法和生态足迹理论对该流域生态系统服务价值与生态足迹进行了测算,并分析了研究区农业生态系统与经济系统的互动关系.结果表明：1938—2007年,纸坊沟流域经历了3个阶段,即生态环境破坏-经济发展落后阶段（1938—1975年）、生态环境恢复-经济迅速发展阶段（1975—2000年）和生态环境保持良好-经济稳定增长阶段（2000—2007年）;该区生态经济系统的互动关系表现为“生态恶化-生态、经济相互调节、适应-生态、经济良性互动”的过程.     

黑河流域生态系统服务空间协同与权衡变化

黑河流域是西北地区重要的生态功能区,流域内生态系统服务变化对当地社会经济发展和流域生态安全具有重要影响,其社会-生态-环境问题一直受到高度关注,因此开展黑河流域生态系统服务评估及协同/权衡关系研究对该区域的可持续发展具有重要意义.本文采用基于时间序列的双变量逐像元相关分析,对黑河流域1990-2015年的各项关键生态系...     

基于InVEST模型的黑河流域生态系统服务空间格局分析

本文基于InVEST模型对黑河流域2011年产水量、土壤保持、水质净化、生物多样性维持、碳储存、食物供给6项服务进行估算,并利用空间统计方法计算各项生态系统服务的冷热点分布格局、空间分异特征、服务综合热点区域。结果表明:各服务类型在空间分布上呈现出差异化规律;上游是该流域主要的产水区域,其他生态系统服务主要集中在中游,下游产水供给、水质净化服务都远低于中游;在主要生态系统类型中,草地是承担生态系统供给服务的主要角色;热点分布大多呈现"南高北低,中上游高、下游低"的空间格局,各类生态系统服务空间分异以低-低类型和低-高类型为主。本文通过分析流域生态系统服务的空间分布格局,为确定流域生态保护与建设目标提供了基础,也为其他流域开展生态系统服务空间评估研究提供了重要参考。     

河西走廊生态经济系统协调度评价及其空间演化

基于1985、1995、2000、2011年的Landsat TM影像解译数据,以河西走廊20个县(市、区)为基本研究单元,运用生态系统服务价值估算法,依据生态系统服务价值指数(ESV)和生态经济协调度指数(EEH),对河西走廊1985—2011年生态经济系统协调度进行评价.结果表明: 研究期间,研究区土地类型结构发生了较大变化,林草地面积减少幅度较大,建设用地和耕地面积增加较快.ESV整体呈下降趋势,研究区东、中部石羊河流域和黑河流域中游ESV变化幅度较大,经济开发方式在本时段发生过显著变化,研究区西部疏勒河流域ESV变化不大.2000年后,研究区经济增长速度明显加快,资源型城市和区域性中心城市是经济增长的热点区,整体上沿走廊中心向两侧递减.研究区生态经济关系整体上经历了“初步恶化-进一步恶化-低度协调”的演变过程,研究区东、中部的石羊河流域和黑河流域中游EEH有较大幅度的变化,生态经济经历了“冲突-进一步冲突-小幅度缓和”的过程,西部疏勒河流域EEH变化幅度较小,石羊河流域和黑河流域高强度的开发模式以及随后的流域综合治理对区域生态经济协调性产生了较大影响.
     

基于压力-状态-响应模型的黑河中游张掖市生态安全评价

生态系统服务的状态与生态是否安全密切相关，生态系统服务的正常发挥是实现生态安全的前提。近年来，中国西北荒漠-绿洲扩张速度加快，改变了生态系统服务的供给与传输，进而影响了区域生态安全。以典型荒漠-绿洲区域黑河中游的张掖市为例，基于压力-状态-响应模型，耦合生态系统服务理论，构建了黑河中游生态安全评价指标体系，评估了2001-2015年黑河中游生态安全演变趋势。研究结果表明黑河中游生态系统面临的资源消耗和环境污染压力越来越大，压力指数有所降低；部分地区出现植被退化、破碎化增加等现象，状态指数略有降低；在实施节水灌溉、产业转移、湿地保护等举措后，响应指数显著增加。总体来看，2001-2015年黑河中游生态安全水平呈现波动增长趋势，生态安全综合指数由0.3748增至0.5888，生态安全等级由"较不安全"达到"临界安全"状态，其中高效节水灌溉面积、生态用水量、地下水开采率等水资源相关要素是影响绿洲生态安全水平的主要因子。基于以上研究，提出了坚持生态保护优先、调整种植和产业结构、发展高效节水灌溉技术、提高公众生态保护意识等提高生态安全水平的相关对策与建议，以期为促进区域生态经济可持续发展提供支撑。     

干旱区内陆河流域三维生态足迹时空变化分析——以玛纳斯河流域为例

干旱区生态资本独特但生态承载有限,其生态足迹供求关系及均衡机理倍受关注。以干旱区典型内陆河流域-玛纳斯河流域为靶区,根据干旱区土地利用/覆盖类型特征及变化趋势,基于绿洲生产消耗所产生的生态系统服务流动规律建立三维生态足迹评价模型,并利用干旱区本土参数对流域2000-2018年的生态足迹时空分异进行分析。结果表明：（1）受自然承载有限和社会经济发展交互影响,玛纳斯河流域生态赤字不断扩大。时间上,18年间流域生态赤字增长了4.36倍,人均生态赤字增长了3.12倍,其中能源用地和耕地占比高、增速快,对生态赤字的贡献远远超过其他类型;空间上,石河子市对流域生态足迹的贡献率明显大于沙湾县和玛纳斯县;（2）同期,玛纳斯河流域生态足迹广度增加了0.59倍,足迹深度增加了0.44,广深比达到3343876：1.63,流量资本占用不断增加,存量资本日趋消损,生态压力不断增大;（3）流域资源利用效率显著提高,18年内增加了4.73倍,增长速度为5778.3万元hm^-2 a^-1;（4）流域虽面临较大的生态挑战和人口压力,但在全疆范围来看并不突出。本土参数与省域参数和国家参数相比可较好反映流域自然资本利用现状,最后提出干旱区生态承载力的优化展望和流域可持续发展建议。     

中国1999年生态足迹计算与发展能力分析

可持续发展的定量评估是可持续发展研究的关键领域,其核心是确定人类的生存是否处于生态系统的承载力范围之内．新近提出和发展起来的生态足迹指标是一种测算人类对自然利用程度的新的综合指标,该方法通过将区域的资源和能源消费转化为提供这种物质流所必需的各种生物生产土地的面积(生态足迹),并同区域能提供的生物生产土地面积(生态承载力)进行比较,能定量判断一个区域的发展是否处于生态承载力的范围内．以中国和部分省(区市）1999年的统计数据为基础,对中国和部分省(区市)1999年的生态足迹计算结果表明,1999年中国的人均生态足迹为1．326hm^2,而人均生态承载力为0．681hm^2,人均生态赤字为0、645hm^2;分省的计算结果也表明大部分省(区市)的生态足迹超过了当地的生态承载力．生态赤字的存在表明,区域的经济社会发展处于一种不可持续的发展状态．同时,将生态足迹计算中得到的不同土地类型面积作为测算生态经济系统多样性的指标,测算了中国及部分省(区市)1999年生态足迹的多样性,并采用Ulanowicz的发展能力公式分析了各省的发展能力．发展能力是一个较好的预测产出的指标,增加多样性是增加发展能力的有效途径、另外,还分析了生态足迹的多样性与资源利用效益的关系,讨论了生态足迹及其多样性的政策含义．     

基于生态足迹视角的长江流域生态补偿额度测算

随着我国城市化进程的加快，导致的生态问题日益严重，发展与保护的矛盾日渐突出，如何客观定量地对生态环境受到破坏的区域进行补偿，发展与环境健康并行是生态建设中面临的重要任务之一。以长江流域的十九个省级行政区作为研究对象，基于"省公顷"模型，对均衡因子及产量因子进行修正，计算生态足迹及生态承载力，利用GIS平台进行并对其进行空间分析；结合生态系统服务价值，建立了动态化长江流域的生态补偿标准模型；对长江流域各行政区生态补偿额度进行测算，并基于流域尺度、城市群尺度、省级尺度进行差异化分析。研究结果表明：（1）在2015-2017年，长江流域的生态足迹与生态承载力无明显变化，三年内基本持平。长江流域省级行政区的生态安全指数均大于1，表明整个流域处于不安全状态，需要对其进行补偿。（2）对于长江流域整体而言，生态补偿额度三年平均为1169.11亿元。（3）流域尺度上，上游、中游、下游的生态补偿额度呈现逐渐升高的趋势；城市群尺度上，成渝城市群最低，长江三角洲城市群最高；省级尺度上，上海最高，西藏最低。本文通过生态足迹及生态承载力计算得到的生态安全指数，可对生态环境所处的状态进行定量补偿及分析，并对生态补偿区域的确定提供指导性建议。     

大理河沉积物微生物碳源利用特征及其影响因素

沉积物是河流生态系统中氮磷等物质循环的重要场所,而微生物是河流生态系统的重要组成部分,探究沉积物中微生物群落碳源利用特征和功能多样性对于河流生态环境保护具有重要意义。利用Biolog Eco微平板法、基于主成分分析、冗余分析阐明了大理河流域沉积物中微生物群落碳源利用强度和功能多样性变化特征及其影响因素。结果表明：（1）从流域上游到流域下游,沉积物中微生物碳源利用强度逐渐降低,与上游相比,支流、中游、下游沉积物中微生物碳源利用强度分别降低了13.4%、30.5%、30.7%。（2）沉积物中微生物群落功能多样性存在差异,沉积物中微生物群落功能多样性（Shannon-Wiener多样性指数）表现为上游 > 支流 > 中游 > 下游,常见物种优势度（Simpson多样性指数）则表现为下游 > 支流 > 中游 > 上游。（3）与微生物代谢活动相关性较高碳源为糖类,其次是氨基酸类,聚合物类、羧酸类、胺类、酚酸类与微生物代谢活动相关性较低。（4）沉积物中全氮、氨氮、硝氮、有机碳含量是影响微生物群落功能多样性和碳源利用特征差异的主要因素。流域沉积物中合适的碳、氮水平对维持河流水生态健康具有重要的意义。     

哈尔滨市生态系统供需水平和发展能力动态

衡量城市生态系统供需水平及定量测度其发展能力是确保城市持续发展的重要途径.基于生态足迹分析模型和修正的城市生态承载力模型,对1998—2005年哈尔滨市自然资源的利用程度及其供给水平进行了定量研究,综合量度了城市生态系统的供需状况,并对哈尔滨城市发展能力进行了分析.结果表明,研究期间,哈尔滨市生态系统的需求大于供给,虽然研究区的生态赤字呈减小趋势,年降幅为2.45%,但生态系统供需矛盾仍较突出.生态足迹多样性指数与发展能力总体均呈上升趋势,后者的升幅远大于前者,说明研究区发展能力的提高是以消耗生态资源为基础的,城市发展处于不可持续状态.应从社会、经济等方面采取措施来调和生态系统供需矛盾,以实现哈尔滨市的可持续发展.     

Biodiversity as a solution to mitigate climate change impacts on the functioning of forest ecosystems

Forest ecosystems are critical to mitigating greenhouse gas emissions through carbon sequestration. However, climate change has affected forest ecosystem functioning in both negative and positive ways, and has led to shifts in species/functional diversity and losses in plant species diversity which may impair the positive effects of diversity on ecosystem functioning. Biodiversity may mitigate climate change impacts on (I) biodiversity itself, as more‐diverse systems could be more resilient to climate change impacts, and (II) ecosystem functioning through the positive relationship between diversity and ecosystem functioning. By surveying the literature, we examined how climate change has affected forest ecosystem functioning and plant diversity. Based on the biodiversity effects on ecosystem functioning (B→EF), we specifically address the potential for biodiversity to mitigate climate change impacts on forest ecosystem functioning. For this purpose, we formulate a concept whereby biodiversity may reduce the negative impacts or enhance the positive impacts of climate change on ecosystem functioning. Further B→EF studies on climate change in natural forests are encouraged to elucidate how biodiversity might influence ecosystem functioning. This may be achieved through the detailed scrutiny of large spatial/long temporal scale data sets, such as long‐term forest inventories. Forest management strategies based on B→EF have strong potential for augmenting the effectiveness of the roles of forests in the mitigation of climate change impacts on ecosystem functioning.     

Land Use Change in India (1700–2000) as Examined through the Lens of Human Appropriation of Net Primary Productivity

Land use caused by human socioeconomic activities is a driver of change in the global environment. To understand and quantify land‐use change on Earth's natural systems, interdisciplinary approaches linking biophysical and socioeconomic parameters are required. One approach to understand the degree of terrestrial colonization of the biosphere is using the human appropriation of net primary productivity (HANPP). HANPP is defined as the difference between the net primary productivity (NPP) of potential vegetation and the actual NPP for a given area of land. Here, we use HANPP as a lens to examine land‐use change in India from 1700 to 2007 using a spatially explicit data set that extends over this period. We also used the nongridded, Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) data set to calculate HANPP for India from 1961 to 2012 and compared our results. The average potential NPP for India was estimated to be 664 grams of carbon per square meter per year (g C/m²/year). Between 1700 and 2012, the fraction of pastureland and cropland increased from 20% to almost 60%. HANPP as a fraction of the potential NPP increased from 29% to 73% over this period. Calculations of HANPP using the FAO data set yielded an increase from 600 g C/m² to just over 700 g C/m² between 1961 and 2012. We also calculated the embodied HANPP of India by considering imports and exports, but the difference between the two is negligible in comparison to the HANPP of India. We further examined the variation of HANPP with socioeconomic parameters such as the Human Development Index (HDI) and population density. There was a roughly negative trend of HANPP with HDI. HANPP roughly increases with population density and then plateaus above a population density of roughly 200 persons per square kilometer.     

Assessing the effect of EWDP on vegetation restoration by remote sensing in the lower reaches of Tarim River

In this study, effect of ecological water diversion on vegetation restoration in the lower reaches of Tarim River is assessed by coupling remote sensing techniques and a field-based survey. Land use/cover and fractional vegetation coverage (Fvc) maps derived from remote sensing images, ground validation data, and hydrological observation data are adopted to analyze the responses of Ecological Water Diversion Project (EWDP). The results indicate that, the EWDP has showed a positive effect on vegetation restoration in the lower part of Tarim Basin. During 2001 to 2013, transformation from unused land to nature vegetation (i.e. forest land, grassland and scrubland) was the major process of land use/cover change; the area of natural vegetation showed a 4.7% increase, and the area of unused land reduced by 6.8%. Landscape patch size was decreased, the degree of fragmentation and diversity of landscape was increased, and landscape structure in the study area became more complex. Moreover, vegetation coverage promoted from 2001 to 2013; average Fvc in 2013 was 1.5 times greater than that in 2001. The results can provide not only an accurate assessment for the EWDP, but also a visual insight for the water resources management practices in the study area, such that the sustainability for local ecosystem can be facilitated.     

A modified framework for the regional assessment of climate and human impacts on net primary productivity

Improving models that depict the components of net primary production (NPP) in ecosystems will help us to better understand how climate change and human activities affect the biosphere. In this study, NPP_gap was introduced into the present human appropriation of net primary production (HANPP) framework. We introduced NPP_gap in this study as potential NPP (NPP_pot) minus the sum of ecosystem NPP (NPP_eco) and HANPP, which relates to the ability of models to depict NPP components. Using the Lhasa River region of the Tibetan Plateau, we examined temporal and spatial variations in the components of NPP over a 10-year period. Results showed that NPP_pot, HANPP and NPP_eco increased from 2000 to 2010, but at different rates and with different spatial patterns. NPP_gap each year ranged from −9.2% to 13.1% for each site and on average composed 1.2% of the total NPP_pot. NPP_gap was significantly correlated with precipitation, plant biodiversity, plant height and soil properties. NPP_gap increased if either of the previous 2 years had been wet years with relative high precipitation. An increase in the richness of palatable species would lead to a larger NPP_gap through more compensatory growth. The large fluctuation level of NPP_gap reflected the higher stability of vegetation productivity, which is caused by higher plant heights and soil maximum water capacity. This study showed the potential of the HANPP framework in regional assessment of climate and human impacts on net primary productivity. The use of the NPP_gap measure reflects the gap in our knowledge and our ability to accurately estimate the components of NPP.     

Macroecological scale effects of biodiversity on ecosystem functions under environmental change

Conserving different spatial and temporal dimensions of biological diversity is considered necessary for maintaining ecosystem functions under predicted global change scenarios. Recent work has shifted the focus from spatially local (α‐diversity) to macroecological scales (β‐ and γ‐diversity), emphasizing links between macroecological biodiversity and ecosystem functions (MB–EF relationships). However, before the outcomes of MB–EF analyses can be useful to real‐world decisions, empirical modeling needs to be developed for natural ecosystems, incorporating a broader range of data inputs, environmental change scenarios, underlying mechanisms, and predictions. We outline the key conceptual and technical challenges currently faced in developing such models and in testing and calibrating the relationships assumed in these models using data from real ecosystems. These challenges are explored in relation to two potential MB–EF mechanisms: “macroecological complementarity” and “spatiotemporal compensation.” Several regions have been sufficiently well studied over space and time to robustly test these mechanisms by combining cutting‐edge spatiotemporal methods with remotely sensed data, including plant community data sets in Australia, Europe, and North America. Assessing empirical MB–EF relationships at broad spatiotemporal scales will be crucial in ensuring these macroecological processes can be adequately considered in the management of biodiversity and ecosystem functions under global change.     

The role of conservation in expanding biodiversity research

It has been suggested that current reductions in global biodiversity may impair the functioning of ecosystems. This biodiversity‐ecosystem function (BD‐EF) hypothesis represents a new avenue of ecological research originating from conservation concerns. However, the subsequent evolution of BD‐EF research has reflected academic concerns more than conservation priorities. I suggest three questions for BD‐EF research, which would benefit both ecological theory and conservation. (1) Is biodiversity the main driver of ecosystem function? Several experiments show that biodiversity loss is a minor link between habitat change and ecosystem function. (2) How will extinction patterns change BD‐EF relationships? Biased extinctions may have additional impacts on ecosystem function, which can be deduced by comparison with random‐loss models. (3) Will conserving regional biodiversity conserve local ecosystem function? The answer to this question may differ between saturated and unsaturated communities, and may depend on whether the magnitude or stability of ecosystem function is measured.     

Natural and socioeconomic determinants of the embodied human appropriation of net primary production and its relation to other resource use indicators

Indicators of resource use such as material and energy flow accounts, emission data and the ecological footprint inform societies about their performance by evaluating resource use efficiency and the effectiveness of sustainability policies. The human appropriation of net primary production (HANPP) is an indicator of land-use intensity on each nation's territory used in research as well as in environmental reports. ‘Embodied HANPP’ (eHANPP) measures the HANPP anywhere on earth resulting from a nation's domestic biomass consumption. The objectives of this article are (i) to study the relation between eHANPP and other resource use indicators and (ii) to analyse socioeconomic and natural determinants of global eHANPP patterns in the year 2000. We discuss a statistical analysis of >140 countries aiming to better understand these relationships. We found that indicators of material and energy throughput, fossil-energy related CO₂ emissions as well as the ecological footprint are highly correlated with each other as well as with GDP, while eHANPP is neither correlated with other resource use indicators nor with GDP, despite a strong correlation between final biomass consumption and GDP. This can be explained by improvements in agricultural efficiency associated with GDP growth. Only about half of the variation in eHANPP can be explained by differences in national land-use systems, suggesting a considerable influence of trade on eHANPP patterns. eHANPP related with biomass trade can largely be explained by differences in natural endowment, in particular the availability of productive area. We conclude that eHANPP can deliver important complimentary information to indicators that primarily monitor socioeconomic metabolism.     

大兴安岭地区生态系统完整性动态评价

全球气候变化和人类干扰活动对陆地生态系统影响的强度和范围不断扩大,而在生态系统完整性评价研究中,针对中大尺度异质景观系统的评价方法较为缺乏.本研究从景观生态学的视角,基于大兴安岭地区2005、2010、2015年土地利用数据及植被净初级生产力数据,选择景观结构和景观稳定性两方面的指标,采用GIS数据处理和分析平台,综合评估大兴安岭地区景观变化特征和由这些指标表征的生态系统完整性动态.结果表明: 大兴安岭地区是以林地为主导的森林生态系统,林地优势度稳定在64.9%,远高于优势度第二位的草地;大兴安岭地区景观多样性指数在3个时期均为0.59,占景观多样性指数最大值的42.4%,说明该地区景观阻抗稳定性未发生变化;从大兴安岭地区各景观生物量来看,耕地及住宅用地呈逐年增加趋势,林地逐年减少,说明人为干扰对大兴安岭地区的影响在增强.     

Stand height and cover type complement forest age structure as a biodiversity indicator in boreal and northern temperate forest management

Forest age structure is one of the main indicators of biodiversity in temperate and boreal forests worldwide. This indicator was mainly chosen for the conservation of a subset of rare or sensitive species related to the oldest age classes, not to capture variability across the entire biodiversity spectrum, but is often considered as such. In this study, we analysed alpha and beta diversity in temporary plots of western Quebec, Canada, to consider biodiversity indicators complementary to existing forest age structure targets. Our analysis revealed that considered individually, stand characteristics such as cover type and height are better predictors of changes in site-level contribution to tree beta diversity than age. We also show that plots belonging to different age classes can be similar in terms of tree alpha diversity. Height class was found to have a more significant impact on tree alpha diversity than expected: height was more important than age in coniferous forests, and in deciduous and mixedwood stands it frequently complemented age in explaining the observed diversity patterns. Our results suggest that forest age structure target levels should not be used as the sole indicator of ecosystem sustainability, and that some mature secondary stands can provide significant contributions to biodiversity. We propose that more efficient trade-offs between forest exploitation, ecosystem functioning and environmental conservation can be attained if: (i) forest age structure targets are complemented by cover type and stand height; or (ii) complementary biodiversity indicators of ecosystem sustainability are implemented.     

基于生态足迹模型的城市可持续发展定量评估与预测

生态足迹理论对城市生态系统研究、生态城市建设具有重要的指导意义.以广州市为案例,计算并分析了2001～2005年间广州生态足迹动态变化过程,结果表明2005年人均生态需求为3.95527hm²·人^-1,远大于供给,其中人们对化石燃料土地的生态需求占主要部分(72.67%).五年间人均生态足迹逐渐上升,GDP生态足迹则基本呈逐年下降趋势.用STELLA软件对人均生态足迹需求的变化进行了相关预测.结果显示:2001～2025年广州市人均生态需求呈上升趋势,且上升速度较为迅速,其原因是化石燃料土地的生态足迹需求上升较快而造成的.由此可见,化石燃料生态足迹的人均需求是影响人均生态足迹需求上升的一个关键因素.