一株低温玉米秸秆降解真菌的筛选、鉴定及降解特性

【背景】在我国北方地区玉米秸秆还田时期地温低、秸秆降解慢,如何加速玉米秸秆低温腐解成为研究热点。【目的】从冷凉地区土壤中筛选具有高效降解纤维素能力的低温菌株,为秸秆的有效利用奠定基础。【方法】在低温培养条件下,采用稀释涂布平板法、羧甲基纤维素钠(sodium carboxymethyl cellulose,CMC-Na)水解圈测定法、胞外酶活测定法、秸秆失重法进行低温秸秆降解菌株的初筛、复筛和秸秆降解性能的测定;根据菌株形态学特征及ITSrDNA序列分析对筛选菌株进行鉴定;利用3,5-二硝基水杨酸(3,5-dinitrosalicylic acid,DNS)法和秸秆失重法对菌株在不同接种量、培养基初始pH、温度情况下的纤维素酶活力和玉米秸秆降解能力进行研究。【结果】以16°C为筛选温度,获得一株在刚果红-羧甲基纤维素钠平板上D/d值为2.17、CMC酶活力为703 U/mL的高产纤维素酶低温真菌SDF-25;该菌株在4°C可以生长,10-16°C为最适生长温度,37°C条件下仍能生长;综合菌株的形态学和分子生物学测定结果,菌株SDF-25为草酸青霉菌(Penicillium oxalicum);该菌株最佳产纤维素酶的培养条件为接种量2%、初始pH为7.0、培养温度为10°C,在该培养条件下菌株SDF-25的CMC酶活为993.3 U/mL。失重法测定接种SDF-25于10°C培养15 d时秸秆降解率为39.5%,16°C时为44.9%。【结论】草酸青霉菌SDF-25可在低温条件下生长并具有较强的纤维素酶生产能力,在秸秆还田方面具有良好的应用前景。     

产外切葡聚糖酶真菌的筛选鉴定及毕赤酵母中的表达

【目的】外切葡聚糖酶是纤维素酶组分中一类对结晶纤维素有降解作用的酶类,如何提高外切葡聚糖酶活力是研究的关键问题。【方法】从筛选鉴定得到的一株产外切葡聚糖酶酶活较高的黑曲霉Asp-524菌株出发,通过PCR技术克隆得到外切葡聚糖酶基因序列,生物学信息分析后,构建了毕赤酵母诱导型表达载体,实现了该基因在毕赤酵母中的成功表达。【结果】抗性筛选得到的阳性转化子,用终浓度为1%甲醇诱导5 d后,酶活达到4.74 U/mL。酶学性质分析显示重组外切葡聚糖酶最适pH为5.0,pH稳定性分析显示在pH为4.0-6.0范围内相对稳定,酶活能保持在最高酶活力的80%以上,最适反应温度为50°C,经60°C保温1 h后,酶活仍能保持80%以上。【结论】结果说明该外切葡聚糖酶具有较好的热稳定性和pH稳定性,这一研究为纤维素酶的实际应用奠定了一定基础。     

一株产低温β-半乳糖苷酶微杆菌的筛选鉴定、产酶条件及其酶学特性

【背景】低温β-半乳糖苷酶能在低温下仍保持较高的乳糖水解活性,筛选酶学特性适合在牛乳体系中高效水解乳糖的β-半乳糖苷酶生产菌株,是低乳糖牛乳加工产业关注的焦点。【目的】对天山中国一号冰川沉积物中分离的一株产低温β-半乳糖苷酶菌株的产酶条件和酶学特性进行研究。【方法】结合X-Gal平板法初筛和测定粗酶液酶活复筛,获得产低温β-半乳糖苷酶的菌株。通过形态学、生理生化试验及16S rRNA基因测序分析对筛选菌株进行鉴定,单因素摇瓶实验优化菌株的产酶条件,硫酸铵分级沉淀初步纯化β-半乳糖苷酶并对其酶学特性进行分析。【结果】通过形态学、生理生化特征和16S rRNA基因鉴定,确定菌株LW106为微杆菌属(Microbacterium)菌株;该菌株最适产酶温度为25°C,最佳产酶碳源为可溶性淀粉,培养基初始pH为7.0,接种量为3%;对初步纯化的低温β-半乳糖苷酶酶学性质的研究表明,LW106所产β-半乳糖苷酶的最适pH为6.0,最适反应温度为35°C,4°C时酶活为最大酶活的78%,4°C和pH 7.0时的稳定性最好,10 mmol/L的Na+对酶活性基本没有抑制作用,Ca~(2+)对酶活性具有一定的激活作用。【结论】菌株LW106所产低温β-半乳糖苷酶的酶学特性表明该酶在乳品低温加工领域具有进一步研究和应用的价值。     

双酶法制备螺旋藻多肽的工艺研究

选用碱性蛋白酶和木瓜蛋白酶结合的双酶法对螺旋藻蛋白进行水解。其中,对木瓜蛋白酶水解螺旋藻蛋白的工艺进行优化。以水解度为指标,研究了酶解时间、酶与底物比、pH和酶解温度4种因素对酶解反应的影响。在此基础上设计了3因素(加酶量、酶解温度和pH)3水平的响应面试验。结果表明碱性蛋白酶水解螺旋藻蛋白的最佳酶解条件为:加酶量4300 U/g,pH 7.0,酶解温度55℃,酶解时间160 min;木瓜蛋白酶的最佳酶解条件为:酶底比为4.5%,酶解温度60℃,pH 6.5,酶解时间210 min。利用碱性蛋白酶和木瓜蛋白酶结合的双酶法制得的多肽水解度可达32.90%,与单酶法相比,水解度明显提高。     

一株产纤维素酶菌株的分离、鉴定及产酶特性

【目的】筛选并鉴定一株产纤维素酶的菌株,初步探究该菌的产酶特性,为综合利用纤维素筛选菌源。【方法】在常温条件下,采用滤纸培养基对菌种富集,采用CMC-Na初筛纤维素降解菌,采用LB培养基分离纯化菌株,经形态学、生理生化特征试验、16S r RNA基因序列测定等分析筛选菌株的系统分类地位。单因素试验确定培养时间、培养温度、初始p H及Na Cl浓度对筛选菌株产酶活力的影响。【结果】从腐烂的玉米秸秆中分离出一株在常温下产纤维素酶细菌KZ-2,根据菌落形态特征、生理生化特征鉴定以及16S r RNA基因序列分析,初步鉴定KZ-2为肠杆菌(Enterobacter sp.),为潜在新种。产酶条件实验显示:该菌使用产酶发酵培养基120 h产酶量达到最大值,在25–35°C、初始p H 4.5–5.5、Na Cl浓度1.0%–2.0%范围内为最佳产酶条件,在最适条件下酶活可达80.93 U/m L。该菌株所产纤维素酶最适反应p H为7.0,最适反应温度为50°C。【结论】KZ-2是一株具有降解纤维素能力的细菌,在常温下即可分泌纤维素酶,并且该菌株为潜在新种,具有潜在的开发价值。     

土壤中高产蛋白酶菌株产酶条件及酶学性质

【背景】微生物蛋白酶已经成为工业用蛋白酶的主要来源,筛选具有特殊环境适应性的微生物成为生物酶资源的开发热点。【目的】通过对青藏高原土壤微生物产蛋白酶菌株的筛选、优化及相关特性研究,寻找新的蛋白酶资源,为高原菌种资源利用提供科学依据。【方法】采用形态学和分子生物学对筛选菌株进行菌种鉴定,利用单因素试验和正交试验对菌株进行发酵条件优化及酶学性质的探究。【结果】筛选出一株高产蛋白酶菌株XC2,经鉴定菌株XC2为枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)。XC2最优产酶条件:可溶性淀粉4.0%,牛肉膏1.0%,K~+0.6%,培养温度34°C、初始pH 7.0、接种量2.0%的条件下200 r/min振荡培养13 h,所产蛋白酶活力最高为638.5 U/mL。XC2所产蛋白酶最适反应温度60°C,最适pH9.0;40-50°C、pH8.0-10.0条件下酶活稳定性较高;Mn~(2+)对酶活力有明显激活作用,而Zn~(2+)、Cu~(2+)、Fe~(2+)、Fe3+对酶活力有明显抑制作用。【结论】枯草芽孢杆菌XC2有较强的产碱性蛋白酶的能力,具有较好的应用前景。     

长梗木霉β-葡萄糖苷酶基因的克隆及表达

【目的】以实验室筛选获得的一株长梗木霉GM2(Trichoderma longibrachiatum)为材料,克隆出其β-葡萄糖苷酶(β-Glucosidase)基因bgl并在大肠杆菌和酵母中进行表达。【方法】利用同源克隆扩增出其β-葡萄糖苷酶基因bgl全长序列,分别亚克隆到质粒pET-32a(+)和pPICZα-B中,构建其原核表达载体pET32a(+)-bglI和真核表达载体pPICZα-B-bgl。【结果】bgl基因序列全长2 369 bp,含两个内含子,编码744个氨基酸。在大肠杆菌BL21(DE3)中表达bgl,重组蛋白以包涵体形式存在,上清液中没有β-葡萄糖苷酶的酶活。将载体pPICZα-B-bgl电转化入毕赤酵母GS115,得到78 kD左右重组蛋白,与预测大小相符。按9%接种量接入50 mL YP培养基(初始pH 5.5),30°C振荡培养96 h,添加终浓度1%的甲醇诱导后β-葡萄糖苷酶酶活达60 U/mL。重组酶bgl催化水杨苷水解反应的最适pH为5.0,最适温度为70°C;另外,此bgl在pH 3.0 10.0和40°C 60°C范围内具有比较好的稳定性。【结论】长梗木霉GM2的β-葡萄糖苷酶在P.pastoris中获得可溶性表达,并证明有一定的活性。     

构巢曲霉内切甘露聚糖酶在毕赤酵母中的表达及重组蛋白质的表征

【目的】内切甘露聚糖酶是一类重要的半纤维素酶,能够有效水解半纤维素的第二大组分甘露聚糖,已广泛应用于工业生物技术领域。【方法】本文对来源于腐生真菌构巢曲霉(Aspergillus nidulans)的一个内切甘露聚糖酶在毕赤酵母中进行过表达及详细的酶学性质研究。【结果】该甘露聚糖酶在摇瓶和发酵罐条件下都成功获得表达,发酵罐条件下的蛋白质表达量高达3.9 mg/mL;该酶的最适pH和温度分别为4.0和60°C,在pH 5.0–9.0之间表现出了很好的稳定性;在温度≤40°C时,该酶非常稳定,当温度≥60°C,该酶的稳定性大大降低;Co~(2+)和Zn~(2+)促进了该酶的活性,而Pb~(2+)、Cu~(2+)、Mn~(2+)等金属离子表现出了一定的抑制作用。【结论】该构巢曲霉来源的内切甘露聚糖酶能在毕赤酵母中高效表达,表现出了一定的耐酸、耐碱及耐热等性能,具有开发为商品酶的潜力,为深入开发构巢曲霉来源的其他糖苷酶奠定了基础。     

纤维素酶-乙醇协同提取黄芩总黄酮

以黄芩总黄酮的得率为指标,比较了乙醇回流提取、酶-缓冲水溶液提取、纤维素酶-乙醇提取等方法对黄芩总黄酮提取的影响,发现纤维素酶对细胞壁的水解和乙醇溶液对黄酮类物质的浸出产生了协同效应。采用单因素实验法,优化了纤维素酶-乙醇协同提取黄芩总黄酮的工艺条件。结果表明,乙醇体积分数50%,提取温度50℃,提取时间6 h,加酶量50U/g(干原料),液固比15时,纤维素酶-乙醇回流法提取黄芩总黄酮的得率达19.85%,较单一的乙醇回流法提取提高了1.38%。纤维素酶-乙醇回流法可用于黄芩总黄酮的提取。     

N-糖基化对一种新型重组耐高温β-甘露聚糖酶(ReTMan26)稳定性的影响

【背景】对来源于嗜热枯草芽孢杆菌(TBS2)的一种新型重组耐高温β-甘露聚糖酶(ReTMan26)基因序列进行分析,该基因中含有3个N-糖基化位点(N8、N26与N255),经毕赤酵母表达时可进行N-糖基化修饰。【目的】确定N-糖基化对ReTMan26稳定性的影响。【方法】通过构建ReTMan26蛋白质三维结构模型,初步分析N-糖基化对该酶稳定性的影响。在此基础上,利用天然蛋白去糖基化试剂盒除去ReTMan26的N-多糖链,获得去除N-糖基化的耐高温β-甘露聚糖酶(ReTMan26-DG),并对纯化后的ReTMan26及ReTMan26-DG进行相应的稳定性对比检测。【结果】ReTMan26与ReTMan26-DG的最适反应pH均为6.0,但在pH1.5-9.0范围内,ReTMan26的稳定性比ReTMan26-DG有小幅提高。ReTMan26的最适反应温度为60°C,比ReTMan26-DG高5°C;ReTMan26经100°C处理10 min,剩余酶活为58.6%,而ReTMan26-DG经93°C处理10 min,剩余酶活为58.2%,100°C处理10min则完全失活。经胃蛋白酶及胰蛋白酶在37°C处理2h后,ReTMan26的剩余酶活分别为70.5%及91.2%,比ReTMan26-DG分别提高了23.7%及25.6%。【结论】N-糖基化可提高ReTMan26的pH稳定性、耐热稳定性及抗蛋白酶消化性能。     

利用原生质体紫外诱变技术选育耐高温香菇菌株

【目的】运用原生质体紫外诱变技术选育香菇耐高温新菌株。【方法】以香菇菌株18为出发菌株,紫外诱变处理其原生质体,通过47°C热激3 h后菌丝恢复生长的情况来筛选获得耐高温诱变株,测定18及其所有诱变株在木屑培养基中的恒温长速、高温长速以及恢复长速,并进行高温出菇试验。【结果】筛选得到57株耐高温诱变株,其中诱变株N6、N44和N24的综合性状较好。恒温长速、高温长速以及恢复长速与出菇性状具有相关性,恢复长速与出菇产量、单菇性状、耐高温能力呈正相关,可初步作为预测耐高温菌株综合性状的指标。【结论】利用原生质体紫外诱变技术,可初步选育出耐高温香菇新菌株。     

Enhancement of the enzymatic digestibility of sugarcane bagasse by steam pretreatment impregnated with hydrogen peroxide

Sugarcane bagasse was subjected to steam pretreatment impregnated with hydrogen peroxide. Analyses were performed using 2³ factorial designs and enzymatic hydrolysis was performed at two different solid concentrations and with washed and unwashed material to evaluate the importance of this step for obtaining high cellulose conversion. Similar cellulose conversion were obtained at different conditions of pretreatment and hydrolysis. When the cellulose was hydrolyzed using the pretreated material in the most severe conditions of the experimental design (210°C, 15 min and 1.0% hydrogen peroxide), and using 2% (w/w) water‐insoluble solids (WIS), and 15 FPU/g WIS, the cellulose conversion was 86.9%. In contrast, at a milder pretreatment condition (190°C, 15 min and 0.2% hydrogen peroxide) and industrially more realistic conditions of hydrolysis (10% WIS and 10 FPU/g WIS), the cellulose conversion reached 82.2%. The step of washing the pretreated material was very important to obtain high concentrations of fermentable sugars. © 2012 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 2012     

Xylanase and cellulase of fungus Cerrena unicolor VKM F-3196: Production,properties, and applications for the saccharification of plant material

Under the conditions of submerged cultivation in a medium containing microcrystalline cellulose, the Cerrena unicolor VKM F-3196 basidiomycete is capable of producing xylanase and cellulase. Electrophoretically homogeneous cellulase and xylanase were obtained using ion exchange and hydrophobic chromatography. The molecular weight of both cellulase and xylanase was ～44 kDa. It was shown that xylanase catalyzed the hydrolysis of xylan with the production of xylose, xylobiose, and xylotetrose and it exhibited properties of endoxylanases. Cellulase hydrolyzed carboxymethylcellulose, xylan, and microcrystalline cellulose with the formation of cellotriose and cellotetraose. For both enzymes, the pH optimum was ～4.0. The enzymes exhibited moderate thermostability: xylanase retained 35% of the initial activity for 1 h at 60°C; cellulase, 10% under the same conditions. Xylanase, cellulose, and a mixture of these enzymes saccharified plant material (wheat, rye, wheat middling, and oat), indicating the possible use of these enzymes in biotechnology.     

Properties of Chitosanase from Bacillus cereus S1

Chitosanase from Bacillus cereus S1 was purified, and the enzymatic properties were investigated. The molecular weight was estimated to 45,000 on SDS-PAGE. Optimum pH was about 6, and stable pH in the incubation at 40°C for 60 min was 6–11. This chitosanase was stable in alkaline side. Optimum temperature was around 60°C, and enzyme activity was relatively stable below 60°C. The degradations of colloidal chitosan and carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) were about 30 and 20% relative to the value of soluble chitosan, respectively, but colloidal chitin and crystalline cellulose were not almost hydrolyzed. On the other hand, S1 chitosanase adsorbed on colloidal chitin completely and by about 50% also on crystalline cellulose, in contrast to colloidal chitosan, which it did not adsorb. S1 chitosanase finally hydrolyzed 100% N-deacetylated chitosan (soluble state) to chitobiose (27.2%), chitotriose (40.6%), and chitotetraose (32.2%). In the hydrolysis of various chitooligosaccharides, chitobiose and chitotriose were not hydrolyzed, and chitotetraose was hydrolyzed to chitobiose. Chitobiose and chitotriose were released from chitopentaose and chitohexaose. From this specificity, it was hypothesized that the active site of S1 chitosanase recognized more than two glucosamine residues posited in both sides against splitting point for glucosamine polymer. Received: 8 June 1999 / Accepted: 20 July 1999     

酵母发酵玉米秸秆水解液产麦角甾醇应用研究

生物质是一种可再生资源,生物质发酵可产生高端化工产品.本文主要探讨蒸汽爆破处理玉米秸秆及水解可发酵单糖,考察酵母发酵玉米秸秆糖化液产麦角甾醇的应用研究.实验结果表明:当固液比10%,盐酸浓度1.5%,90℃水解反应3 h,还原糖含量达到53.3%,纤维素转化率79%.发酵工艺参数为玉米秸秆糖化液6.0°Bx,玉米浆4%,pH 7.5,接种量10%,28℃摇床振荡培养32 h,细胞生物量达8.5 g/L,麦角甾醇含量可达2.35%.同时对玉米秸秆发酵产麦角甾醇晶体进行结构表征.     

米曲霉M-4降解己烯雌酚的条件优化

【目的】以米曲霉(Aspergillus oryzae)M-4对己烯雌酚(Diethylstilbestrol,DES)的降解率为响应值,对其降解条件进行优化。【方法】采用Plackett-Burman法对培养基组分和降解条件筛选显著性影响因素,并通过Box-Bohnken设计试验优化降解条件。【结果】最优培养基配方为:蛋白胨1.3%,CaCl_2 0.045%,葡萄糖0.5%,K_2HPO_4 0.15%,KH_2PO_4 0.05%,NaCl 0.05%,Tween 80 0.2%,DES质量浓度44 mg/L;最优培养条件为:初始p H 7.5,种龄72 h,转速140 r/min,培养温度28°C,培养时间72 h。【结论】在最优条件下菌株M-4对DES降解率为83.89%,比优化前(60.98%)提高1.38倍,差异极显著(P0.01)。     

Enhanced enzymatic cellulose degradation by cellobiohydrolases via product removal

Product inhibition by cellobiose decreases the rate of enzymatic cellulose degradation. The optimal reaction conditions for two Emericella (Aspergillus) nidulans-derived cellobiohydrolases I and II produced in Pichia pastoris were identified as CBHI: 52 °C, pH 4.5–6.5, and CBHII: 46 °C, pH 4.8. The optimum in a mixture of the two was 50 °C, pH 4.9. An almost fourfold increase in enzymatic hydrolysis yield was achieved with intermittent product removal of cellobiose with membrane filtration (2 kDa cut-off): The conversion of cotton cellulose after 72 h was ~19 % by weight, whereas the conversion in the parallel batch reaction was only ~5 % by weight. Also, a synergistic effect, achieving ~27 % substrate conversion, was obtained by addition of endo-1,4-β-d-glucanase. The synergistic effect was only obtained with product removal. By using pure, monoactive enzymes, the work illustrates the profound gains achievable by intermittent product removal during cellulose hydrolysis.     

培养条件对双歧杆菌EPS各组分产量及比例的影响

【目的】动物双歧杆菌RH产生的胞外多糖(exopolysaccharides, EPS)经阴离子交换柱层析可获得EPSa和EPSb两个组分。得到可提高EPS的总产量, 尤其是EPSb产量的最佳培养基和培养条件。【方法】对培养基类型、氮源、碳源、碳源浓度、培养基初始pH值、培养温度和时间对双歧杆菌EPSa和EPSb产量的影响进行分析。【结果】在初始pH值调整为7.0的含5%蔗糖的PTYG培养基上, 在35 °C温度下厌氧培养60 h时动物双歧杆菌RH的EPSa和EPSb产量分别为0.982±0.003 g/L和0.312±0.001 g/L。【结论】在上述条件下EPS总产量高且可获得较多的EPSb。     

Immobilization of Papain on the Mesoporous Molecular Sieve MCM‐48

The immobilization of papain on the mesoporous molecular sieve MCM‐48 (with a pore size of 6.2 nm in diameter) with the aid of glutaraldehyde, and the characteristics of this immobilized papain are described. The optimum conditions for immobilization were as follows: 20 mg native free enzyme/g of the MCM‐48 and 0.75 % glutaraldehyde, 2 h at 10–20 °C and pH 7.0. Under these optimum conditions for immobilization, the activity yield [%] of the immobilized enzyme was around 70 %. The influence of the pH on the activity of the immobilized enzyme was much lower compared to the free enzyme. The thermostability of the immobilized enzyme, whose half‐life was more than 2500 min, was greatly improved and was found to be significantly higher than that of the free enzyme (about 80 min). The immobilized enzyme also showed good operational stability, and the activity of the immobilized enzyme continued to maintain 76.5 % of the initial activity even after a 12‐day continuous operation. Moreover, the immobilized enzyme still exhibited good storage stability. From these results, papain immobilized on the MCM‐48 with the aid of glutaraldehyde, can be used as a high‐performance biocatalyst in biotechnological processing, in particular in industrial and medical applications.