高原鼢鼠、高原鼠兔和大鼠肺表面活性物质组成和含量的比较

本研究通过分析肺表面活性物质(pulmonary surfactant,PS)组成和含量探讨高原鼢鼠(Myospalax baileyi)和高原鼠兔(Ochotona curzoniae)的低氧适应机制。高原鼢鼠和高原鼠兔各36只,捕捉于海拔3600 m左右的青海省海南州贵德县拉脊山地区,36只Sprague-Dawley(SD)大鼠购自海拔1500 m左右的兰州大学实验动物中心。所有动物麻醉后通过肺循环进行肺灌洗,充分洗净肺组织中的血液,取出完整的肺组织灌洗得到肺泡灌洗液。应用高效液相色谱法分析三种动物PS中磷脂的组成和含量;应用G-250考马斯亮蓝法、聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(PAGE)和质谱测序分析PS蛋白质的含量和种类;应用溶氧电极测定了PS溶液中的溶氧量。结果表明:高原鼢鼠、高原鼠兔和SD大鼠PS中,总磷脂含量依次显著增加(P<0.05),总蛋白含量依次显著减少(P<0.05);三种动物PS中均含有亚油酰棕榈酰胆碱(linoleic palmitoylphosphatidylcholine,LPPC)、二棕榈酰磷脂酰胆碱(dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine,DPPC)、磷脂酰甘油(phosphatidylglycerol,PG)、磷脂酰肌醇(phosphatidylinositol,PI)和磷脂酰丝氨酸(phosphatidylserine,PSe)等5种磷脂成分,但其相对含量明显不同;在高原鼢鼠、高原鼠兔和SD大鼠中,LPPC所占比例依次显著增加(P<0.01);高原鼢鼠PS磷脂中,DPPC、PG和PI所占比例极显著高于高原鼠兔(P<0.01),高原鼠兔与SD大鼠之间没有显著差异(P>0.05);高原鼢鼠与高原鼠兔PS磷脂中,PSe所占比例没有显著差异(P>0.05),但均极显著高于SD大鼠(P<0.01)。三种动物PS中均含有血清白蛋白(serum albumin,SA),高原鼢鼠和高原鼠兔PS中含有血红蛋白β亚基构成的含血红素的同源四聚体蛋白,高原鼢鼠和SD大鼠PS中含有免疫球蛋白(immunoglobulin,Ig)重链残基,高原鼢鼠Ig重链残基含量极显著高于SD大鼠(P<0.01),含血红素蛋白含量显著高于高原鼠兔(P<0.05)。高原鼢鼠、高原鼠兔和SD大鼠PS溶液中溶氧量依次显著减小(P<0.01),但均显著高于生理盐水(P<0.01)。以上结果提示,高原鼢鼠和高原鼠兔PS中总蛋白含量显著增加,总磷脂含量显著减少,蛋白成分中含有高含量的含血红素同源四聚体蛋白,且高原鼢鼠主要磷脂成分DPPC的相对含量显著增加,这种PS成分和含量的变化增强了这两种高原动物对低氧环境的适应性。     

高原鼢鼠和高原鼠兔红细胞低氧适应特征

为探讨高原鼢鼠对低氧高二氧化碳洞道生境及高原鼠兔对高海拔低氧生境的适应机制,用Sysmex SF-3000血细胞分析仪及聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳对两种高原动物的血常规及血红蛋白类型进行分析,后者采用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳法。结果表明,高原鼢鼠和高原鼠兔的红细胞数(RBC)、红细胞压积(HCT)及平均红细胞容积(MCV)组间无显著差异(P>0.05),但高原鼢鼠和高原鼠兔的红细胞数显著高于SD大鼠,红细胞压积及平均红细胞容积均显著低于SD大鼠(P<0.05);高原鼢鼠的血红蛋白浓度(HBC)与SD大鼠无显著差异(P>0.05),但显著高于高原鼠兔的HBC(P<0.05)。高原鼢鼠血红蛋白主要有2种类型,高原鼠兔血红蛋白主要有3种类型,而SD大鼠血红蛋白主要有5种类型。从血红蛋白电泳迁移来看,2种高原动物血红蛋白类型有明显的趋同特征并与SD大鼠具有明显的差异。上述结果提示,长期适应高海拔低氧环境的高原动物的红细胞和血红蛋白表现出趋同进化,同时因生境和习性的差异又表现出各自的特异性。     

青藏高原5种害鼠D型肉毒素抗性相关基因VAMP1的序列分析

突触小泡相关膜蛋白1基因(VAMP1)的变异是导致鼠类对D型肉毒梭毒素灭鼠剂产生抗性的主要原因。本研究利用转录组测序的方法,分析青藏高原地区5种主要害鼠:高原鼠兔(Ochotona curzoniae)、高原鼢鼠(Eospalax baileyi)、长尾仓鼠(Cricetulus longicaudatus)、青海松田鼠(Neodon fuscus)和喜马拉雅旱獭(Marmota himalayana)的VAMP1序列信息。同时,分别采集来自5个地理种群的58只高原鼠兔和59只高原鼢鼠,对VAMP1基因第二外显子区序列进行分析。结果显示,从转录组组装文件中成功获得5种动物的VAMP1基因全序列,长度均为357 bp,共检测到46个核苷酸变异位点和4个氨基酸变异位点,但未发现与D型肉毒素抗性相关的氨基酸位点。对高原鼠兔群体和高原鼢鼠群体的VAMP1基因第二外显子序列的分析显示,高原鼠兔所有个体的序列高度保守,而在高原鼢鼠中则存在一个同义突变位点,但两物种在D型肉毒素抗性相关位点上都未监测出位点变异。该研究结果提示,D型肉毒杀鼠剂在青藏高原地区害鼠防治方面应该可以长期发挥重要作用。     

不同季节高原鼢鼠乳酸脱氢酶活力和同工酶谱

目的:探讨高原鼢鼠对洞道低氧高二氧化碳环境的代谢适应机制。方法:用酶活力分析法,分析春季、夏季和秋季高原鼢鼠血清乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)活力、乳酸含量和组织LDH活力,用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳法分析血清和组织LDH同工酶谱。结果:高原鼢鼠血清LDH活力在春夏秋三季具有明显的差异,春季高于夏季,夏季高于秋季,血清乳酸含量表现出同样的变化趋势;春季血清中五种同工酶条带都清晰可见,夏季血清中LDH5和LDH4清晰可见,秋季血清中只能看见LDH5带。骨骼肌、心肌和脑组织LDH活力较高,而且从春季到秋季显著降低;肝、肾和肺组织LDH活力较低,肝组织LDH活力春季显著高于夏季和秋季,夏秋两季之间没有明显差异;肾和肺组织LDH活力在春季与夏季之间没有明显差异,但秋季明显降低。心、肝、肺、肾、脑和肌肉组织LDH同工酶谱,在春夏秋三季都显示出五条带,并表现出明显的组织差异;各组织同工酶含量也有不同程度的季节差异。结论:高原鼢鼠体内糖酵解过程具有明显的季节性变化,从春季到秋季依次降低,这与它们的季节性活动特点和洞道中氧气和二氧化碳的季节性波动有关。     

青海门源地区大(狂鸟)和雕鸮的食性比较

1999～2002年的6～8月份,在青海门源地区收集了大(狂鸟)和雕鸮的吐弃块(pellets)和残留食物(food remains),带回实验室进行分检鉴定、研究分析.大(狂鸟)食物中共有736个猎物,其中高原鼢鼠28只、高原鼠兔139只、甘肃鼠兔142只、田鼠科动物422只、雀形目鸟类4只、香鼬1只;各猎物对大(狂鸟)食物的生物量贡献率分别为14.26%、40.79%、17.39%、26.99%、0.22%、0.35%.雕鸮食物中共有330个猎物,其中高原鼢鼠17只、高原鼠兔77只、甘肃鼠兔44只、田鼠科动物183只、雀形目鸟类2只、红脚鹬2只、高原兔5只;各猎物对雕鸮食物的生物量贡献率分别为11.83%、30.87%、7.36%、16.00%、0.15%、0.62%、33.17%.雕鸮的食物生态位宽度与大(狂鸟)的食物生态位宽度相近,食物生态位高度重叠,但是它们捕食同种猎物的比例显著不同.     

Effect of acute hypoxia on microcirculatory and tissue oxygen levels in rat cremaster muscle.

Repeated exposure to brief periods of hypoxia leads to pathophysiological changes in experimental animals similar to those seen in sleep apnea. To determine the effects of such exposure on oxygen levels in vivo, we used an optical method to measure PO2 in microcirculatory vessels and tissue of the rat cremaster muscle during a 1-min step reduction of inspired oxygen fraction from 0.21 to 0.07. Under control conditions, PO2 was 98.1 +/- 1.9 Torr in arterial blood, 52.2 +/- 2.8 Torr in 29.0 +/- 2.7-microm arterioles, 26.8 +/- 1.7 Torr in the tissue interstitium near venous capillaries, and 35.1 +/- 2.6 Torr in 29.7 +/- 1.9-microm venules. The initial fall in PO2 during hypoxia was significantly greater in arterial blood, being 93% complete in the first 10 s, whereas it was 68% complete in arterioles, 47% at the tissue sites, and 38% in venules. In the 10- to 30-s period, the fall in normalized tissue and venular PO2 was significantly greater than in arterial PO2. At the end of hypoxic exposure, PO2 at all measurement sites had fallen very nearly in proportion to that in the inspired gas, but tissue oxygen levels did not reach critical PO2. Significant differences in oxyhemoglobin desaturation rate were also observed between arterial and microcirculatory vessels during hypoxia. In conclusion, the fall in microcirculatory and tissue oxygen levels in resting skeletal muscle is significantly slower than in arterial blood during a step reduction to an inspired oxygen fraction of 0.07, and tissue PO2 does not reach anaerobic levels.     

Keystone status of plateau pikas (Ochotona curzoniae): effect of control on biodiversity of native birds

The plateau pika (Ochotona curzoniae) of the Qinghai–Xizang (Tibetan) plateau, People's Republic of China, has been considered a pest because it putatively competes with native livestock for forage and contributes to rangeland degradation. As a result the plateau pika has been poisoned across vast areas of the high alpine meadows of the plateau. The plateau pika has also been considered a keystone species for biodiversity on the plateau. As one test of the keystone species hypothesis, we investigated the effects of poisoning plateau pikas on avian species richness and abundance. We conducted standardized censuses of birds on a number of sites across the alpine grassland of Qinghai province on which pikas either had or had not been poisoned. Avian species richness and abundance were higher on non-poisoned sites, in particular for species that nest in pika burrows such as Hume's groundpecker (Pseudopodoces humilis) and six species of snowfinch (Montifringilla spp., Pyrgilauda spp.), and species that prey on pikas (upland buzzard, Buteo hemilasius; black-eared kite, Milvus lineatus). The plateau pika thus appears to be both an allogenic engineer and a keystone species. Poisoning pikas reduces biodiversity of native species on the Qinghai–Xizang plateau, therefore management decisions concerning plateau pikas should reflect caution and careful assessment.     

Differential effects of venous stasis and arterial insufficiency on tissue oxygenation in myocutaneous island flaps: an experimental study in pigs.

The supply, consumption, and tissue tension of oxygen were studied in experimental bilateral myocutaneous island flaps in five control pigs and in eight pigs during progressive 1-hour intervals of flap ischemia. Progressive ischemia was obtained by partial to complete clamping of the artery in one flap, producing arterial insufficiency, and simultaneous clamping of the vein in the other flap, producing venous stasis. Blood flow was reduced to 50, 25, and 0 percent of baseline. In the arterial insufficiency flaps, the oxygen tension in subcutaneous tissue, muscle, and venous outflow was significantly reduced once blood flow was reduced to 50 percent of baseline. Oxygen consumption during partial vessel occlusion was lower in the venous stasis flaps than in the arterial insufficiency flaps when blood flow was reduced to 25 percent of baseline, suggesting either that cellular metabolism is reduced in the venous stasis flaps or that the oxygen which is delivered is unavailable for the cells. Increased presence of tissue fluid in the venous stasis flap inhibits the diffusion of oxygen through the interstitial tissue, and this may explain the lower oxygen consumption. During 3 hours of reperfusion, increased blood flow was observed in the arterial insufficiency flaps, whereas blood flow in the venous stasis flaps was sluggish. The arterial insufficiency flaps recovered more rapidly than the venous stasis flaps during the first hour of reperfusion, judged by the rate of increase in oxygen tension and the higher venous oxygen tension. Oxygen tension increased more rapidly in muscle than in subcutaneous tissue.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Use of a modified oxygen microelectrode and laser-Doppler flowmetry to monitor changes in oxygen tension and microcirculation in a flap

Flap failure is a clinical problem in free tissue transfer, and there is no reliable device for monitoring the tissue. Differentiating between an arterial occlusion and venous congestion is also a problem. A study was undertaken to monitor viability in a pedicled groin flap and to compare two different monitoring methods. The oxygen tension in the flap, measured with a modified Clark-type microelectrode (tip diameter = 3 to 8 microm; 90 percent response within 2.6 +/- 0.5 seconds), was compared with changes in blood flow in the flap, measured with a laser-Doppler probe. In 11 Sprague-Dawley rats, the changes in oxygen tension and blood flow in the pedicled groin flap were studied after clamping and subsequent reperfusion of the artery or vein. After occlusion of the artery to the flap, oxygen tension decreased to a stable value (i.e., the recording level remained unchanged for 30 seconds), from 19.7 +/- 1.8 to 0.3 +/- 0.1 mmHg, after 193 +/-25 seconds; blood flow decreased to a stable value, from 117 +/- 21 to 54 +/- 18 perfusion units, after 26 +/- 6 seconds. Clamping of the vein resulted in a decrease in oxygen tension, from 17.1 +/- 1.8 to 1.4 +/- 0.7 mmHg, after 416 +/- 67 seconds, and blood flow decreased to a stable value, from 90 +/- 14 to 35 +/- 6 perfusion units, after 107 +/- 27 seconds. The results of this study show that there is a difference in oxygen tension and blood flow responses between arterial and venous occlusion and that it may be possible with both methods to distinguish arterial from venous occlusion. However, although oxygen tension measurements are slightly slower in response than laser-Doppler measurements, the values are more reliable as a diagnostic tool for interpretation of a vessel occlusion.     

高原鼠兔种群恢复过程中的洞穴分布动态

高原鼠兔洞穴系统的恢复是其种群恢复的关键指标之一,洞穴分布的变化可以反映种群的动态。本研究于2014-2016年在青海省祁连县对2.79 hm2高寒草甸内高原鼠兔(Ochotona curzoniae)种群密度、洞穴密度和洞穴的相对位置进行跟踪观测。其中包括6个50m×50m 的灭鼠堵洞处理、6个30m×30m 的灭鼠处理和3个50m×50m的对照处理。分别采用平均最近邻指数和平均拥挤度指数分析洞穴系统中有效洞、弃洞、粪坑和嬉戏坑的分布模式及洞系表现面积,并对各参数进行描述性和相关性分析。结果显示：高原鼠兔种群密度恢复过程中（1）有效洞的空间格局由随机向离散分布转变,弃洞由随机向聚集分布转变,粪坑和嬉戏坑无明显变化趋势;有效洞和弃洞分布格局的恢复都朝向灭鼠前状态,但恢复的都不充分;（2）有效洞最近邻指数与其自身密度正相关;弃洞最邻近指数与其自身密度负相关;粪坑、嬉戏坑最近邻指数与其自身密度无显著相关性;其中,仅粪坑的分布最近邻指数与高原鼠兔种群密度呈显著负相关;（3）有效洞与粪坑、嬉戏坑表现面积的变化情况较为一致,与弃洞呈互补态势;洞系表现面积的变异性远小于洞穴密度。结果说明：（1）高原鼠兔洞穴分布格局和洞穴密度的恢复具有滞后性;（2）有效洞、弃洞的分布格局主要受洞穴密度的影响;（3）高原鼠兔种群的恢复过程中对洞系面积的需求优先于洞口数量。     

高原鼢鼠挖掘对植物生物量的效应及其反应格局

高原鼢鼠取食洞道处,在植物根系受损条件下,主要测定各类植物生物量变动的格局。原生植被样区,取食洞道回填土壤后,单子叶植物地上生物量显增加,双子叶植物地上生物量及地下总生物量显降低。植物地上总生物量与取食洞道的厚度密切相关。土厚厚度＜5cm的取食洞道,植物地上及地下生物量显下降,土层厚度＞10cm,植物地上及地下生物量无显变化。高原鼢鼠长期栖息植被退化的斑块地,在取食洞道区域,单子叶及双子叶植物地上生物量和地下总生物量均显降低。结果验证了本提出的地下啮齿动物对双子叶直根类植物的存活具有负效应,对单子叶须根类植物则产生正效应的假设。     

Cardiovascular responses to oxygen inhalation after hemorrhage in anesthetized rats: hyperoxic vasoconstriction

Oxygen inhalation is recommended for the initial care of trauma victims. The improved survival seen in early hemorrhage is normally associated with an increase in blood pressure. Although clinical use of oxygen can occur late after hemorrhage, the effects of late administration have not been specifically examined. Anesthetized rats were studied using an isobaric hemorrhage model with target pressures of either 70 or 40 mmHg. At various times after hemorrhage, the feedback control of the blood pressure was stopped and the inspired gas was changed from room air to 100% oxygen. The results show that shortly after hemorrhage to 70 mmHg, oxygen inhalation results in an increase in mean arterial blood pressure of 60 +/- 3 mmHg, which is associated with a large increase in total peripheral resistance from 0.89 +/- 0.05 to 1.25 +/- 0.1 peripheral resistance units. The blood pressure response is essentially unchanged with time, and it is not altered by a 10-min exposure to N(G)-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester. At a target pressure of 40 mmHg, the initial blood pressure response to oxygen is the same, but it gradually decreases as the animal develops a lactic acidosis. We conclude that the therapeutic value of oxygen needs to be separately evaluated for late hemorrhage.     

Blood flow measurement from plethysmographic pulse waves without venous occlusion

An air plethysmograph with a sensitive phototransducer was constructed so that plethysmographic volume-change pulsations could be displayed in detail without using venous occlusion. Software was developed to allow analysis of the pulses using a modification of the backward extrapolation technique. This allowed calculation of the forward arterial blood flow and noninvasive derivation of the resting arterial flow waveform. There is good reproducibility of the technique, with 8% variability between pairs of measurements at rest and 4% variability after hand exercise. Direct comparison made with blood flows measured by venous occlusion plethysmography showed good average agreement. The mean blood flow for venous occlusion (rest and exercise) was 0.76 +/- 0.07 mL/beat (mean +/- SEM), and the mean blood flow for backward extrapolation (rest and exercise) was 0.74 +/- 0.09 mL/beat (mean +/- SEM). This corresponds to 3.86 +/- 0.36 mL/min/100 mL and 3.76 +/- 0.46 mL/min/100 mL, respectively. Important assumptions when using this method are that venous return is constant and that forward arterial flow is over before the end of the cardiac cycle.     

The impact of plateau zokor<Emphasis Type="Italic">Myospalax fontanierii</Emphasis> burrows on alpine meadow vegetation on the Qinghai-Xizang (Tibetan) plateau

The impact of burrows constructed by plateau zokorsMyospalax fontanierii (Milne-Edwards, 1867) on alpine meadow vegetation on the Qinghai-Xizang (Tibetan) plateau was investigated. Plant samples taken from quadrats directly over active zokor burrows, back-filled burrows, adjacent burrow controls, and random sites from a field, in which no burrows or mounds occurred were compared. The biomass of plants (below- and above-ground) directly over shallow active burrows was significantly lower than on control plots. This reduction in biomass was not significantly different than that between deep active burrows and control plots. There were no significant differences between above- and below-ground plant biomass on areas perpendicular to active burrows when compared to random sites. Back-filling soil in burrows could promote the growth of above-ground monocotyledonous plants. However, the burrowing activities of zokors had a negative effect on biomass of dicotyledonous plants.     

高原鼢鼠肺组织细胞凋亡相关 基因的进化分析及其在不同 海拔条件下的表达模式

高原鼢鼠（Myospalax baileyi）是青藏高原特有的地下鼠,其地下洞道严重缺氧。一般来说,低氧会促进细胞凋亡。为了探讨高原鼢鼠适应低氧环境的分子机制,本文应用生物信息学方法对p53下游凋亡促进基因Pidd、Fas、Bax、Puma、Apaf-1、Scotin、Perp、Igfbp3和凋亡抑制基因Bcl-2的序列和编码的氨基酸序列进行了进化分析,并以SD大鼠（Rattus norvegicus）为对照,研究了这些基因在不同海拔环境条件下（3 300 m和2 260 m）的表达模式。结果表明：（1）高原鼢鼠细胞凋亡基因的序列与以色列鼹鼠（Nannospalax galili）同源性最高;预测的PIDD、PUMA、Apaf-1、IGFBP3和BCL-2编码蛋白结构域与以色列鼹鼠的存在明显的趋同进化位点;SIFT评估发现,高原鼢鼠和以色列鼹鼠与其他物种相比,p53、PIDD、PUMA、Apaf-1和IGFBP3氨基酸序列分别在78、853、157、320和285号位点的变异对其功能有显著影响;（2）在高海拔条件下（3 300 m）,高原鼢鼠肺组织中凋亡促进基因Pidd、Bax、Puma和Apaf-1表达水平显著下降,凋亡抑制基因Bcl-2表达水平显著升高,而在SD大鼠中凋亡促进基因和凋亡抑制基因的表达水平均没有变化;高原鼢鼠中Bcl-2/Bax比值随海拔的升高显著上升,而在SD大鼠中没有变化。以上结果提示,高原鼢鼠p53结构变异可能导致其下游基因表达模式与SD大鼠不同,其中凋亡促进基因Pidd、Bax、Puma和Apaf-1表达水平下降,凋亡抑制基因Bcl-2表达水平上升,从而抑制了细胞在低氧条件下的凋亡;在长期低氧的作用下,高原鼢鼠p53下游基因产物PIDD、PUMA、Apaf-1和IGFBP3产生了影响其功能的变异位点,这可能改变了它们与发挥功能的复合物的结合力,从而抑制了细胞凋亡。因此,通过长期的低氧适应,高原鼢鼠肺组织中与细胞凋亡相关的基因产物结构发生变异,导致其基因表达水平发生变化,从而抑制细胞凋亡,这是高原鼢鼠适应地下低氧洞道生境的分子机制之一。     

Maximal vascular leg conductance in trained and untrained men

Lower leg blood flow and vascular conductance were studied and related to maximal oxygen uptake in 15 sedentary men (28.5 +/- 1.2 yr, mean +/- SE) and 11 endurance-trained men (30.5 +/- 2.0 yr). Blood flows were obtained at rest and during reactive hyperemia produced by ischemic exercise to fatigue. Vascular conductance was computed from blood flow measured by venous occlusion plethysmography, and mean arterial blood pressure was determined by auscultation of the brachial artery. Resting blood flow and mean arterial pressure were similar in both groups (combined mean, 3.0 ml X min-1 X 100 ml-1 and 88.2 mmHg). After ischemic exercise, blood flows were 29- and 19-fold higher (P less than 0.001) than rest in trained (83.3 +/- 3.8 ml X min-1 X 100 ml-1) and sedentary subjects (61.5 +/- 2.3 ml X min-1 X 100 ml-1), respectively. Blood pressure and heart rate were only slightly elevated in both groups. Maximal vascular conductance was significantly higher (P less than 0.001) in the trained compared with the sedentary subjects. The correlation coefficients for maximal oxygen uptake vs. vascular conductance were 0.81 (trained) and 0.45 (sedentary). These data suggest that physical training increases the capacity for vasodilation in active limbs and also enables the trained individual to utilize a larger fraction of maximal vascular conductance than the sedentary subject.     

Oxygen Transport in Acute Pulmonary Oedema and in Acute Exacerbations of Chronic Bronchitis

When breathing air, the average arterial oxygen tension in eight patients with acute pulmonary oedema was significantly higher than in eight other patients suffering from an acute exacerbation of chronic bronchitis, but the mixed venous oxygen tension was very similar in both groups. This largely arose from the smaller arteriovenous difference of oxygen content in the bronchitic cases, presumably due to their higher cardiac output, associated with raised arterial CO₂ tensions. Oxygen therapy (60-90% for pulmonary oedema, 30% for the bronchitics) raised the mixed venous oxygen tensions to a similar level in both groups. We suggest that the major need for oxygen therapy lies in patients who maintain their oxygen consumption but show a reduction in mixed venous tension when breathing air. Although partial correction of arterial hypoxaemia is adequate in chronic bronchitis—in which the cardiac output is maintained—high concentrations of oxygen are necessary in pulmonary oedema, in which the cardiac output is low.     

Characterization of plasminogen binding to human capillary and arterial endothelial cells.

Phenotypic diversity of endothelial cells that line the various vascular spaces has been well established. However, it is not known if biochemical differences also exist, particularly in the numbers of receptors for plasma proteins. Equilibrium binding techniques were used to assess potential differences in the binding of 125I-labelled plasminogen to cultured human umbilical arterial endothelial cells and capillary endothelium, as compared with umbilical venous cells. The kinetic behaviour of plasminogen binding to all three types of cells was similar, with optimal binding occurring between 20 and 30 min of incubation. Binding of plasminogen to arterial, capillary, and venous cells was concentration dependent and reversible upon addition to excess unlabelled plasminogen. Scatchard analyses showed that artery, capillary, and venous endothelial cells all possess low affinity sites for plasminogen with Kd values of 0.30 +/- 0.07, 0.40 +/- 0.06, and 0.40 +/- 0.08 microM, respectively. Vein cells also possess an additional higher affinity binding site with a Kd of 0.07 +/- 0.01 microM, exhibiting a 6-fold greater affinity for plasminogen than the lower affinity sites on capillary and arterial endothelial cells. Assuming a stoichiometry of 1:1 for binding, the data indicate that arterial and capillary endothelial cells contain approximately 4.2 (+/- 0.9) x 10(6) and 4.1 (+/- 0.6) x 10(6) plasminogen receptors per cell. Venous cells contain both low and high density binding sites with 6.2 (+/- 0.8) x 10(6) and 12.4 (+/- 2.4) x 10(6) sites per endothelial cell. The presence of a higher affinity site on vein cells, but not on artery or capillary cells, may signal functional differences relating to fibrinolytic activity on the surface of these cells.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

K(ATP)(+) channels, nitric oxide, and adenosine are not required for local metabolic coronary vasodilation

The role of ATP-sensitive K(+) (K(ATP)(+)) channels, nitric oxide, and adenosine in coronary exercise hyperemia was investigated. Dogs (n = 10) were chronically instrumented with catheters in the aorta and coronary sinus and instrumented with a flow transducer on the circumflex coronary artery. Cardiac interstitial adenosine concentration was estimated from arterial and coronary venous plasma concentrations using a previously tested mathematical model. Experiments were conducted at rest and during graded treadmill exercise with and without combined inhibition of K(ATP)(+) channels (glibenclamide, 1 mg/kg iv), nitric oxide synthesis (N(omega)-nitro-L-arginine, 35 mg/kg iv), and adenosine receptors (8-phenyltheophylline, 3 mg/kg iv). During control exercise, myocardial oxygen consumption increased ~2.9-fold, coronary blood flow increased ~2.6-fold, and coronary venous oxygen tension decreased from 19.9 +/- 0.4 to 13.7 +/- 0.6 mmHg. Triple blockade did not significantly change the myocardial oxygen consumption or coronary blood flow response during exercise but lowered the resting coronary venous oxygen tension to 10.0 +/- 0.4 mmHg and during exercise to 6.2 +/- 0.5 mmHg. Cardiac adenosine levels did not increase sufficiently to overcome the adenosine receptor blockade. These results indicate that combined inhibition of K(ATP)(+) channels, nitric oxide synthesis, and adenosine receptors lowers the balance between total oxygen supply and consumption at rest but that these factors are not required for local metabolic coronary vasodilation during exercise.     

高原鼠兔领域行为时间分配格局及其对风险环境适应的探讨

采用直接观察法测定了高原鼠兔地面、洞道活动时间及进、出洞频率。结果表明,在07：00-18：00,雄性和雌性高原鼠兔平均地面活动时间分别占总活动时间比例的87．09％和85．22％。地面活动时间具有明显的季节性,但两性个体间无显著的差异。繁殖早期,成年雌体地面活动时问显著高于繁殖后期,第2胎幼体地面活动时间显著低于第1胎幼体。不同年龄和性别的高原鼠兔进洞频率存在极显著差异,5月成年雌体进洞频率最高,而成年雄体在4月进洞频率最低。研究结果验证了捕食风险可制约鼠兔属动物领域活动时间分配,高风险环境能增加其利用洞道的时间及频率的特定假设。