四川龙滴水自然保护区两栖爬行动物初步调查

2004年8月对四川省松潘县龙滴水自然保护区的两栖爬行动物进行了调查。结合资料记载,该保护区共有两栖动物12种,隶属于2目4科7属,其中8种属于中国特有种;爬行动物12种,隶属于1目4科9属,其中4种属于中国特有种;动物地理区系组成以东洋界的成分为主,物种多样性较丰富。     

湖南黄桑国家级自然保护区两栖爬行动物多样性及区系分析

为掌握湖南黄桑国家级自然保护区野生动物资源现状,促进保护区的有效管理,2013年7月30日—8月7日、2014年5月1日—8日,采用样带法对保护区两栖爬行动物资源进行了实地调查。结果表明:保护区共有两栖爬行动物77种,隶属于4目21科。其中,两栖纲2目9科31种,爬行纲2目12科46种;东洋界种类61种,广布种16种,无古北界物种,动物区系组成以东洋界华中区和华南区共有种为主;与2005年申报国家级自然保护区时的数据相比,此次新增16种两栖动物和7种爬行动物。两栖动物生态类型以流水型居多,其次为陆栖-静水型,树栖型、陆栖-流水型和静水型最少。多样性和均匀度指数分析结果显示:保护区两栖爬行动物物种多样性丰富,稳定性高,各属物种分布均匀,但各科的分布不均匀。通过平均动物区系相似性分析发现:保护区处于南岭山脉与雪峰山脉过渡地域,地理位置独特,两栖爬行动物地理区划亦体现出华中区西部山地高原亚区与东部丘陵平原亚区的过渡性。最后根据资源特点和管理现状,提出了针对性的保护建议。     

大熊猫国家公园长青管理分局辖区 两栖爬行动物调查及区系分析

为深入了解大熊猫国家公园长青管理分局辖区两栖爬行动物多样性现状,促进动物多样性管理,于2021年5月、7月和10月开展了调查工作。将调查区划分为5 km×5 km调查样区,每个样区设置调查样线1～3条,样线长500 m～2 km。主要沿溪沟、河流、林地、草地、公路等生境设置,涵盖所有生境类型。调查获得两栖爬行动物标本437号,经形态特征和DNA条形码鉴定37种,并结合文献资料记载14种,共记录两栖爬行动物51种。其中,两栖动物15种,隶属2目8科13属;爬行动物36种,隶属2目6科22属,分别占陕西省两栖爬行动总数的53.6%和63.2%。与合并前的长青、皇冠山、桑园三个保护区综合科学考察结果相比,新增两栖动物5种、爬行动物5种。保护区内东洋界物种具明显优势,占63%,广布种占25%,古北界物种占12%;我国特有种26种,被列入中国脊椎动物红色名录中受威胁等级的有14种。结果显示,长青管理分局辖区的两栖爬行动物具有重要的保护价值,本次调查有助于全面了解大熊猫国家公园长青管理分局辖区两栖爬行动物资源概况,为科学保护和管理提供基础资料。     

四川省喇叭河自然保护区的两栖爬行动物初步调查

喇叭河自然保护区共有两栖动物2月7科22种,区系组成以东洋界西南区为主;爬行动物1目7科17种,区系组成以东洋界广布种为主。两栖爬行动物是保护区内的重要资源。喇叭河自然保护区是保护横断山东缘物种多样性的关键地区之一。     

珠穆朗玛峰国家级自然保护区两栖爬行动物多样性及区系

西藏珠穆朗玛峰国家级自然保护区(以下简称珠峰保护区)是全球海拔最高、相对高差最大的自然保护区,主要保护世界上独一无二的极高山生态系统、原始的山地森林以及异常丰富的山地生物多样性,但人类目前对区内两栖爬行动物多样性的研究和了解却十分有限。为了掌握野生动物资源现状,促进保护区的有效管理,2010–2012年,我们先后5次对珠峰保护区两栖爬行动物资源进行了系统的实地调查,共采集到61号两栖爬行动物标本。结果显示:保护区至今已记录到两栖动物9种,隶属1目3科6属;爬行动物11种,隶属1目4科10属。区内两栖爬行动物区系组成以东洋界物种占绝对优势,共有17种,古北界物种仅3种;区系特有性明显,中国特有种2种、主要分布在中国的物种6种。古北界与东洋界在区内的分界明显且没有交汇,分界线约在海拔3,600–3,800 m之间。我们相信随着实地调查工作的深入,在保护区南坡沟谷区域的两栖爬行动物物种总数还会有所增加。     

云南高黎贡山自然保护区赧亢片区鱼和两栖爬行动物多样性调查报告

2006年8月对高黎贡山自然保护区赧亢片区开展了鱼类、两栖和爬行动物的资源调查。调查结果,赧亢片区共有鱼类4种,隶属2目4科4属;两栖动物10种,隶属2目4科8属,其中云南特有种4种;爬行动物9种．隶属2目3科8属。赧亢片区的物种全为东洋界种,区系成分为西南、华南区,或者两区所共有的成分组成。将赧亢片区与邻近的高黎贡山自然保护区和小黑山省级自然保护区（小黑山片区）的多样性对比,赧亢片区不仅具有较高的物种多样性,亦是连接两个保护区物种交流和基因流动的重要通道。     

四川美姑大风顶自然保护区两栖爬行动物资源调查

20 0 2年 8月 1日～ 17日对四川美姑大风顶自然保护区的两栖爬行动物进行了调查。结合前人的工作 ,该保护区共有两栖爬行动物 2 2种 ,其中两栖动物 11种 ,隶属于 9属 7科 2目 ,爬行动物 11种 ,隶属于 9属 4科 2亚目 1目。区系特点为 :(1)物种组成较丰富 ;(2 )都属于东洋界物种 ,没有古北界的成分 ;(3)区系组成较简单 ,以喜马控雅 -横断山区型和南中国型为主 ;(4 )特有种所占比例高。 (5 )既古老又具年轻的特点。美姑县新纪录 6种 ,大凉疣螈为国家Ⅱ级重点保护野生动物 ,横斑锦蛇为四川省重点保护野生动物。美姑大风顶自然保护区两栖爬行动物物种多样性和生境多样性较高 ,对于生物多样性保护和研究横断山脉两栖爬行动物物种组成及区系特征具有一定意义。     

贵州大沙河自然保护区两栖爬行动物多样性研究

对贵州道真县大沙河保护区的两栖爬行动物进行了3次调查研究。共采获两栖动物2目8科15属27种（亚种）,占贵州省两栖动物总种数62种（亚种）的43．5％;爬行动物3目10科（亚科）28属34种（亚种）,占贵州省爬行动物总种数104种的32．7％。从物种组成和区系分析,本保护区的两栖动物以无尾目的蛙科为主,共12种,占保护区内总种数27种的44．4％;主要区系成分为东洋界的华中区种,共11种,占保护区总种数的40．74％;其物种的组成与中国及贵州的两栖动物区系特点一致。爬行动物以游蛇科为其主要组成部分,共有17种,占该保护区爬行动物种数的50．0％;这一特征与我国以及贵州爬行动物的组成特征是基本一致的。但是大沙河地区爬行动物组成中,蝮亚科有2属5种,居第2位,与我国以及贵州的爬行动物组成特点不同,故蝮亚科为构成该区爬行动物区系的主要特征成分之一。本文还运用G-F指数对大沙河自然保护区的两栖爬行动物进行科属间的物种多样性分析。结果表明爬行动物的科内和科间的多样性较高,属内和属间的多样性较低,G-F指数为正值;两栖动物的科内和科间的多样性较低,属内和属间的多样性较高,G—F指数为负值。     

宁夏六盘山国家级自然保护区两栖爬行动物资源调查

宁夏六盘山保护区自成立以来,对其两栖爬行动物资源调查的相关报道较少。为掌握两栖爬行动物本底资源现状,评价保护区生物多样性,2011年7月~2013年7月共7次对保护区两栖爬行动物资源进行了实地调查。结合文献记载,保护区两栖爬行动物共14种,隶属于2目7科9属,占宁夏28种两栖爬行动物的50.0%;其中两栖类共5种,隶属于1目3科4属,占宁夏7种两栖动物的71.4%,爬行类共9种,隶属于4科5属,占宁夏21种爬行动物的43.8%。保护区两爬动物以古北界物种和广布种为主,分别为8种和5种,东洋界物种仅1种。在此基础上与其相邻的保护区做了动物区系相似性(AFR)比较,结果显示,随着纬度的增高,各保护区两栖爬行动物存在规律性的替代现象。     

广东大峡谷自然保护区两栖爬行动物资源调查

2005年8月中下旬、2006年3月中下旬和5月中下旬,共3次对广东大峡谷自然保护区的两栖爬行动物资源进行了实地调查,结合有关文献资料的报道结果,广东大峡谷自然保护区现已记录67种两栖爬行动物,隶属2纲4目17科。其中两栖纲1目6科22种;爬行纲3目11科45种。其动物区系组成以东洋界种类明显占优势,占总物种数的88．06％。两栖爬行动物地理区划上属东洋界华中区东部丘陵平原亚区。此次调查发现的福建掌突蟾 （Leptolalax liui）为广东省两栖动物新分布记录。     

壳聚糖酶的克隆表达与壳寡糖的制备分析

目的:克隆壳聚糖酶基因于大肠杆菌中实现高表达,制备壳寡糖。方法:以枯草芽孢杆菌总DNA为模板扩增壳聚糖酶基因(CSN),克隆至载体pET23a(+)上,转化菌株BL21(DE3)。重组子经0.5 mmol/L IPTG诱导后,SDS-PAGE和质谱检测与鉴定重组酶。酶纯化后水解壳聚糖,薄层色谱分析其水解产物。结果:质谱证明壳聚糖酶(31.5kDa)成功表达,表达量占菌体总蛋白的45%左右。纯化后重组酶浓度为900 mg/L,纯度95%、回收率85%,酶活力为10 000 U/mg。壳聚糖降解产物为壳二糖至壳四糖。结论:原核表达载体pET23a(+)-CSN构建正确,壳聚糖酶表达量与活性高,适用于水解壳聚糖制备壳寡糖。     

国内外蝗害治理技术现状与展望

本文首先概述了国内外蝗虫发生与为害的态势,总结了现阶段我国蝗虫发生与为害的主要特点:即农田飞蝗暴发频繁而且严重,草原土蝗的发生时常造成严重的经济损失,而且侵入城市干扰市民生活,我国与周边国家之间蝗虫过境迁移频繁,使用化学农药污染环境和农产品;分析了国内外蝗虫防治对策与技术的发展现状,重点介绍了应急防治和可持续治理对策、...     

放牧对牧草光合作用、呼吸作用和氮、碳吸收与转运的影响

研究放牧对草地植物生理活动的影响,对于揭示草地放牧演替的生理机制有重要意义.大量研究表明,家畜放牧对牧草光合作用、呼吸作用以及C和N吸收与转运的影响,可以分为生理伤害和生理恢复2个阶段.放牧通过改变草地冠层结构影响牧草光合作用,净光合作用速率短期内迅速下降,随着叶面积指数增加又逐渐上升,呼吸作用有相似的变化趋势.牧草放牧后再生长所需的C和N最初主要来自根系和留茬中的贮藏物质,此后随着牧草生长恢复逐渐由同化作用供给,C代谢与土壤N水平负相关.放牧后牧草生理活动变化与牧草遗传特性、种间竞争、家畜放牧特征、非生物环境等因素密切相关.     

Kinetics and thermodynamics of peroxidase- and laccase-catalyzed oxidation of N-substituted phenothiazines and phenoxazines

N -substituted phenothiazines (PTs) and phenoxazines (POs) catalyzed by fungal Coprinus cinereus peroxidase and Polyporus pinsitus laccase were investigated at pH 4–10. In the case of peroxidase, an apparent bimolecular rate constant (expressed as k _cat/K _m) varied from 1 ×10⁷M⁻¹s⁻¹to 2.6×10⁸M⁻¹s⁻¹ at pH 7.0. The constants for PO oxidation were higher in comparison to PT. pH dependence revealed two or three ionizable groups with pK _a values of 4.9–5.7 and 7.7–9.7 that significantly affected the activity of peroxidase. Single-turnover experiments showed that the limiting step of PT oxidation was reduction of compound II and second-order rate constants were obtained which were consistent with the constants at steady-state conditions. Laccase-catalyzed PT and PO oxidation rates were lower; apparent bimolecular rate constants varied from 1.8×10⁵M⁻¹s⁻¹ to 2.0×10⁷M⁻¹s⁻¹ at pH 5.3. PO constants were higher in comparison to PT, as was the case with peroxidase. The dependence of the apparent bimolecular constants of compound II or copper type 1 reduction, in the case of peroxidase or laccase, respectively, was analyzed in the framework of the Marcus outer-sphere electron-transfer theory. Peroxidase-catalyzed reactions with PT, as well as PO, fitted the same hyperbolic dependence with a maximal oxidation rate of 1.6×10⁸M⁻¹s⁻¹ and a reorganization energy of 0.30 eV. The respective parameters for laccase were 5.0×10⁷M⁻¹s⁻¹ and 0.29 eV. Received: 20 September 1999 / Accepted: 24 February 2000     

Coiled-coil nanomechanics and uncoiling and unfolding of the superhelix and alpha-helices of myosin

The nanomechanical properties of the coiled-coils of myosin are fundamentally important in understanding muscle assembly and contraction. Force spectra of single molecules of double-headed myosin, single-headed myosin, and coiled-coil tail fragments were acquired with an atomic force microscope and displayed characteristic triphasic force-distance responses to stretch: a rise phase (R) and a plateau phase (P) and an exponential phase (E). The R and P phases arise mainly from the stretching of the coiled-coils, with the hinge region being the main contributor to the rise phase at low force. Only the E phase was analyzable by the worm-like chain model of polymer elasticity. Restrained molecular mechanics simulations on an existing x-ray structure of scallop S2 yielded force spectra with either two or three phases, depending on the mode of stretch. It revealed that coiled-coil chains separate completely near the end of the P phase and the stretching of the unfolded chains gives rise to the E phase. Extensive conformational searching yielded a P phase force near 40 pN that agreed well with the experimental value. We suggest that the flexible and elastic S2 region, particularly the hinge region, may undergo force-induced unfolding and extend reversibly during actomyosin powerstroke.     

白术同源四倍体的诱导和鉴定及其与二倍体过氧化物酶的比较

以白术（Atractylodes macrooephala Koidz.）二倍体组培苗为材料,对其四倍体诱导方法进行研究,共获得45个白术同源四倍体株系,为优良株系的选育提供了材料。此外,还分析比较了其中8个白术四倍体株系与二倍体的过氧化物酶同工酶（POD）的酶谱差异,发现四倍体各株系过氧化物酶同工酶谱比二倍体的均多了Rf0.310的谱带,且总过氧化物酶比活力也发生了很大改变,对探讨白术四倍体优良株系的生理生化机理具有一定的参考价值。     

Synthesis of hapten and conjugates of coumestrol and development of immunoassay

3-O-Carboxymethylcoumestrol was prepared as the hapten for immunoassay by a partial alkylation of coumestrol with ethyl chloroacetate in acetone alkalized with potassium carbonate. 3-O-Ethoxycarbonylmethylcoumestrol was separated by column chromatography and finally was hydrolyzed with formic acid. 1H and 13C NMR data (APT, COSY, HMQC, and HMBC) revealed that the reaction was regioselective, as 3-O-ethoxycarboxymethylcoumestrol was the only monosubstituted derivative. The hapten was then conjugated to bovine serum albumin and used for immunization of rabbits. A radioimmunoassay (RIA) system was established based on the polyclonal antiserum and a 125I-labeled hapten-tyrosine methyl ester conjugate as the radioligand. Parameters of the RIA: sensitivity: 12 pg per tube, 50% intercept: 140 pg per tube, working range: 20-4000 pg per tube. The cross-reactivity of a panel isoflavonoid and lignan phytoestrogens was either negligible (e.g. formononetin 0.07%; biochanin A 0.06%) or not detectable at all. The major immunoreactive peak in HPLC fractions from an alfalfa extract had the same retention time as coumestrol standard and represented 94.8% of the signal. The remaining 5.2% of immunoreactivity was distributed between five minor peaks. We conclude that after the validation for particular matrices, the method will be a useful tool for analysis of coumestrol, especially in low volume and low concentration samples.     

Morphology and putative function of the colon and cloaca of marine and freshwater snakes

Among tetrapods, evidence for postrenal modification of the urine by the distal digestive tract (including the colon and cloaca) is highly variable. Birds and bladderless reptiles are of interest because the colon and cloaca represent the only sites from which water and ions can be reclaimed from the urine secreted by the kidney. For animals occupying desiccating environments (e.g., deserts and marine environments), postrenal modification of the urine may directly contribute to the maintenance of hypo‐osmotic body fluids. We compared the morphology and distribution of key proteins in the colon, cloaca, and urogenital ducts of watersnakes from marine (Nerodia clarkii clarkii) and freshwater (Nerodia fasciata) habitats. Specifically, we examined the epithelia of each tissue for evidence of mucus production by examining the distribution of mucopolysaccharides, and for evidence of water/ion regulation by examining the distribution of Na⁺/K⁺‐ATPase (NKA), Na⁺/K⁺/Cl^? cotransporter (NKCC), and aquaporin 3 (AQP3). NKCC localized to the basolateral epithelium of the colon, urodeal sphincter, and proctodeum, consistent with a role in secretion of Na⁺, Cl^?, and K⁺ from the tissue, but NKA was not detected in the colon or any compartment of the cloaca. Interestingly, NKA was detected in the basolateral epithelium of the ureters, suggesting the urothelium may play a role in active ion transport. AQP3 was detected in the ureters and coprodeal complex, consistent with a role in urinary and fecal dehydration or, potentially, in the production of the watery component of the mucus secreted by the coprodeal complex. Since no differences in general cloacal morphology, production of mucus, or the distribution of ion transporters/water channels were detected between the two species, cloacal osmoregulation may either be regulated by proteins not examined in this study or may not be responsible for the differential success of N. c. clarkii and N. fasciata in marine habitats. J. Morphol. 2011. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.