长白猪和太湖猪不同生长阶段脂肪中肉质和胴体性状相关基因的表达谱分析

动物个体的皮下脂肪厚度（subcutaneous fat thickness,SFT）和肌内脂肪（intramuscular fat,IMF）含量取决于活体内脂肪酸合成与氧化竞争的动态平衡点．利用包含140个与猪脂肪沉积、代谢和肌肉生长密切相关基因的Oligo功能分类基因芯片检测了脂肪型的太湖猪和瘦肉型的长白猪在1,2,3,4和5月龄间背部皮下脂肪中这些基因的动态表达变化,发现长白猪有25个基因在月龄间的表达差异达显著水平（P〈0．05）,且包含23个基因的“参与脂肪或类固醇代谢的酶和调节蛋白”基因分组在品种间具有极显著意义（P〈0．01）．提示两猪种脂肪沉积能力的巨大表型差异可能与这些基因的差异表达规律密切相关．STEM聚类分析显示长白猪和太湖猪各有两个表达模式分别具有极显著（P〈0．01）和显著性意义（P〈0．05）,但太湖猪基因表达谱比较分散,占主导优势的表达模式没有长白猪明显．提示太湖猪脂肪细胞内参与相关代谢活动的基因间的调控关系较长白猪复杂．基于动态贝叶斯模型构建的基因调控网络从一定程度上反映了两猪种在脂肪沉积代谢相关生理生化活动方面存在的明显差异,可从中挖掘相关性状潜在的关键特征基因．此外,对5个差异表达基因的荧光定量RT-PCR验证显示两种实验方法结果的相关系数平均高达0．874±0．071．以上结果筛选出了对于猪脂肪相关性状可能具有重要影响并值得深入研究的一些基因,初步揭示了生长发育过程中脂肪细胞基因表达调控的分子互作机制．     

中国两头乌猪品种内源性逆转录病毒基因研究

目的对5个中国两头乌猪品种(通城猪、东山猪、沙子岭猪、赣西两头乌猪和金华猪)及3个国外品种(大白猪、长白猪和杜洛克猪)猪内源性逆转录病毒(PERV)的核心蛋白(gag)基因、多聚酶(pol)基因、囊膜(env)基因的3个亚型A、B、C,分别从DNA和RNA水平上进行研究,以发现中国两头乌猪品种在异种器官移植中的资源优势。方法利用PCR方法在DNA水平上对PERV基因的三个亚型进行鉴定,并通过半定量PCR方法在RNA水平上检测通城猪和大白猪PERV各亚型在心、肝、脾、肺、肾、肌肉、脂肪、淋巴和脑组织中的表达谱。结果4个华中两头乌猪种中env-AB型为主要PERV亚型,分别占被测总数的92%～100%。在这4个品种中均没有检测到C亚型,金华猪以及3个国外猪种中均检测到了C亚型,病毒亚型种类也更丰富。半定量PCR实验结果显示gag、pol基因在两个品种9个组织中广泛表达,env-A在通城猪的心、肝、肺、脂肪和淋巴组织中表达量较低,env-B在通城猪的心脏和淋巴组织中表达量较低,而env-B在大白猪的肾脏中表达很低,其他所测8个组织中表达量都较高。结论通城猪、东山猪、赣西两头乌猪和沙子岭猪可以做为较佳的异种移植候选供体,具有良好的应用前景。     

猪背最长肌中肌肉生长和脂肪沉积相关基因的差异表达和主成分分析

骨骼肌细胞和脂肪细胞在分化生长速度上相对竞争的平衡点是猪肉质和胴体性状的决定因素.利用Oligo功能分类芯片检测了瘦肉型的长白猪和脂肪型的太湖猪在初生、1、2、3、4和5月龄间背最长肌中肌肉生长和脂肪沉积相关基因的动态表达变化.差异表达分析结果显示,在初生至5月龄的品种间分别有15、16、11、13、18和20个基因的表达差异倍数大于2倍.品种内的方差分析表明,长白猪分别有18和22个基因,太湖猪分别有3和7个基因在月龄间的表达差异达极显著(Ｐ<0.01)和显著水平(Ｐ<0.05).主成分分析结果显示,先降后升是两品种内最具代表性的基因表达模式,且长白猪和太湖猪分别有7和6个基因的表达模式明显偏离其他基因,提示其可能受到了重要的调控. 此外,5个差异表达基因的荧光定量RT-PCR验证结果均与芯片结果呈正相关趋势.以上结果筛选出了对于猪肉质和胴体性状可能具有重要影响,值得深入研究的一些候选基因,为深入研究生长发育过程中参与肌纤维生长和脂肪酸合成关键基因的表达变化规律和互作调控机制提供了基础数据.     

藏猪和长白猪对口蹄疫疫苗的免疫应答特性比较研究

目的 比较藏猪和长白猪接种口蹄疫O型灭活苗后免疫应答的差异,为研究藏猪的免疫遗传特性和抗逆性奠定基础.方法 分别用猪口蹄疫O型灭活苗肌注免疫8日龄藏猪和长白猪,在免疫前、免疫后1、2、4和6周采集抗凝血,计数血液中免疫细胞数量的变化,ELISA法测定血清中特异性抗体含量,定量RT-PCR分析免疫应答调控相关基因的表达水平.结果 疫苗免疫后4至6周,藏猪血液中白细胞数量和口蹄疫病毒特异性抗体的含量显著高于长白猪组(P<0.05),藏猪的TLR7和CD4基因表达水平也较长白猪明显升高(P<0.05),而长白猪的TLR4和TLR9基因的表达量在免疫后2至6周比藏猪有较明显的上升(P<0.05);藏猪的IL10基因的表达量在免疫后2周时显著低于长白猪组(P<0.05).结论 口蹄疫苗免疫后,藏猪的体液免疫应答水平和Th等免疫细胞数量显著高于长白猪,其TLR7基因表达水平也明显升高(P<0.05),而长白猪的IL10、TLR4和TLR9基因的表达量在免疫后不同时期较藏猪明显增多(P<0.05);说明免疫藏猪对口蹄疫的免疫应答反应显著强于长白猪,与其TLR7、CD4免疫基因的高表达和IL10基因较低水平表达相关.     

五指山猪和长白猪背最长肌差异基因的筛选与注释

为了筛选五指山猪和长白猪背最长肌组织差异表达基因,本研究采用RNA-seq技术和生物信息学方法对6月龄、8月龄五指山猪和长白猪的背最长肌进行转录组测序分析,并对差异表达基因进行GO和KEGG Pathway显著性富集分析。通过与猪基因组比对分析后发现,在6月龄和8月龄五指山猪和长白猪均有约44 000 000条Clean reads能够比对到猪基因组上相关基因,每个文库均获得约18 200个表达基因,而转录本的数据为25 000个。在6月龄五指山猪与长白猪中共有30个基因差异表达,在8月龄五指山猪与长白猪中获得29个差异表达的基因。这些差异表达的基因主要富集在与糖酵解代谢、MAPK信号代谢通路和胰岛素信号通路等肌肉发育信号通路,通过筛选获得了与肌肉生长发育有关的候选基因,为探索五指山猪肌肉发育的分子机制提供了理论依据。     

不同品种猪背最长肌中IGF-1-PI3K/AKT通路基因的生长发育表达模式差异

本文研究了广西巴马小型猪和长白猪背最长肌中IGF-1-PI3K/AKT信号通路相关基因的发育表达模式的差异,为今后研究巴马小型猪的生长发育和肉质性状提供分子理论基础.克隆猪INSR、IRS1、IGF-1、PI3K、PI3KR1、PDK1、PTEN、AKT1、FoxO1、mTOR、4EBP1和β-actin基因,构建荧光定量PCR标准曲线,采用实时PCR法检测上述基因在广西巴马小型猪和长白猪出生后1、30、60、90、180 d背最长肌的表达变化.在同一生长发育阶段,PTEN和4EBP1基因的表达均极显著高于同一品种其他基因的表达,FoxO1、PI3KR1和AKT1基因中度表达,IGF-1、INSR、IRS1、PI3K、PDK1基因低度表达;在不同生长发育阶段基因的表达存在显著差异;两个品种猪在同一生长发育时间的表达也存在差异.本研究结果表明广西巴马小型猪和长白猪IGF-1-PI3K/AKT通路相关基因的表达呈现出明显的品种差异性和时空差异性,PTEN、FoxO1和4EBP1基因表达差异可能是两个品种猪肌肉产量和肉质性状存在差异的原因之一.     

猪PID1基因CDS区的克隆及其mRNA表达与肌内脂肪沉积关系

为了探索PID1(Phosphotyrosine interaction domain containing1)基因的表达与脂肪沉积的关系,文章利用兼并引物进行RT-PCR从猪脂肪和肌肉组织中克隆PID1基因CDS(Coding region)区全序列,并采用荧光定量PCR方法对大白猪、鲁莱黑猪、莱芜猪3个猪品种的肝脏、脂肪和肌肉组织PID1基因mRNA表达进行了相对定量分析。结果表明:经克隆、测序,得到了猪PID1基因654bp全编码区序列,通过Blast比对,与人、大鼠、牛有93.88%、66.94%、88.07%的同源性。PID1基因在同一个品种猪中mRNA表达水平总体表现为:肝脏脂肪肌肉。在不同品种3种组织中PID1基因mRNA表达水平总体表现为:莱芜猪鲁莱黑猪大白猪,其中肝脏中差异显著(P0.05),但是在脂肪和肌肉组织中莱芜猪与鲁莱黑猪差异不显著(P0.05)。对于高肌内脂肪(LWH)、中等肌内脂肪(LWI)和低肌内脂肪(LWL)沉积的3组莱芜猪,PID1基因在肝脏组织中的表达水平是LWH显著高于LWL(P0.05),在肌肉组织中则是LWH显著高于LWI和LWL(P0.05)。PID1基因在莱芜猪品种内3个组织中mRNA表达量与IMF含量相关均不显著,而在品种间3个组织中mRNA表达量与IMF含量呈显著正相关(P0.05)。结果提示:PID1的表达可能与脂肪沉积性状存在一定的关系。     

猪ATF4基因多态性与生产性状的关联及基因表达分析

为进一步了解和认识ATF4基因的功能,揭示ATF4对猪脂肪代谢的影响,寻找与肉质性状相关联的分子标记,文章采用PCR方法扩增了ATF4基因部分序列,通过序列比对发现在翻译起始密码子ATG下游159 bp处存在A159G转换,通过PCR-AluⅠ-RFLP对大白猪、长白猪、梅山猪和通城猪进行酶切分型,发现在大白猪和长白猪中均为AA基因型,在梅山猪和通城猪中均为GG基因型。进一步对大白猪×梅山F2群体资源家系进行了酶切分型,并分析该位点的多态性与生产性状的关系。结果表明,ATF4的多态性与臀部平均膘厚存在极显著相关(P<0.01),与胸腰椎间膘厚、平均膘厚、眼肌高、眼肌面积存在显著相关(P<0.05)。采用Real-time PCR分析了ATF4基因在大白猪与梅山猪背最长肌不同发育阶段的表达模式。结果表明,ATF4基因在大白猪和梅山猪胚胎期65 d和出生后3 d中的表达水平相对都比较低,且在两品种间无明显差异;而在出生后60 d和120 d,ATF4基因在大白猪中与梅山猪均出现了上调表达,并且在梅山猪中的相对表达水平要显著高于大白猪。研究结果为进一步深入研究猪ATF4基因在脂肪代谢中的分子机理奠定了基础。     

猪激素敏感脂酶和甘油三酯水解酶基因组织表达特性研究

以八眉猪为研究对象,采用RT-PCR和Western blot方法对猪激素敏感酯酶(HSL)和甘油三酯水解酶(TGH)基因组织表达特点进行了研究。RT-PCR半定量检测显示,HSL基因的mRNA在检测的7种组织中都有表达,其中在脂肪组织表达量较高,中等程度表达于心脏、肝脏、肺、脾和肾脏。TGH基因在7种组织也均有表达,其中肝脏和脂肪组织表达量较高,心脏和肾脏次之,脾脏和肺脏表达量较低。Western blot检测显示,HSL基因在大网膜脂肪和皮下脂肪表达量最高,而在肾脏中没有检测到表达,其他组织中中度表达;TGH基因在大网膜脂肪、皮下脂肪、肝脏、肺脏和脾脏组织中表达,其中在脂肪组织和肝脏组织中表达量最高,而在心脏和肾脏中没有检测到表达。以上结果表明:HSL和TGH基因存在转录后调控,这可能与其在不同组织中的功能差异有关。     

2个猪品种的背最长肌组织中兰尼定受体(RYR1)基因表达的发育性变化

本研究采用实时荧光定量PCR方法检测了长白猪和梅山猪背最长肌组织中RYR1基因mRNA表达量在初生(0月龄)、1月龄、2月龄、3月龄、4月龄和5月龄间的变化及其与体重、肌纤维面积(CSA)和肌内脂肪含量(IMF)之间的相关性。结果表明:长白猪的体重、CSA在多数月龄均高于梅山猪,而梅山猪的IMF在多数月龄均高于长白猪。两品种RYR1基因表达量的发育性表达模式极为相似,均表现为波动起伏中逐渐上升的趋势。相同月龄时,梅山猪RYR1基因的表达量均高于长白猪。本文初步揭示了两猪种生长发育过程中RYR1基因表达的发育性变化模式和品种差异,为进一步研究RYR1基因对猪肉质性状的影响提供了基础数据。     

Analysis of Expressed Sequence Tags in Porcine Uterus Tissue

Two non-normalized cDNA libraries of uteri from Danish Landrace and Chinese Erhualian pigs were constructed, and 13,756 expressed sequence tags (ESTs) were randomly sequenced. The ESTs were clustered by Phrap software, and 6,139 distinct tentative consensus sequences were produced, including 2,730 contigs and 3,409 singlets. Using Blast tools, these 6,139 candidate genes were compared to the nr and nt databases; 5,210 of them were assigned putative functions, whereas 929 potentially represent new genes. Highly expressed genes appear to be associated with basic energy metabolism, transferase activity, localization, cellular physiological process, protein binding, and nucleic acid binding. Antileukoproteinase was the most highly expressed gene, corresponding to endometrial differentiation and conceptus or fetal development.     

Genome-wide profiling of gene expression in 29 normal human tissues with a cDNA microarray.

We have performed a comprehensive analysis of the expression profiles in 25 adult and 4 fetal human tissues by means of a cDNA microarray consisting of 23,040 human genes. This study revealed a number of genes that were expressed specifically in each of those tissues. Among the 29 tissues examined, 4,080 genes were highly expressed (at least a five-fold expression ratio) in one or only a few tissues and 1,163 of those were expressed exclusively (more than a ten-fold higher expression ratio) in a particular tissue. Expression of some of the genes in the latter category was confirmed by northern analysis. A hierarchical clustering analysis of gene-expression profiles in nerve tissues (adult brain, fetal brain, and spinal cord), lymphoid tissues (bone marrow, thymus, spleen, and lymph node), muscle tissues (heart and skeletal muscle), or adipose tissues (mesenteric adipose and mammary gland) identified a set of genes that were commonly expressed among related tissues. These data should provide useful information for medical research, especially for efforts to identify tissue-specific molecules as potential targets of novel drugs to treat human diseases.     

Porcine growth differentiation factor 9 gene polymorphisms and their associations with litter size

Growth differentiation factor 9 (GDF9) is expressed in oocytes and is thought to be required for ovarian folliculogenesis.Given this function,GDF9 may be considered as a candidate gene controlling pig ovulate rate.In this study,the complete coding sequence was cloned (encoding a 444 amino acid),intron sequence and partial 5'-UTR of pig GDF9.RT-PCR results showed that GDF9 mRNA is expressed in a wide range of tissues of the ruttish Erhualian pig.The expression levels of GDF9 mRNA in pituitary,ovary,uterus and oviduct are higher in the Erhualian pigs than those in Duroc pigs,especially in pituitary with a significant difference (P＜0.05).Comparative sequencing revealed 12 polymorphisms,including 8 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPS) and one 314 bp indel in noncoding regions,and the other 3 SNPS in coding regions.Four polymorphisms,G359C,C1801T,T1806C and 314 bp indel,were developed as markers for further use in population variation and association studies.The G359C polymorphism segregates only in Chinese native pigs,Erhualian and Dahuabai,on the contrary,314 bp indel segregates only in Duroc and Landrace.C1801T and T1806C sites seem to be completely linked and segregate in Erhualian,Dahuabai and Landrace.In a word,GDF9 may be not associated with pig litter size in extensive populations as per the studies of allele distributions of the four polymorphisms and pilot association in four breeds.     

Juxtamembrane localization of the protein phosphatase-1 inhibitor protein PHI-1 in smooth muscle cells

Protein phosphorylation regulates many fundamental processes and protein phosphatase-1 (PP1) is a major phosphatase that determines the levels of Ser/Thr phosphorylation. Regulatory subunits and inhibitor phosphoproteins control PP1 activity. PHI-1 is a member of a family of PP1 inhibitor phosphoproteins that was discovered based on sequence similarity to the known inhibitor CPI-17. To learn more about PHI-1 we determined the tissue distribution of PHI-1 in embryonic and adult tissues, and examined its cellular localization by immunohistochemistry. In the embryo PHI-1 appeared first in the heart at E10, and by E15 it was detected in multiple tissues. Expression in adult tissues was strikingly different, with PHI-1 detected primarily in smooth muscles in the intestine, blood vessels, and male and female genitourinary tracts. PHI-1 also was highly expressed in the endothelial layer of blood vessels. Both PHI-1 and CPI-17 are expressed predominantly in adult smooth muscles. Whereas CPI-17 staining was diffuse PHI-1 was concentrated along the cell membrane in distinct foci, detected by confocal and electron microscopy. The common tissue distribution but different cellular localization of PHI-1 and CPI-17 suggest distinctive physiological roles for these two PP1 inhibitors.     

Molecular characterization of the BTG2 and BTG3 genes in fetal muscle development of pigs

BTG2 and BTG3 are two members of the B-cell translocation gene family with anti-proliferative properties. BTG1 gene in this gene family has been reported to play a key role in muscle growth. In this study, we identified and characterized the porcine BTG2 and BTG3 genes, mapped the two genes to porcine chromosomes, and analyzed their expression differences in the longissimus dorci muscle of 33 dpc (day postconception), 65 dpc and 90 dpc in the lean Landrace and fatty Chinese Tongcheng pig breeds. Expression changes in differentiated C2C12 cells were also investigated with myogenin as internal control. The results showed that the porcine BTG2 and BTG3 genes were mapped on SSC9q21-25 and SSC13q47, respectively. BTG2 gene expressed at high levels in skeletal muscle and heart in both Tongcheng and Landrace pigs whereas BTG3 gene expressed at lower levels in skeletal muscle and heart than in other tissues. Furthermore, BTG3 expressed at higher levels in skeletal muscle of Tonghceng compared with Landrace pig. The expression of BTG2 and BTG3 was significantly different in skeletal muscle among different developmental stages and between the two breeds. Expression analysis in murine myoblast cells showed that both genes were induced in differentiated C2C12 cells, suggesting a role of them in myogenic differentiation. Our study indicated that BTG2 and BTG3, especially BTG3 gene, may be important genes for skeletal muscle growth.