封育对高寒草甸植物群落构成及生态位特征的影响

封育是天然草地管理的一种有效措施,利于草地生产力提高和退化草地恢复。该研究通过对青藏高原高寒草甸放牧和封育草地物种多样性、植被构成、植物种生态位特征、草地演替度等分析,解析高寒草甸植物种间关系及草地演替方向。结果表明:(1)封育显著降低了草地群落植物物种数以及α和β多样性指数,显著增加了草地1年生植物种数、地面芽植物种数和地上生物量。(2)放牧草地地上生物量以莎草科(59.7%)和禾本科(23.9%)为主,封育草地地上生物量以禾本科(85.0%)为主;放牧草地优势种为矮嵩草(Kobresia humilis)和线叶嵩草(K.capillifolia),封育草地优势种为垂穗披碱草(Elymus nutans)和早熟禾(Poasp.)。(3)放牧和封育草地的群落植物种重要值均与各自的生态位宽度变化规律一致。(4)草地植物种间竞争主要发生在不同科属植物种之间,封育增加了群落植物种整体生态位重叠值和植物种间竞争。(5)草地群落演替度为封育地放牧地,封育群落处于较稳定状态。研究认为,封育促进了高寒草甸由莎草+杂类草群落向禾草+杂类草群落演替。     

祁连山东段高寒植被群落特征及其与地形气候因子关系研究

地形气候因子与物种分布的关系影响着高寒植被群落的演替,同时对山地水源涵养林功能和结构的维持具有重要的意义。以祁连山东段水源涵养林为研究对象,基于野外植物群落物种组成及地形气候因子调查数据,运用数量分类与排序等方法,探究了高寒植物群落特征及其与地形气候因子的关系。结果表明:65个调查样方中出现181个植物种,隶属40科,124属。科的物种组成及占总物种数比例分别为菊科30个种,占16.57%;蔷薇科17个,占9.44%;禾本科13个种,占7.22%;豆科11个种,占6.11%。毛茛科10个种,占5.56%。单属种82个,占总属数的66.13%。群落层片由乔木层、灌木层和草本层组成,乔木8种,灌木25种,草本148种。乔木层优势种有青海云杉、祁连圆柏、红桦。灌木层优势种有金露梅、山生柳、匙叶小檗、高山绣线菊。草本层优势种有甘肃薹草、珠芽蓼、早熟禾、唐松草、甘青蒿。TWINSPAN将高寒植被群落划分为7个群丛类型:群丛I红桦-红花蔷薇-甘肃薹草B.albosinensis-Rosa moyesii-C.kansuensis,群丛II青海云杉-匙叶小檗-甘肃薹草P.crassifolia-B.vernae-C.kansuensis,群丛III祁连圆柏-高山绣线菊-珠芽蓼Sabina chinensis-Spiraea alpine-P.viviparum,群丛IV高山绣线菊+鬼箭锦鸡儿-珠芽蓼S.alpine+Caragana jubata-P.viviparum,群丛V沙棘+甘青蒿+鼠掌老鹳草Hippophae rhamnoides+A.tangutica+Geranium sibiricum,群丛VI沙棘+苦荬菜+苦荞麦H.rhamnoides+Ixeris polycephala+Fagopyrum tataricum,群丛VII沙棘-冰草+西北沼委陵菜H.rhamnoides-Agropyron cristatum+Comarum salesovianum。7个群丛在DCA排序图上聚集分布,反映了较好的环境梯度。CCA排序结果表明,海拔是祁连山高寒植被群落植物种分布的最重要环境因子,其次是降水、温度、坡向、坡度。     

黄河首曲-玛曲县高寒草甸沙化演替进程中群落结构及种群生态位特征

以甘肃省玛曲县高寒沙化草甸为对象,应用空间序列代替时间序列的方法,对其不同沙化演替阶段植物群落主要种群结构及其生态位特征进行了研究.结果表明:(1)随着沙化演替的进行,物种组成数呈单峰式曲线变化规律,在轻度沙化阶段物种数最多(43种),禾草类和豆科类物种的重要值和生态位宽度均呈逐渐减少规律,优势度逐渐减弱;在极度沙化阶段(除垂穗披碱草外)几乎完全消失,莎草类和杂类草一些物种的重要值和生态位宽度则均呈逐渐增大规律,优势度逐渐增加,并在重度或极度沙化阶段成为优势种、次优势种或重要伴生种;随沙化演替进程,蒲公英、狼毒和乳白香青等物种则表现出波动性,最后消失,物种组成和数量的变化导致沙化演替进程中高寒草甸草场质量逐渐降低.(2)相邻沙化演替阶段植物群落的物种组成相似性指数较高,而相距较远的沙化演替阶段植物群落的物种组成相似性指数较小,沙化演替系列两个极端阶段的植物群落的物种组成相似性指数最小.(3)垂穗披碱草在整个沙化演替过程中重要值和生态位宽度均逐渐减小,但其值都较大.(4)生态位总宽度占前5位的物种依次是:垂穗披碱草、莓叶委陵菜、矮嵩草、高山唐松草和苔草,其值分别为1.653、1.438、1.387、1.295和1.204.(5)种群之间生态位重叠系数的平均值随沙化程度加深呈单峰式曲线变化规律,轻度沙化阶段种群的生态位重叠程度较高,为0.824.     

Above- and belowground trait linkages of dominant species shape responses of alpine steppe composition to precipitation changes in the Tibetan Plateau

青藏高原高寒草原植物群落对降雨的响应依赖于优势种的功能性状 人类活动和全球变化引起了全球和区域降雨格局的改变。大量的研究表明，降雨影响全球不同草地生态系统的群落组成，但目前很少有研究从物种水平揭示高寒草原植物群落如何响应降雨变化的生态学过程。本研究利用在青藏高原建立的长期(6年)控雨试验平台，包括减少降雨50%、增加降雨50%和对照3个处理，从优势种地上和地下性状揭示高寒草原植物群落响应降雨变化的生态学过程。研究结果表明，长期减少降雨改变了植物群落的结构，主要体现在优势种丛生禾草紫花针茅(Stipa purpurea)逐渐被根茎禾草赖草(Leymus secalinus)所取代。进一步通过比较紫花针茅和赖草的地上和地下性状，发现减少降雨主要促进了赖草根系向深土层的生长、增加了地下碳的分配和减少了叶片宽度，而紫花针茅的这些性状并没有发生显著的改变；另外，减少降雨增加了赖草根茎生物量、总长度、直径及其节上根的数目。赖草这些性状的改变可能增加了对深土层水分的利用能力，以及减少了水分的蒸腾，从而增强了其在干旱胁迫过程中的竞争力。因此，我们的研究结果强调了优势种的地上和地下性状在高寒草原植物群落组成对降雨变化响应过程中起着极其重要的作用。     

民勤绿洲荒漠过渡带植物群落数量分类和排序研究

绿洲-荒漠过渡带作为绿洲与荒漠的连接区域,在干旱区生态环境退化与恢复研究中具有重要意义。该研究以民勤绿洲荒漠过渡带为例,在47个植物群落调查样地的基础上,应用双向指示种分类法(TWINSPAN)和除趋势对应分析法(DCA)对研究区典型植物群落进行数量分类和排序,并讨论了影响植物群落类型及空间分布的环境因子。结果表明:(1)研究区植物群落结构简单,植物种以旱生耐盐植物为主。(2)TWINSPAN分类将研究区的植物群落划分为11个群丛类型,即白刺+盐生草群丛、白刺+芦苇群丛、白刺+盐爪爪群丛、盐爪爪+黑果枸杞群丛等,分类结果在空间上反映了民勤绿洲荒漠过渡带植物群落的演替变化趋势。(3)DCA排序结果验证了TWINSPAN分类结果的合理性,同时指出制约民勤绿洲荒漠过渡带植物群落类型及空间分布的重要环境因子是地下水埋深和地貌形态。     

高寒牧区中华羊茅人工草地退化演替的数量特征研究

对中华羊茅人工草地退化演替数量特征的研究表明,植物群落组分种的数量、丰富度指数、多样性指数和均匀度指数均随演替的进程而增加,生态优势度指数呈下降趋势。对25个组分种的重要值、生态位宽度及生态位重叠值计测的结果表明,一些阔叶杂草（如细叶亚菊、西伯利亚蓼等）是退化演替过程中入侵人工草地的先锋植物,比其他杂类草具有较大的生态位宽度值,其重要值在演替过程中呈逐年上升趋势。以中华羊茅为其中一个组分种的植物种对间的生态位重叠值,在大多数情况下小于两种阔叶杂草种对间的生态位重叠值。阔叶杂草入侵是导致人工草地退化的一个重要影响因素。     

不同演替阶段鼢鼠土丘群落植物多样性变化研究

用空间序列代替时间序列的方法对高寒草甸不同演替阶段高原鼢鼠土丘植物群落的物种组成和多样性变化进行了研究．结果表明,不同演替阶段鼠丘植物群落的物种组成及外貌特征与原生植被(对照)之间存在较大差异．在演替的早期阶段,r对策者如萼果香薷、灰绿藜、鹅绒委陵菜、细叶亚菊等演替先锋种在群落中占相对重要地位．随着演替的进展,k对策者如长毛风毛菊、垂穗披碱草、甘肃嵩草、线叶嵩草等在群落中的比例增加．α多样性分析表明,随着演替的进展,群落物种丰富度指数(O)显著增加,其排列顺序为：阶段1<阶段2<阶段3<阶段4<原生植被;均匀度指数(Pielou均匀度指数)的变化趋势与丰富度指数相同;多样性指数(Simpson指数D和Shannon-．Wiener指数H’)按群落的演替梯度呈增加趋势．卢多样性分析表明,阶段1与原生植被及阶段1与阶段4植物群落物种组成的相似系数最小,为0．18;阶段1与阶段2植物群落物种组成的相似系数最大,为0．62．同时,群落生活型功能群组成也随鼠丘的演替进展而发生变化,反映出不同演替阶段的鼠丘植物群落和微生境都发生了改变．     

高寒半湿润沙地植物与土壤微生物多样性对植被恢复的响应

为探究植被恢复对高寒半湿润沙化脆弱生态系统的恢复效应,明确植物群落与土壤微生物多样性对恢复的响应,为高寒沙化植被恢复提供科学支撑。以青藏高原东南缘沙化地为对象,通过连续种植老芒麦(Elymus sibiricus)进行植被恢复,分析连续3年恢复后,植物群落物种组成与多样性的变化,土壤微生物群落不同季节数量与多样性的变化,探讨植物与土壤微生物多样性对植被恢复的响应特征。结果表明:老芒麦作为建群种促进植被恢复过程,3年后植物群落物种数量相较对照增加了13种,而物种种类相较对照新增14种,川甘亚菊(Ajania potaninii)从群落中消失,总体表现为短命植物和对水分需求较高的植物种类增加,植物群落物种多样性增加;土壤中微生物群落和微生物数量季节性变化剧烈,在非生长季节后期(4月),土壤细菌含量相较对照组增加了1.2倍(0-15 cm)与1.8倍(15-30 cm),真菌含量相较对照组增加了0.5倍(0-15 cm)和5.1倍(15-30 cm),放线菌相较对照组增加了1.5(0-15 cm)倍和4倍(15-30 cm);土壤微生物多样性显著增加。种植老芒麦恢复高寒半湿润沙化脆弱生态系统,促进了植物群落物种多样性与土壤微生物群落多样性恢复,这将有助于高寒沙化生态系统恢复过程。     

高寒草地植物群落关键种对不同放牧家畜组合放牧的响应

如何通过合理的利用方式提高高寒草地管理水平,实现其可持续利用一直是草地生态学领域的研究热点。为明确不同放牧家畜组合下高寒草地植物群落关键种的演替规律及其驱动因素,基于中等放牧强度设置了不同放牧家畜组合放牧样地（牦牛单牧、藏羊单牧、牦牛藏羊1 ： 2混牧、牦牛藏羊1 ： 4混牧、牦牛藏羊1 ： 6混牧）以及围封样地,并在连续放牧处理7年后系统分析了不同放牧家畜组合下植物群落特征与土壤理化性质变化,以期确定最优放牧组合。结果表明：（1）不同放牧家畜组合均会显著降低高寒草地植物盖度,但对其物种丰富度与多样性指数的影响并不显著。（2）牦牛藏羊1 ： 2混牧下植物群落特征与禁牧处理下植物群落特征较为相似,且牦牛藏羊1 ： 2混牧下的植物群落稳定性最强、组织水平最高。（3）牦牛单牧与1 ： 2混牧下关键种为矮生嵩草;藏羊单牧下关键种为天山针茅;1 ： 4混牧下关键种为星毛委陵菜;1 ： 6混牧与围封下关键种为赖草。（4）围封能够显著降低土壤容重,藏羊单牧则会显著增加土壤容重与土壤速效氮、磷含量。（5）土壤速效氮、容重与含水量是驱动不同放牧家畜组合下植物群落关键种演替的重要理化因子。综上所述,中等放牧强度下,牦牛藏羊1 ： 2混牧是青藏高原高寒草地较为理想的利用方式。此外,相较于单纯增加草地物种丰富度或多样性,建立植物群落物种之间的有效关联是提高青藏高原高寒草地管理水平的另一关键途径。     

高原鼠兔扰动对高寒草地植物群落特征的影响

高原鼠兔是青海湖流域高寒草地主要的啮齿动物.本文基于R-Vegan中的RDA排序方法,以有效洞口数差异将高原鼠兔扰动强度划分为4组,分析不同扰动强度下高寒草地植物群落特征,进而提出群落演替的概念模型,探究高原鼠兔扰动对高寒草地生态系统及放牧质量的影响.结果表明:随着扰动强度加大,出现以灯芯草为优势种的群落向以草地早熟禾、海乳草为优势种的群落演替.当扰动强度较小时,群落的总盖度、地上生物量、物种多样性和物种丰富度较高,但杂类草植物比例较高;当扰动强度较大时,各群落特征值较低且杂类草植物比例最高;当扰动强度适中时,各群落特征值比较高,禾本科和莎草科植物比例最大.因此,轻度扰动时,虽然群落特征值高但放牧质量低;过度扰动时出现草场植被退化;而扰动强度在阈值内可维持高寒草地生态系统稳定并提高放牧质量.     

Serology and systematics of the Ebenales and the Theales

The systematic position ofthe Ebenaceae, Sapotaceae, Styracaceae, Ochnaceae, Stachyuraceae, Dipterocarpaceae, Clusiaceae and Hypericaceae has been investigated using serological comparisons of sets of antigenic determinants. The results show that the Sytracaceae and Sapotaceae are undoubtedly more closely associated with the Actinidiaeceae and Theaceae, respectively, than with each other. We found no corresponding determinants betnween antigen systems from the Ebenaceae and systems from any other family whose relations to this family have been proposed. As discovered previously, investigations of antigen systems from the Ochnaceae, Dipterocarpaceae, Stachyuraceae, Clusiaceae and Hypericaceae are against the idea of a natural order “Theales” in which these families, or at least some of them, are combined with the Theaceae and Actinidiaceae. This paper completes our previous investigations which largely support a superorder Ericanae sensu Ehrendorfer and Takhtajan. We propose to include the Actinidiaceae and Theaceae in this superorder, assigning them a central position laong with the Sapotaceae and Sytracaeae on one side and the Primulales and Ericales on the other. Another most interesting finding is that there are corresponding determinants between antigen systems from the members of the Ericanae and representatives of the Polemoniaceae and Loasaceae.     

Anthropology and genetics of the caucasus peoples and the problem of the origin of the caucasoids

The electrophoretical polymorphisms of some blood proteins were studied in the Talysh population of Pirasora situated in South-East Azerbaidjan. We calculated the gene frequencies of these polymorphisms and determined the genetic distances between the Talyshes and some Iranian populations of North, Central and South Iran, Afghans, and three populations of Azerbaijan. The Talyshes are very close to Iranians of Shiraz, whereas they are distant from the Azerbaijanians. Anthropological investigations showed that the Caucasoids and Mongoloids lived in the Aragvi Basin since the Eneolithic period. This was stated by Alexeev (1974), who emphasized the mixture of the Caucasus populations from ancient times on. We calculated the genetic distances between the Caucasus populations and numerous populations of other geographic regions, considering 28 alleles of 12 loci of blood group, serum protein and red cell enzyme polymorphisms and constructed the dendrogram of these populations. The position of the Caucasus populations in the dendrogram corresponds on principle to the earlier anthropological observations. The clustering of the Caucasoid populations corresponds completely with anthropological and historical data, and supports our earlier hypothesis (Nazarova 1999) concerning the differentiation of Caucasoids, Northern Mongoloids and Amerinds from the populations, which inhabitated Asia in palaeolithic times.     

On the structure and dynamics of the complex of the nucleosome and the linker histone

Several different models of the linker histone (LH)–nucleosome complex have been proposed, but none of them has unambiguously revealed the position and binding sites of the LH on the nucleosome. Using Brownian dynamics-based docking together with normal mode analysis of the nucleosome to account for the flexibility of two flanking 10 bp long linker DNAs (L-DNA), we identified binding modes of the H5-LH globular domain (GH5) to the nucleosome. For a wide range of nucleosomal conformations with the L-DNA ends less than 65 Å apart, one dominant binding mode was identified for GH5 and found to be consistent with fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) experiments. GH5 binds asymmetrically with respect to the nucleosomal dyad axis, fitting between the nucleosomal DNA and one of the L-DNAs. For greater distances between L-DNA ends, docking of GH5 to the L-DNA that is more restrained and less open becomes favored. These results suggest a selection mechanism by which GH5 preferentially binds one of the L-DNAs and thereby affects DNA dynamics and accessibility and contributes to formation of a particular chromatin fiber structure. The two binding modes identified would, respectively, favor a tight zigzag chromatin structure or a loose solenoid chromatin fiber.     

人类基因组及后基因组研究进展及其应用与开发研究现状

人类对自身基因组的研究,随着人类基因组工作草图的绘制完成和对基因功能研究的深入已加快进入了实质性、关键性的开发利用阶段。本文概述了人类基因组及后基因组的研究进展及依此开展基因治疗及基因（组）药物研制等应用开发研究的现状。     

Kinematics and dynamics of the temporomandibular joint and of the movements of the mandible

In order to analyze the complicated movements of the mandible as the open-closing movement and the protrusio are, it is useful to evaluate the basic kinematic principles and reduce them to simple technical constructions. Both the open-closing movement and the protrusio could be reduced to 4-bar links, which were used to simulate the movements with help of a computer. Besides, the polodes and the curves of points in the muscular attachments could be constructed. The 2 entirely different 4-bar links have 3 things in common: The resting system - cranium, the moving system - mandibula, and 1 of the 2 arms connecting these 2 systems - the ligamentum laterale. As this ligament is taut during movements it can be considered a "guiding ligament" representing 1 of the 3 determining components of the mandibular movements. The other of the 2 arms has no anatomical equivalent; this arm, however, is "replaced" by the 2 other determining components of the mandibular movements: the joint and the muscles. The curves, which the Caput mandibulae describes, are practically identical for the open-closing movement and the protrusio despite of the different 4-bar links and these curves exactly correspond to the Discus articularis, taut by the upper part of the M. pterygoideus lateralis. The muscles do not only just move the mandibula, but they are also the component, which can choose between the different mandibular movements. By means of the curves, which points in the muscular attachments describe, the function of the masticatory muscles could be analyzed exactly.     

Biophysics and Structure of the Patch and the Gigaseal

Interpreting channel behavior in patches requires an understanding of patch structure and dynamics, especially in studies of mechanosensitive channels. High resolution optical studies show that patch formation occurs via blebbing that disrupts normal membrane structure and redistributes in situ components including ion channels. There is a 1-2 μm region of the seal below the patch where proteins are excluded and this may consist of extracted lipids that form the gigaseal. Patch domes often have complex geometries with inhomogeneous stresses due to the membrane-glass adhesion energy (E_a), cytoskeletal forces, and possible lipid subdomains. The resting tension in the patch dome ranges from 1-4 mN/m, a significant fraction of the lytic tension of a bilayer (∼10 mN/m). Thus, all patch experiments are conducted under substantial, and uneven, resting tension that may alter the kinetics of many channels. E_a seems dominated by van der Waals attraction overlaid with a normally repulsive Coulombic force. High ionic strength pipette saline increased E_a and, surprisingly, increased cytoskeletal rigidity in cell-attached patches. Low pH pipette saline also increased E_a and reduced the seal selectivity for cations, presumably by neutralizing the membrane surface charge. The seal is a negatively charged, cation selective, space with a resistance of ∼7 gigohm/μm in 100 mM KCl, and the high resistivity of the space may result from the presence of high viscosity glycoproteins. Patches creep up the pipette over time with voltage independent and voltage dependent components. Voltage-independent creep is expected from the capillary attraction of E_a and the flow of fresh lipids from the cell. Voltage-dependent creep seems to arise from electroosmosis in the seal. Neutralization of negative charges on the seal membrane with low pH decreased the creep rate and reversed the direction of creep at positive pipette potentials.     

The biogeography of Nothofagus and Trigonobalanus and the origin of the Fagaceae

The suggestion that Trigonobalanus excelsa reached Colombia by migration from south-east Asia via the Bering land-bridge is criticized. The distribution of Trigonobalanus can be more simply explained by the disruption and drift of the former Pacific continent and the peninsula of West Gondwanaland. All but the New Guinea species of Nothofagus remain on the drifted fragments of the Gondwana peninsula, the original home of the family. Drift accounts for the present disjunct distribution of related Nothofagus species in the Southern hemisphere, but topoclines in characters of the fructifications and of the leaves linking New Zealand, New Caledonia and New Guinea indicate the overland migration route into the Pacific continent. Diversification of the family occurred in Pacifica before that continent was disrupted in the late Jurassic. With the formation of Eurasia, a topocline in leaf characters developed in Fagus along the migration route from China to Western Europe. Absence of topoclines involving the Bering land-bridge indicate that this bridge played no significant part in the dispersal of the Fagaceae. Shedding of the fruits of Glossopteris before the development of an embryo draws attention to the primitive character of delay in fertilization found in Nothofagus.