NF-κB启动的炎症反应在小鼠侵袭性肺曲霉病肺损伤中的作用

为了探讨NF-κB启动的炎症反应在小鼠侵袭性肺曲霉病肺损伤中的作用,将小鼠分3组:正常组、正常 烟曲霉菌接种组、IPA模型组,小鼠鼻吸入烟曲霉菌第4天处死,取肺组织,肺组织切片经HE染色观察病理损伤;比色法测定肺组织MPO活性;免疫组化法评价肺组织NF-κBp65蛋白的活化:RT-PCR法检测肺组织TNF-α、IFN-γ和β-tublin mRNA的表达. 结果显示,正常健康组小鼠肺组织结构正常,未见炎症发生;正常 烟曲霉菌接种组小鼠肺组织有炎症细胞浸润,未见孢子萌芽;IPA模型组小鼠的肺组织病理损伤严重,可见炎症细胞浸润,孢子萌芽生成菌丝.正常 烟曲霉菌接种组和IPA模型组小鼠肺组织的TNF-α和IFN-γ mRNA的相对表达水平、NF-κB p65免疫组化评分和MPO活性均高于正常组小鼠(P<0.05):并且IPA模型组小鼠肺组织NF-κB p65免疫组化评分值和MPO活性均高于正常 烟曲霉菌接种组(P<0.05).结果提示,烟曲霉菌感染可激活小鼠肺组织NF-κB介导的炎症信号通路,诱导下游TNF-α和IFN-γ的表达,募集大量的中性粒细胞于感染组织,是导致IPA小鼠肺组织严重病理损伤的因素之一.     

特定双歧杆菌菌株对炎症性肠病小鼠的影响

为了观察特定双歧杆菌菌株对葡聚糖硫酸钠(DSS)诱导的Balb/c小鼠结肠炎的影响,探讨该双歧杆菌菌株对炎症性肠病(IBD)的防治作用及其可能机制。将小鼠分为3组:正常对照组、模型组(DSS组)、实验组(DSS+Bf组)。用已挑选好的双歧杆菌菌株预先处理小鼠4周后,用4%DSS溶液诱导急性结肠炎。实验结束后,检测每组小鼠结肠的长度及结肠炎炎症程度,利用半定量RT-PCR法检测小鼠肠道派伊尔结细胞中IL-10的表达,利用免疫组化实验检测肠道黏膜中IL-10分泌阳性细胞。结果实验组小鼠结肠的平均长度为7.80 cm±0.21 cm,虽较正常对照组(9.10 cm±0.82 cm)缩短,但较模型组(6.80 cm±0.31 cm)其缩短程度减少;结肠炎炎症程度肉眼评分结果:模型组和实验组分别为8.60±0.24分和6.60±0.68分,两组之间均有显著性差异(P<0.05),显微镜下评分结果为实验组(6.80±0.73分)较模型组(8.80±0.37分)明显减少(P<0.05);实验组小鼠肠道派伊尔结细胞IL-10的表达和肠道黏膜IL-10分泌阳性细胞数明显多于模型组。该实验所用的双歧杆菌菌株减轻了DSS诱导的小鼠肠道炎症反应,并且增强了肠道免疫细胞的IL-10的表达及分泌。     

卡介苗对哮喘小鼠肺组织中PPAR-γ表达的影响及意义

目的:探讨卡介苗对哮喘小鼠肺组织中PPAR-γ表达的影响及其意义。方法:30只健康雄性昆明种小鼠随机化原则分成正常对照组(A组)、哮喘模型组(B组)和卡介苗干预组(C组),每组10只。卵蛋白致敏法复制哮喘模型,B组小鼠于实验的第1、8、15天分别给予卵蛋白与氢氧化铝混合腹腔注射。第22天开始给予卵蛋白溶液以压缩雾化器为动力雾化吸入激发哮喘,每日一次,每次30min。连续激发7天;C组小鼠每周一次皮内注射0.025mgBCG,连续3次,距首次皮内注射4周后按B组方法致敏和激发;A组予以等量生理盐水代替致敏液及雾化液进行腹腔注射与雾化吸入。检测细支气管炎症细胞浸润及肺组织病理,RT-PCR和western blotting方法检测肺组织PPAR-γ的表达情况。结果:哮喘组出现了明显气道炎症细胞浸润,上皮脱落、炎性细胞渗出、结构紊乱、PPAR-γ表达下降。卡介苗干预组炎症细胞数下降,炎症反应减轻,PPAR-γ表达明显增加,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.01)。结论:卡介苗可通过上调表达PPAR-γ,减少炎症细胞的浸润,抑制炎症反应,从而可能防止气道重塑,该研究为卡介苗提供新的临床应用领域。     

foxp3转染的CD4~+ CD25~- T细胞治疗急性肺损伤的研究

目的通过基因转染技术将foxp3基因导入CD4+CD25-T淋巴细胞,生成CD4+CD25-Foxp3+T细胞,通过输入急性肺损伤小鼠模型体内,促进炎症消退,为体外定向操纵调节T细胞生成和细胞过继治疗急性肺损伤奠定基础。方法采用RT-PCR法从小鼠胸腺来源cDNA文库中扩增获得foxp3 cDNA,亚克隆至构建pIRES2-EGFP质粒中,构建并筛选出重组质粒pmFoxp3-IRES2-EGFP;采用免疫磁珠法分离CD4+CD25-T淋巴细胞,穿孔法转染Foxp3基因至CD4+CD25-T淋巴细胞,流式细胞仪检测CD4+和EGFP共表达的细胞比例;将foxp3基因转染的小鼠CD4+CD25-T细胞通过尾静脉输注急性小鼠体内,通过ELISA法检测小鼠肺泡灌洗液中TNF-α以及IL-1β细胞因子的表达,通过肺组织病理研究肺部炎症的消退状况。结果成功构建双基因共表达重组质粒pmFoxp3-IRES2-EGFP;免疫磁珠法较高纯度分离CD4+CD25+、CD4+CD25-T淋巴细胞,电穿孔法成功将重组质粒pmFoxp3-IRES2-EGFP转染致CD4+CD25-T细胞,CD4+和EGFP共表达的细胞比例为35.5%;过继Foxp3基因转染的小鼠CD4+CD25-T细胞以及Treg均能抑制急性肺损伤小鼠肺泡灌洗液中TNF-α以及IL-1β炎性细胞因子的表达,促进炎症的消退。结论转染Foxp3基因的CD4+CD25-细胞同Treg(CD4+CD25-)细胞一样可以通过细胞过继治疗急性肺损伤。     

STAT3小分子抑制剂FLLL31对卵白蛋白致敏小鼠气道炎症治疗活性的初步研究

目的:研究新结构化合物FLLL31抑制卵白蛋白(OVA)致敏引发的小鼠气道炎症的活性,探讨FLLL31治疗哮喘的初步疗效。方法:雄性BALB/c小鼠(18~20 g)随机分为4组,每组10只,包括正常对照组(Control组)、模型对照组(OVA组)、地塞米松组(1 mg/kg,腹腔注射)和FLLL31组(15 mg/kg,口服灌胃)。各组小鼠分别于第0 d和第14 d致敏,每只鼠腹腔注射20μg OVA和2.25 mg Al(OH)3凝胶,FLLL31自致敏第24 d开始给药,给药周期为7 d;于第28、29、30 d以气管滴入OVA进行攻击,攻击前1 h给予受试化合物FLLL31及阳性药地塞米松。结果:小鼠肺灌流液炎症细胞分类计数、肺组织病理分析等实验结果证明,FLLL31以15 mg/kg连续给药7 d后,与模型组相比,抑制了小鼠肺部气道中炎症细胞的浸润,明显改善OVA致敏引发的小鼠气道炎症症状;ELISA结果证明FLLL31降低小鼠肺灌流液中炎症因子白细胞介素6的含量;免疫组化结果显示FLLL31降低OVA致敏小鼠肺部白细胞介素6受体浓度,减少中性粒细胞标志物淋巴细胞抗原6G(Ly6G)的表达(P0.05)。结论:特异抑制STAT3的新结构化合物FLLL31在体内对OVA致敏小鼠模型气道炎症有较好的改善和免疫调节活性。     

卡介苗对哮喘小鼠肺组织中PPAR-γ表达的影响及意义

目的：探讨卡介苗对哮喘小鼠肺组织中PPAR-γ表达的影响及其意义。方法：30只健康雄性昆明种小鼠随机化原则分成正常对照组（A组）、哮喘模型组（B组）和卡介苗干预组（C组）,每组10只。卵蛋白致敏法复制哮喘模型,B组小鼠于实验的第1、8、15天分别给予卵蛋白与氢氧化铝混合腹腔注射。第22天开始给予卵蛋白溶液以压缩雾化器为动力雾化吸入激发哮喘,每日一次,每次30min。连续激发7天;C组小鼠每周一次皮内注射0.025mgBCG,连续3次,距首次皮内注射4周后按B组方法致敏和激发;A组予以等量生理盐水代替致敏液及雾化液进行腹腔注射与雾化吸入。检测细支气管炎症细胞浸润及肺组织病理,RT-PCR和western blotting方法检测肺组织PPAR-γ的表达情况。结果：哮喘组出现了明显气道炎症细胞浸润,上皮脱落、炎性细胞渗出、结构紊乱、PPAR-γ表达下降。卡介苗干预组炎症细胞数下降,炎症反应减轻,PPAR-γ表达明显增加,差异具有统计学意义（P〈0.01）。结论：卡介苗可通过上调表达PPAR-γ,减少炎症细胞的浸润,抑制炎症反应,从而可能防止气道重塑,该研究为卡介苗提供新的临床应用领域。     

过表达XB130抑制哮喘小鼠气道高反应性和气道炎症

目的:研究XB130在哮喘小鼠气道高反应(airway hyperresponsiveness,AHR)和气道炎症中的作用。方法:36只C57小鼠分为4组:正常对照组(Control,CON)、哮喘组(Asthma,AS)、腺病毒载体组(Ad-vector+AS)和腺病毒过表达XB130组(Ad-XB130+AS)。采用卵白蛋白(ovalbumin,OVA)建立小鼠过敏性哮喘模型,后两组小鼠分别尾静脉注射Ad-vector和Ad-XB130。最后一次雾化吸入后24小时进行气道高反应试验,收集支气管灌洗液(bronchi alveolar lavage fluids,BALF)。采用RT-PCR和Western blotting方法检测XB130表达。ELISA法检测血清中OVA特异性Ig E的含量。直接计数法计算BALF中嗜酸性粒细胞(eosinophile granulocyte,EOS)数量。ELISA方法用于检测BALF和肺组织中IL-4、IL-5、IL-13和IFN-γ的分泌。结果:哮喘小鼠肺组织中XB130表达减少,过表达XB130其m RNA和蛋白表达水平显著升高。过表达XB130降低醋甲胆碱(methacholine,Mch)诱导的气道高反应。与载体对照组(48±3)相比,XB130过表达(17±4)EOS数量显著减少。同时,过表达XB130(0.051±0.002)较载体对照组(0.128±0.007)Ig E含量减少。此外,XB130抑制哮喘小鼠中IL-4、IL-5和IL-13并促进IFN-γ分泌。结论:过表达XB130可抑制哮喘模型小鼠气道高反应性和炎症反应。     

人偏肺病毒感染小鼠肺内Toll样受体表达及PolyI:C对病毒感染的影响

探讨人偏肺病毒感染BALB/c小鼠后肺组织Toll样受体(TLRs)表达变化及PolyI:C对病毒复制的影响。实验小鼠分为hMPV感染组、polyI:C+hMPV组、polyI:C+DMEM组、DMEM对照组,均在滴鼻后1、3、5、7、9和16d处死,取肺组织用于病毒滴度测定、病理检查、通过RT-PCR和实时荧光定量PCR方法检测小鼠肺组织内TLRs mRNA的表达。结果显示:①与hMPV感染组相比,polyI:C+hMPV组小鼠肺内病毒复制水平明显减低,仅在感染后第5d及第7d检测到病毒;病理检查结果亦提示肺部炎症明显减轻。②RT-PCR结果提示:hMPV感染组小鼠与DMEM对照组相比,肺组织内大部分TLRs mRNA表达均升高。③实时荧光定量PCR结果提示:hMPV感染后小鼠肺组织TLR7-8 mRNA增高最为显著,且有时间依赖性;滴鼻后24h,polyI:C+hMPV组TLR3的表达明显升高。提示:人偏肺病毒感染BALB/c小鼠后,可上调小鼠肺组织Toll样受体表达,其中TLR7/8途径可能在启动天然免疫应答中起着重要作用;polyI:C可通过早期活化TLR3,抑制hMPV在小鼠肺内的复制,并减轻肺部炎症。     

Sunitinib对哮喘气道重塑小鼠PDGFR-β磷酸化和MMP-9表达的影响

目的:探讨sunitinib对支气管哮喘气道重塑的干预作用及可能的作用机制.方法:BALB/c小鼠随机分为正常对照组、哮喘气道重塑组、sunitinib干预组.鸡卵清蛋白致敏和激发建立哮喘小鼠气道重塑模型;收集支气管肺泡灌洗液(BALF)做细胞计数;取右肺组织行苏木精-伊红(HE)染色和Masson三色染色;免疫沉淀(IP法)测定小鼠肺组织PDGFR-β受体磷酸化及westernblot(WB)法检测MMP-9蛋白质的表达.结果:HE和Masson三色染色提示哮喘组黏膜下层和平滑肌增厚、气道管腔狭窄、胶原纤维增生、大量炎症细胞浸润,sunitinib干预组上述改变较哮喘组为轻;哮喘组BALF中炎症细胞总数和嗜酸性粒细胞(EOS)计数在哮喘组表达较对照组为高(P＜0.05),而sunitinib组低于哮喘组(P＜0.05);PDGFR-β受体的磷酸化和MMP-9的表达在哮喘组表达较对照组为高(P＜0.01),而sunitinib干预组表达量低于哮喘组(P＜0.01).结论:sunitinib能够抑制哮喘小鼠PDGFR-β的磷酸化和MMP-9表达,减轻气道炎症反应、延缓气道重塑进程.     

右美托咪啶通过抑制炎症和自噬逆转脂多糖诱导的急性肺损伤

为了探讨右美托咪定通过抑制炎症和自噬作用抵抗脂多糖诱导的小鼠急性肺损伤及其对MAPK通路的影响。本研究选取SPF级雄性C57/BL6J雄性小鼠36只,随机均分为3组:正常组(B组)、模型组(L组)和右美托咪定处理组(D组)。取小鼠右肺下叶,称量并计算湿/干比重(W/D);石蜡切片后染色,显微镜下分析肺组织病理学改变;ELISA试剂盒检测相关炎症因子:肿瘤坏死因子(tumor necrosis factor-α, TNF-α)、白介素-6 (interleukin-6, IL-6)、炎症促进因子(inflammation promoting factor, TH-1)水平;实时荧光定量PCR定量分析肺组织中TNF-α、IL-6和TH-1基因mRNA水平;Western blotting方法检测肺组织中TNF-α、IL-6与TH-1蛋白的含量;从而更进一步分析肺组织MAPK信号通路中基因的表达情况。实验结果表明,采用右美托咪定治疗的给药组小鼠肺损伤评分情况明显优于L组和B组小鼠,差异有统计学意义(p0.05);给药组肺组织湿干比(W/D)(5.19±0.38)明显小于脂多糖肺损伤组(6.37±0.45)(p0.05);给药组病理学评分(3.65±0.23)明显高于脂多糖肺损伤组(1.31±0.44)和对照组(3.14±0.44)。与正常对照组相比,给药组小鼠的肺组织水肿程度明显减轻,肺组织病理学改变减轻;RT-PCR结果也表明L组肺组织中TNF-α、IL-6与TH-1的mRNA表达量显著升高,而右美托咪啶处理后的表达量明显减少。另外,L组蛋白含量较B组、D组有明显减少,D组蛋白含量有所缓解。本研究结论初步表明:右美托咪啶能够抑制MAPK信号通路的激活。右美托咪定通过抑制炎症和自噬作用显著地减轻脂多糖导致的小鼠急性肺损伤,其机制可能是右美托咪定抑制MAPK通路的激活从而减轻炎症并调节自噬,从而实现保护肺脏的作用。     

六种藓类植物茎的比较解剖学研究

通过对6种藓类植物,即褶叶青藓(Brachythecium salebrosum(Web.et Mohr.)B.S.G.)、湿地匐灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum(Lindb.)Kop.)、侧枝匐灯藓(Plagiomnium maximoviczii(Lindb.)Kop.)、大凤尾藓(Fissidensnobilis Griff.)、大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium(Doz.et Molk.)B.S.G.)和大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme Wils.)嫩茎和老茎的石蜡切片和显微观察发现,同一藓类植株的嫩茎和老茎,茎结构稳定,不同种藓类植物茎横切面具有不同特征.植物体茎横切面形状、表层细胞的层数、细胞大小和细胞壁厚薄、皮层细胞大小和形状、中轴的有无以及比例等特征可以作为藓类植物的分科分类依据之一.     

Photoregulation of seed germination of wild-type and of an aurea-mutant of tomato

Seed germination of an aurea mutant of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is promoted by continuous irradiation with red, far-red or long-wavelength far-red (758 nm) light as well as by cyclic irradiations (5 min red or 5 min far-red/25 min darkness). Far-red light applied immediately after each red does not change the germination behaviour. Seed germination of the isogenic wild-type, cv. UC-105, is promoted by continuous and cyclic red light while it is inhibited by continuous and cyclic far-red light and by continious 758 nm irradiation. Far-red irradiation reverses almost completely the promoting effect of red light. The promoting effect (in the aurea mutant) and the inhibitory effect (in the wild-type) of continuous far-red light do not show photon fluence rate dependency above 20 nmol m⁻² s⁻¹. It is concluded that phytochrome controls tomato seed germination throgh low energy responses in both the wild type and the au mutant. The promoting effect of continuous and cyclic far-red light in the au mutant can be attributed to a greater sensitivity to P_fr.     

真菌类遗传学分析的知识结构教学

本文以认知结构理论为指导,讨论了真菌类遗传分析与高等动植物遗传分析的内在联系,认为利用这种内在联系进行教学可收到好的效果并说明了作者的具体教学过程。 Abstract:In the paper, the relationship between genetic analysis of Fungi and genetic analysis of high animal and plant was discussed.A good results were obtained when we adopted this method in the teaching.     

Cause of Senescence of Nine Sorts of Flowers

The levels of endogenous phytohormones and respiratory rate in nine sorts of flowers such as Cymbidium faberi Rolfe, Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth and others were investigated both at full bloom and senescence and meanwhile the effect of exogenous phytohormones on prolonging the blossoms and promoting ethylene production were tested. There is a high content of endogenous ethylene in all the long-lived flowere, about 3–16 folds higer than the short-lived ones. There is a high level of ABA at full blooming flowers of short-lived flowers, in which there is no or only some cytokinins in it, but the ratio of CTK (6BA+zeatin)/ABA is smaller(l.7). The endogenous ABA reached a much higher level at senescence in all nine sorts of flowers, so it is reasonable to consider that it is ABA which plays an important role of regulation in controlling flower's senescence. There is a much higher level of GA3 and zeatin in the long-lived flowers which is not demonstrated in the shortlived ones. The respiratory rate is one of the factors controtling the longevity of flowers, but it does not play a decided role. Application of 6BA and zeatin prolongs distinctly orchid’s longevity, however exogenous IAA through the promotive action on ethylene production, evidently extends the longevity of the flowers of the Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth.     

Interconnection of parameters of regulation system of lipid peroxidation and of morphophysiological parameters of mouse liver

A complex analysis of seasonal fluctuations of the mean group parameters of the system of regulation of lipid peroxidation has been performed in liver of Balb/c mice. Association of lipid characteristics and morphophysiological parameters is studied in the Balb/c mouse liver. An inter-connection is revealed between the liver index and the amount of lysoforms of phospholipids, the scale and character of the interconnection differing essentially depending on proportion of phos-phatidylcholine in mouse liver phospholipids.     

龙胆科药用植物化学成分的研究现状

龙胆科植物在我国的分布范围很广,且多数为药用植物,其多数种属的药用植物,至今其化学成分尚未被系统研究。综述了目前龙胆科药用植物的化学成分的研究现状及一般提取方法,对近年来发现的环烯醚萜及裂环烯醚萜类化合物进行了总结,为本科药用植物的更深入研究提供了参考。     

Physiological characteristics of various species of strains of carboxydobacteria

Seven strains of aerobic carbon monoxide-oxidizing bacteria (carboxydebacteria) when growing on CO as sole source of carbon and energy had doubling times which ranged from 12–42 h. The activity profiles obtained after discontinuous sucrose density gradient centrifugation indicated that the CO-oxidizing enzymes are soluble and the hydrogenases are membrane-bound in all strains examined. The CO-oxidizing enzymes of Pseudomonas carboxydohydrogena, Pseudomonas carboxydoflava, Comamonas compransoris, and the so far unidentified strains OM2, OM3, and OM4 had a molecular weight of 230,000; that of Achromobacter carboxydus amounted to 170,000. The molecular weights of the CO-oxidizing and H₂-oxidizing enzymes turned out to be identical. The cell sonicates were shown to catalyze the oxidation of both CO and H₂ with methylene blue, thionine, phenazine methosulfate, toluylene blue, dichlorophenolindophenol, cytochrome c or ferricyanide as electron acceptors. Methyl viologen, benzyl viologen, FAD⁺, FMN⁺, and NAD(P)⁺ were not reduced. The spectrum of electron acceptors was identical for all strains tested. Neither free formate, hydrogen nor oxygen gas were involved in the CO-oxidation reaction. Methylene blue was reduced by CO at a 1:1 molar ratio. The results indicate that CO-oxidation by carboxydobacteria is catalyzed by identical or similar enzymes and that the reaction obeys the equation CO+H₂OCO₂+2H⁺+2e^- as previously shown for Pseudomonas carboxydovorans.Dedicated to Otto Kandler remembering almost three decades of enjoyable cooperation     

Modulation of allostery of pyruvate kinase by shifting of an ensemble of microstates

Since the introduction of the concepts of allostery about four decades ago, much advancement has been made in elucidating the structure-function correlation in allostery. However, there are still a number of issues that remain unresolved. In this review we used mammalian pyruvate kinase (PK) as a model system to understand the role of protein dynamics in modulating cooperativity. PK has a triosephosphate isomerase (TIM)(α/β)₈ barrel structural motif. PK is an ideal system to address basic questions regarding regulatory mechanisms about this common (α/β)₈ structural motif. The simplest model accounting for all of the solution thermodynamic and kinetic data on ligand-enzyme interactions involves two conformational states, inactive E^T and active E^R. These conformational states are represented by domain movements. Further studies provide the first evidence for a differential effect of ligand binding on the dynamics of the structural elements, not major secondary structural changes. These data are consistent with our model that allosteric regulation of PK is the consequence of perturbation of the distribution of an ensemble of states in which the inactive E^T and active E^R represent the two extreme end states. Sequence differences and ligands can modulate the distribution of states leading to alterations of functions. The future work includes: defining the network of functionally connected residues; elucidating the chemical principles governing the sequence differences which affect functions; and probing the nature of mutations on the stability of the secondary structural elements, which in turn modulate allostery.