菊花种质资源与遗传改良研究进展

本文对菊花(Dendranthema morifolium)种质资源的调查、搜集、研究与评价、菊花杂交育种、诱变育种和生物技术育种等方面取得的成果进行了综述,并对目前存在的问题及今后的发展方向进行了探讨。     

菊花分子育种研究进展

对菊花分子育种的研究起源于20世纪90年代初,导入外源基因的主要目的是改变菊花的株型、花色,提高抗虫性、抗病性,增强对寒冷、干旱、盐碱的耐性。近年来,选用不同类型的启动子构建新型载体的研究也为改善菊花育种工作提供了参考。这些都预示着菊花分子育种的研究逐渐走向全面和成熟。     

菊花种质资源研究进展

菊花（Chrysanthemum × morifofium Ramat．）是花卉王国中的一朵奇葩。她起源于中国并被传遍世界。在1600年的栽培历史中,融入了丰富的文化内涵和高超的园艺栽培技术,经培育形成了近3万个品种,其变异类型之丰富被称为园艺育种史上的奇迹,是全人类的共同财富。近50年来,中国园艺学界利用形态学、细胞分类学、同工酶和分子标记技术结合数量分类学和分支分类学的方法,对其野生近缘种和主要栽培类群展开了大量研究工作,为菊花育种积累了资料。但面对丰富的中国菊花种质资源,对其数量和质量的研究仍显不足。特别是对传统品种研究不够,制约了中国菊花产业化发展。对菊花品种资源进行调查、收集和保存并构建核心种质,进而对其开发潜力进行评价,仍然是一项十分艰苦和重要的基础工作。结合现代生物学技术,对其主要生物学性状的遗传稳定性进行分析。通过了解其形成机理,对于菊花品种资源的开发和利用具有重要意义。     

菊花种质资源研究进展

菊花(Chrysanthemum × morifolium Ramat.)是花卉王国中的一朵奇葩。她起源于中国并被传遍世界。在1 600年的栽培历史中, 融入了丰富的文化内涵和高超的园艺栽培技术, 经培育形成了近3万个品种, 其变异类型之丰富被称为园艺育种史上的奇迹, 是全人类的共同财富。近50年来, 中国园艺学界利用形态学、细胞分类学、同工酶和分子标记技术结合数量分类学和分支分类学的方法, 对其野生近缘种和主要栽培类群展开了大量研究工作, 为菊花育种积累了资料。但面对丰富的中国菊花种质资源, 对其数量和质量的研究仍显不足。特别是对传统品种研究不够, 制约了中国菊花产业化发展。对菊花品种资源进行调查、收集和保存并构建核心种质, 进而对其开发潜力进行评价, 仍然是一项十分艰苦和重要的基础工作。结合现代生物学技术, 对其主要生物学性状的遗传稳定性进行分析。通过了解其形成机理, 对于菊花品种资源的开发和利用具有重要意义。     

菊花的药食同源功效

菊花(Chrysanthemum×morifolium Ramat.)是中国传统名花,也是世界著名花卉,多作为观赏植物被人们所熟知。然而菊花除了极高的观赏价值外,还具有很好的食用价值和药用价值。因此,菊花也是一种药食同源植物。依据用途可将菊花分为观赏菊和实用菊。实用菊依据应用方式又可划分为药用菊、食用菊和茶用菊三类。介绍了实用菊发展的历史,主要对实用菊的种质资源及其药食同源功效进行综述,旨在引起人们对菊花药食同源功效的关注,弘扬中华菊文化,提高菊花的应用价值,进而推动实用菊花种质资源的收集、保存和育种工作的开展。     

通过根瘤农杆菌介导法获得菊花转基因植株

以带叶茎段为外植体,通过根癌农杆菌介导法,将兔防御素NP－1基因导入菊花品种“001”中。经梯度卡那霉素（kanamycin,Km）筛选,获得了大量Km抗性植株,其中部分Km抗性植株经Southem杂交鉴定为转基因植株。从而成功地建立了菊花遗传转化系统,为菊花分子育种奠定了基础。     

通过根癌农杆菌介导法获得菊花转基因植株

以带叶茎段为外植体,通过根癌农杆菌介导法,将兔防御ＮＰ－１基因导入菊花品种“００１”中。经梯度卡那霉素（ｋａｎａｍｙｃｉｎ,Ｋｍ）筛选,获得了大量Ｋｍ抗性植株,其中部分Ｋｍ抗性植株经Ｓｏｕｔｈｅｒｎ杂交鉴定为转基因植株。从而成功地建立了菊花遗传转化系统,为菊花分子育种奠定了基础。     

马匹毛色遗传规律的调查

毛色不仅是品种的特征,也与马的气质、用途息息相关,所以在育种和交易中,人们对毛色总有不同的嗜好,购买役畜时,早就有“青马狸牛”之说。伊犁马是我国的名马,为进步提高其品质,采用奥尔咯夫菊花青公马进行杂交改良,但后代毛色分离很大。为探求毛色遗传的规律和衡量人们对毛色分类的叫法与遗传的联系,我们对5匹马纯种菊花青公马与102母匹马交配产驹结果,进行了调查与分析、其结果归综如下:一、资料统计与计算     

用ACE系统培育2种菊花

麒麟啤酒公司用该公司开发的育种技术“ACE(Advanced Cell Engineering)系统开发了两种菊花,于8月18日申请了品种登记。这次发表的2种菊花已经在枥木县临谷郡的盐谷农协进行试种,预计12月上市1000～数万株、试销。 “ACE系统”是利用依从组培的体细胞克隆变异的育种法。培养花瓣和茎、叶、根等植物的各部分的组织切片固定培育,去分化后再分化产生的变异。在分化了花、叶等组织中由于活性化的基因群各不相同,而发生早生化、雄性不育化、花型、花色改变等特定的变异,而其又与用于培养的植物组织种类有     

菊花CmDFR与CmANS基因启动子序列克隆与瞬时表达分析

DFR和ANS是花青素合成途径下游两个关键的结构基因,其不仅决定花青素苷最终结构及其呈色,还在花器官中特异性表达,研究其启动子区域对花色改良的分子育种具有重要参考价值.利用接头染色体步移法( genome walking),从菊花的叶片基因组DNA中克隆到了2个DFR基因同源序列CmDFR的启动子片段,1个ANS基因同源序列CmANS的启动子片段.生物信息学软件分析结果显示,这3个启动子片段除了含有多个TATA-box、CAAT-box等基本的启动子元件,还含有很多与MYB转录因子相结合的元件,以及G-box等参与光响应的顺式作用元件.利用双酶切方法,将克隆到的启动子片段替换栽体pB1121上的35S启动子,将新构建的植物表达栽体转入农杆菌中,采用叶盘法侵染菊花叶片和花瓣进行瞬时表达研究.结果表明,这3个启动子片段均具有驱动下游报告基因表达的功能.因此,可以开发成菊花分子育种的有效基因构件.     

水稻胚与胚乳分化发育中的内源多胺

稻胚发育过程中,其内源多胺以腐胺、亚精胺为主。在幼胚分化期,腐胺和亚精胺的含量很高;幼胚分化完成时,其含量急剧下降;直至分化后期才趋稳定。在胚及胚乳发育时期,还出现一种未知多胺X_(22),其含量除在胚分化完成时较少外,在胚发育的其他各期中,含量则一直很高。DNA和蛋白质含量的变化,从分化期开始递增直至物质积累成熟期,其趋势均相同。多胺可能参与胚与胚乳中核酸和蛋白质合成的调节。     

Morphology of the regiones ethmoidalis and orbitotemporalis in Galea musteloides Meyen 1832 and Kerodon rupestris (Wied-Neuwied 1820) (Rodentia: Caviidae) with comments on the phylogenetic systematics of the Caviidae

The present study describes the fetal regions ethmoidalis and orbitotemporalis of the cranium of Galea musteloides and Kerodon rupestris and compares them with Galea spixii and Cavia porcellus . The fetal crania of these representatives of the Caviinae were serially sectioned and 3D plate reconstructions were built. For a broader scope, serially sectioned heads of the caviomorph taxa Hydrochaeris hydrochaeris and Dasyprocta leporina were also examined. The ethmoidal and orbitotemporal regions of the cranium provides characters that are pertinent to the discussion of systematics of the Caviinae. Nine cranial characters were identified as being significant and discussed phylogenetically. Taking the monophyly of the Cavioidea as given, two characters are autapomorphic for the genus Galea: the reduction of the crista semicircularis and the lacrimale forming the 'arco antorbitario' (Kraglievich 1930). Cavia is the sister group of Galea; synapomorphic characters are the extent of the processus palatinus medialis of the praemaxillare and the presence lamina pterygoidea of the alisphenoid. There were no apomorphic characters of the structural complexes examined that could support the Caviinae. The reduced and nonperforated alisphenoid is an autapomorphic feature of the Caviidae. The division of the nasoturbinale is evidence for a sistergroup relationship of the Hydrochaeridae and the Caviidae. Autapomorphic characters for the Cavioidea include the ventrolateral opening of the organon vomeronasale and the lateral prolongation of the lacrimale.     

Biocontrol of Pests of Apples and Pears in Northern and Central Europe: 1. Microbial Agents and Nematodes

The viral, bacterial, fungal and nematode pathogens of arthropod pests of apple and pear in northern and central Europe and their use as biocontrol agents are reviewed. Baculoviruses are important viral pathogens of several lepidopterous pests of apple and pear but other viral pathogens have not been investigated in depth and are little known. The granuloviruses of codling moth, Cydia pomonella (CpGV), and to a lesser extent, of the summer fruit tortrix moth, Adoxophyes orana (AoGV), have been researched extensively and are exploited as biological control agents. Commercial development and use has been limited because of their high costs, slow action, short persistence and specificity relative to broad-spectrum pesticides. The widespread development of strains of codling moth multi-resistant to insecticides and the desire to reduce dependence on pesticides have improved the commercial prospects of CpGV and use is likely to increase. The development of a genetically improved egt-strain of CpGV (lacking the ecdysteroid-UDP glucosyl transferase gene) in the UK is a significant breakthrough, though commercialization in the UK may be difficult due to adverse public attitudes to the release of genetically-modified microorganisms. Future research and development approaches include further genetic manipulation of CpGV and AoGV to improve potency, speed of kill and/or persistence, improvement of formulation (to reduce UV light sensitivity) and development of cheaper mass production techniques and possibly in vitro production. A systematic search for baculoviruses and other viruses of apple and pear pests is likely to reveal important new opportunities. The most important bacterial pathogen used as a biological control agent is Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt). However, Bt products currently available have limited effectiveness against many orchard pests due to the pests' cryptic life habits. The HD-1 Bt strain has been investigated and used extensively for control of leaf-rolling tortricid larvae and is widely used, but efficacy is moderate. Advances in biotechnology and genetic engineering provide opportunity for development of Bt strains designed specifically to control orchard pests, but this has not yet been done for commercial reasons. Other research approaches include the evaluation of new Bt products developed for other markets worldwide and the bioassay of strains from Bt collections against specific apple or pear pests. Entomopathogenic fungi provide good opportunity for development as biological control agents of apple and pear pests. The main factor limiting their effectiveness is the requirement for high humidities and moderate temperatures for spore germination and development. For foliar pests, a useful starting point for research might be the control of sucking pests which excrete honeydew (e.g. Cacopsylla sp. or aphids) or those that inhabit protected microenvironments (e.g. Dasineura sp.). Key areas for research are improved formulation, the selection of low temperature-active strains, field evaluation and avoiding possible adverse effects of fungicides. An alternative approach is to examine the exploitation of entomopathogenic fungi in soil, to which many species of entomopathogenic fungi are adapted ecologically. Apple and pear orchards provide long-term stable habitats where populations of entomopathogenic fungi in soil are likely to be large. There are few important soil pests of apple or pear. However, many species spend part of their life in soil, mainly to pupate or overwinter, where they may be targeted by fungal entomopathogenic biocontrol agents. Entomopathogenic nematodes have many attributes which favour them as biological control agents. However, their requirement for surface moisture for survival and movement means there are only limited prospects for using them as biological control agents for foliar pests. As with entomopathogenic fungi, there are better prospects for control of pests that occur in soil. Microbial pathogens and entomopathogenic nematodes are important components of the natural enemy complex of apple and pear orchards and more effort needs to be devoted to fostering them and exploiting them as biocontrol agents in sustainable, biologically-based Integrated Pest Management programmes. They can in many cases be mass produced at low cost by bulk fermentation processes and applied as sprays (as 'biopesticides') and are, at least potentially, ideal biological control agents for many apple or pear pests. Important general characteristics are their comparative environmental and human safety, compatibility with other control strategies in Integrated Pest Management programmes and reproductive capacity. They tend to be effective in a narrower range of environmental conditions than pesticides, but there is considerable potential to improve their effectiveness by improved formulation, strain selection and genetic manipulation. They are often host-specific and thus, offer restricted marketing opportunities, which is a significant barrier to development and commercialisation. Registration procedures and associated fees for microbial agents are a further significant barrier. Such requirements do not apply currently to nematodes.     

Areography of the Gymnosperms of China (1) Distribution of the Pinaceae of China

Nine of 10 genera and 119 of approximately 240 species of the Pinaceae occur in China, including 67 endemic species and two endemic genera. In this paper, the distributional maps of all the genera of the Pinaceae are presented (fig. 1-8). The horizontal and vertical distributions of species in each genus are discussed. The analysis of the distribution patterns of the genera indicates that some genera, such as Keteleeria, Tsuga, Pseudotsuga, Cathaya and Pseudolarix, are restricted to the area south of the Qinling Mountains and the Huaihe River, and the others, i. e. Picea, Abies, Larix and Pinus, extend northward to northeastern China. However, all of the genera except Keteleeria and Pinus are not found in very dry areas and tropical mountainous regions of China. The monotypic genera, Cathaya and Pseudolarix, are distributed in eastern and central China. The genus Keteleeria consists of 10 species, 7 of which are concentrated in southern Guizhou, northern Guangxi, southwestern Hunan and easternmost Yunnan. The distribution of the remaining 6 genera shows the maximum concentration in western Sichuan and northwestern Yunnan. (Figs. 2-8). Furthermore, more than third of species of the Pinaceae (37.8%) are also concentrated in western Sichuan and northwestern Yunnan. where a great variety of habitats and different topographic features occur. It is apparent that to conduct our systematic and evolutionary studies on this family in these region is especially needed. The relations between the areal size and the tolerance of species are discussed. The distributions of macrofossils and microfossils of the genera of the Pinaceae ia China are given, and it has been proved that areas of most genera of the family were considerably larger in the past. than at present.     

Carboxylesterases in lipid metabolism: from mouse to human

Mammalian carboxylesterases hydrolyze a wide range of xenobiotic and endogenous compounds, including lipid esters. Physiological functions of carboxylesterases in lipid metabolism and energy homeostasis in vivo have been demonstrated by genetic manipulations and chemical inhibition in mice, and in vitro through (over)expression, knockdown of expression, and chemical inhibition in a variety of cells. Recent research advances have revealed the relevance of carboxylesterases to metabolic diseases such as obesity and fatty liver disease, suggesting these enzymes might be potential targets for treatment of metabolic disorders. In order to translate pre-clinical studies in cellular and mouse models to humans, differences and similarities of carboxylesterases between mice and human need to be elucidated. This review presents and discusses the research progress in structure and function of mouse and human carboxylesterases, and the role of these enzymes in lipid metabolism and metabolic disorders.     

中国刺猬的染色体研究

本文采用全血培养和骨髓染色体制片法,对分布于我国南京市郊和济南市郊的刺猬染色体进行了组型、C-带、G-带和银染色的观察分析,并与东欧、西欧两种刺猬比较,它们之间的核型及带型差异显著;又将南京、济南及金清波(1985)报道的河南新乡三地分布的刺猬进行比较,它们的核型及带型也显示出一定差异,这种多态性在分类和进化上有一定的意义。     

Cdc42 protein acts upstream of IQGAP1 and regulates cytokinesis in mouse oocytes and embryos

Cdc42 and Rac1 Rho family GTPases, and their interacting protein IQGAP1 are the key regulators of cell polarity. We examined the role of Cdc42 and IQGAP1 in establishing the polarity of mouse oocyte and regulation of meiotic and mitotic divisions. We showed that Cdc42 was localized on the microtubules of meiotic and mitotic spindle and in the cortex of mouse oocytes and cleaving embryos. IQGAP1 was present in the cytoplasm and cortex of growing and fully-grown oocytes. During maturation it disappeared from the cortex and during meiotic and mitotic cytokinesis it concentrated in the contractile ring. Toxin B inhibition of the binding activity of Cdc42 changed the localization of IQGAP1, inhibited emission of the first polar body, and caused disappearance of the cortical actin without affecting the migration of meiotic spindle. This indicates, that in maturing oocytes accumulation of cortical actin is not indispensable for spindle migration. In zygotes treated with toxin B actin cytoskeleton was rearranged and the first and/or subsequent cytokinesis were inhibited. Our results indicate that Cdc42 acts upstream of IQGAP1 and is involved in regulation of cytokinesis in mouse oocytes and cleaving embryos, rather than in establishing the polarity of the oocyte.     

Taxonomic, evolutionary and ecological implications of the leaf anatomy of rhizomatous Iris species

The leaf anatomy of the rhizomatous Iris species with ensiform leaves and the related genera Pardanthopsis and Belamcanda is described. Their isobilateral leaves may or may not have a pseudo-dorsiventral structure. Variable characters of their leaf blades include: outline in transverse section, height and shape of papillae, form and structure of stomata, transverse section outline of marginal fibre strands and sclerenchy matous inner bundle sheath at phloem and xylem poles, forms of mesophyll arrangement, mesophyll structure and air canals, vascular bundle arrangement and the detailed structure of the larger vascular bundles, distribution of tannin, size and distribution of crystals. The taxonomic and ecological significance of these characters has been evaluated.
The anatomical characteristics of 25 supraspecific taxa in three genera are presented and compared in tables. The relationships and evolutionary position of these taxa are discussed. Each of the three subgroups within Iris appears to be correlated with a syndrome of anatomical characters. Some species currently of uncertain taxonomic position are discussed, and their classification based on anatomical data is suggested.
Some characters related to xeromorphy or helomorphy are mentioned.     

The Detroit River: effects of contaminants and human activities on aquatic plants and animals and their habitats

Despite extensive urbanization of its watershed, the Detroit River still supports diverse fish and wildlife populations. Conflicting uses of the river for waste disposal, water withdrawals, shipping, recreation, and fishing require innovative management. Chemicals added by man to the Detroit River have adversely affected the health and habitats of the river's plants and animals. In 1985, as part of an Upper Great Lakes Connecting Channels Study sponsored by Environment Canada and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, researchers exposed healthy bacteria, plankton, benthic macroinvertebrates, fish, and birds to Detroit River sediments and sediment porewater. Negative impacts included genetic mutations in bacteria; death of macroinvertebrates; accumulation of contaminants in insects, clams, fishes, and ducks; and tumor formation in fish. Field surveys showed areas of the river bottom that were otherwise suitable for habitation by a variety of plants and animals were contaminated with chlorinated hydrocarbons and heavy metals and occupied only by pollution-tolerant worms. Destruction of shoreline wetlands and disposal of sewage and toxic substances in the Detroit River have reduced habitat and conflict with basic biological processes, including the sustained production of fish and wildlife. Current regulations do not adequately control pollution loadings. However, remedial actions are being formulated by the U.S. and Canada to restore degraded benthic habitats and eliminate discharges of toxic contaminants into the Detroit River.Contribution 738 of the National Fisheries Research Center-Great Lakes, 1451 Green Road, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, U.S.A.