液泡转化酶反义基因对番茄的遗传转化

以'中蔬4号'番茄的子叶为试材,通过农杆菌介导法遗传转化,将液泡转化酶反义基因导入再生植株,经PCR和Southern斑点杂交检测证明,5株转化植株基因组中整合有目的基因.遗传转化最佳条件为:在附加1.5 mg/L 6-BA和0.1 mg/L IAA的MS培养基上再生培养,外植体预培养2 d,菌液浓度OD600=0.5,侵染时间5 min,共培养2 d.遗传转化后,对整合有目的基因的再生番茄叶片液泡转化酶活性测定,表明液泡转化酶活性明显受到抑制.获得的转基因植株为进一步研究液泡转化酶基因的功能奠定了基础.     

甜蛋白基因MBLII对番茄的遗传转化

以5～7d龄的 丽春 番茄无菌苗子叶作为外植体,研究了子叶外植体对抗生素卡那霉素的敏感性,抗生素卡那霉素对番茄筛选的适宜浓度为70mg/L.通过根癌农杆菌 Agrobacteriumtumefaciens 介导,成功地进行了马槟榔甜蛋白基因MBLII对番茄的遗传转化,获得转化番茄抗性植株,组织化学法有阳性表现、PCR特异扩增及Southern杂交检测出现特异条带,表明MBLII基因已顺利整合到转基因番茄植株的基因组.     

外植体龄和蔗糖浓度对黄瓜子叶产生毛状根的影响

研究了外植体龄和蔗糖浓度对发根农杆菌 R160 1介导黄瓜子叶产生毛状根的影响。结果表明 :以 10 d龄子叶外植体产生毛状根的能力最强 ,外植体的毛状根诱导率为 88.89% ;2 0 d龄子叶外植体的毛状根诱导率比 10 d龄子叶外植体降低 52 .86% ;30 d龄子叶外植体感染发根农杆菌R160 1后不产生毛状根。感染发根农杆菌 R160 1的黄瓜子叶外植体在不加或加 1%蔗糖的 MS培养基上的毛状根诱导率极低 ,子叶外植体逐渐变黄 ,腐烂 ;而培养基中添加 2 % ,3%或 4 %的蔗糖可显著提高子叶外植体的毛状根诱导率。黄瓜毛状根能在无外源植物激素的 MS液体培养基中自主生长。冠瘿碱的高压纸电泳检测表明毛状根已被 Ri T- DNA转化     

甜蛋白基因MBLⅡ对番茄的遗传转化

以5～7d龄的“丽春”番茄无菌苗子叶作为外植体,研究了子叶外植体对抗生素卡那霉素的敏感性,抗生素卡那霉素对番茄筛选的适宜浓度为70mg／L。通过根癌农杆菌(Agrobacterium tumefaciens)介导,成功地进行了马槟榔甜蛋白基因MBLⅡ对番茄的遗传转化,获得转化番茄抗性植株,组织化学法有阳性表现、PCR特异扩增及Southern杂交检测出现特异条带,表明MBLⅡ基因已顺利整合到转基因番茄植株的基因组。     

影响花椰菜农杆菌介导转化因素的研究

以花椰菜赛雪的带柄子叶为外植体,以MS为基本培养基,GUS基因为报告基因,分析了遗传转化过程中的影响因子,如预培养时间、农杆菌菌液浓度、侵染时间、共培养时间、乙酰丁香酮浓度、延迟筛选时间等对外植体瞬间表达和稳定表达的影响。结果显示,以花椰菜的带柄子叶为外植体,预培养2d,农杆菌菌液为OD6000.3～0.4,侵染8min,共培养2d,乙酰丁香酮浓度为100μmol/L,延迟筛选7d,卡那霉素筛选压为5mg/L为最优的遗传转化方案,转化率最高可达35.7%。另外,GUS瞬间表达率和转化率并不存在绝对的相关性,但瞬间表达分析仍然可以作为外源基因进入受体细胞的指示。花椰菜农杆菌介导转化方案的优化研究为芸薹属蔬菜高效遗传转化提供了技术保障,有利于芸薹属蔬菜遗传育种与种质创新研究。     

番茄果实特异性启动子的克隆与遗传转化研究

为了实现外源基因在番茄果实中的高效和特异表达,克隆了番茄果实特异基因多聚半乳糖醛酸酶基因( Polygalacturonase,PG)的启动子.以中蔬四号番茄为材料,建立并优化了以子叶为外植体的番茄高效再生和遗传转化体系;以GUS为报告基因,构建PG:GUS植物表达载体,转化番茄.结果表明,在1.0 mg/L ZT的MS分化培养中,番茄子叶的发芽率最高,芽的诱导率高达91％,且发生畸态芽和褐化的外植体最少;通过抗生素浓度对农杆菌的抑制效果试验发现,当头孢霉素的浓度为200 mg/L时,抑制农杆菌的效果最好;成功克隆了番茄PG启动子,将PG启动子驱动的GUS基因转入番茄,对转基因后代果实的GUS染色表明,PG启动子驱动的外源基因在果实中特异表达.     

根癌农杆菌对巴戟天遗传转化的影响因素

以巴戟天带节茎为材料,研究了根癌农杆菌对巴戟天遗传转化的影响因素。结果表明:外植体感染前先进行2 d预培养,对转化有一定促进作用;外植体与农杆菌共培养时间以3 d为宜;乙酰丁香酮能提高转化效率,抗性芽分化率可达18.0％;外植体与农杆菌共培养后延迟4 d选择,抗性芽分化率有所提高;硝酸银能抑制外植体表面农杆菌的生长,提高GUS阳性芽的比例,硝酸银浓度2 mg/L时,GUS阳性芽比例最高(42.9％)。     

影响农杆菌介导白细胞介素-2基因转化番茄的因素研究

利用农杆菌介导法将白细胞介素-2基因（il-2）导入番茄中,对影响其转化的因素进行了分析。结果表明：农杆菌菌种（EHA105和C58C1）、外植体类型（子叶和下胚轴）、带有不同筛选标记（Kan^r、PPT^r、Hyg^r）的载体质粒几个因素对芽诱导分化及转化均有影响。实验共接种转化2018个子叶和下胚轴外植体,获得了47株抗性再生株,对其进行il-2的PCR扩增检测,有44株呈阳性。PCR-Southern杂交证实PCR结果可靠,显示il-2基因已导入到番茄中。     

保加利亚尖椒再生及遗传转化条件的优化

为了提高辣椒子叶不定芽的伸长率和遗传转化效率,本研究以保加利亚尖椒子叶为外植体,通过正交试验分别对影响保加利亚尖椒子叶不定芽伸长的激素组合以及遗传转化参数进行了优化。结果表明:诱导不定芽伸长的最佳激素组合为0.2mg/LIAA+1.0mg/LGA3+0.1mg/LPBU,不定芽伸长率最高为60%;以5mg/L潮霉素为选择压,预培养时间为4d、共培养时间为2d、侵染时间为20min时,诱导的抗性不定芽比率最高。本研究建立的辣椒再生及遗传转化体系为辣椒转基因研究奠定一定的基础。     

影响农杆菌介导的大豆子叶节遗传转化的因素

利用携带pCAMBIA1301质粒（含hpt和gus基因）的超毒根癌农杆菌菌株EHA105对大豆子叶节外植体进行遗传转化,研究了影响农杆菌介导的大豆子叶节遗传转化的因素。研究结果表明．农杆菌侵染液和共培养培养基中添加200μmok/L乙酰丁香酮和50mg／L抗坏血酸可以有效促进农杆菌对大豆子叶节的转化。农杆菌与子叶节共培养后羧苄青霉素（250mr／L）和头孢霉素（100mg／L）结合使用能有效抑制农杆菌过度繁殖并提高转化芽诱导频率;在转化细胞的分化和转化芽伸长过程中,改进的筛选策略可以明显改善对转化芽的筛选效果,从而提高转化频率。应用优化后的转化体系．获得了3个国内大豆主栽品种的转基因植株,PCR阳性植株频率为3．8％～7．6％。转化植株叶片总DNA的PCR和Southern blot实验表明,T-DNA上的外源基因已经整合到大豆基因组中。     

An examination of factors affecting the efficiency ofAgrobacterium-mediated transformation of tomato

An improved protocol forAgrobacterium-mediated transformation of the tomato cultivar Moneymaker was developed by examining the effects of six different factors on the efficiency of transformation. Explant size, explant orientation, gelling agent and plate sealant were found to affect transformation efficiency. Two other factors, type of explant (hypocotyl or cotyledon) and frequency of transfer to fresh selective regeneration medium, did not have any effect on transformation efficiency. By combining the best treatments for each factor, an average transformation efficiency of 10.6% was obtained for Moneymaker.     

Agrobacterium tumefaciens– mediated transformation of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill.] using immature zygotic cotyledon explants

Agrobacterium tumefaciens -mediated transformation of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill. cv. Jack] using immature zygotic cotyledons was investigated to identify important factors that affected transformation efficiency and resulted in the production of transgenic soybean somatic embryos. The factors evaluated were initial immature zygotic cotyledon size, Agrobacterium concentration during inoculation and co-culture and the selection regime. Our results showed that 8- to 10-mm zygotic cotyledons exhibited a higher transformation rate, as indicated by transient GUS gene expression, whereas the smaller zygotic cotyledons, at less than 5 mm, died shortly after co-cultivation. However, the smaller zygotic cotyledon explants were found to have a higher embryogenic potential. Analysis of Agrobacterium and immature cotyledon explant interactions involved two Agrobacterium concentrations for the inoculation phase and three co-culture regimes. No differences in explant survival or somatic embyogenic potential were observed between the two Agrobacterium concentrations tested. Analysis of co-culture regimes revealed that the shorter co-culture times resulted in higher explant survival and higher somatic embryo production on the explants, whereas the co-culture time of 4 days severely reduced survival of the cotyledon explants and lowered their embryogenic potential. Analysis of selection regimes revealed that direct placement of cotyledon explants on hygromycin 25 mg/l was detrimental to explant survival, whereas 10 mg/l gave continued growth and subsequent somatic embryo development and plant regeneration. The overall transformation frequency in these experiments, from initial explant to whole plant, was 0.03 %. Three fertile soybean plants were obtained during the course of these experiments. Enzymatic GUS assays and Southern blot hybridizations confirmed the integration of T-DNA and expression of the GUS-intron gene in the three primary transformants. Analysis of 48 progeny revealed that three copies of the transgene were inherited as a single Mendelian locus. Received: 6 December 1999 / Revised: 11 February 2000 / Accepted: 14 March 2000     

马铃薯遗传转化体系的优化建立及其主要影响因素

植物基因转化的成功依赖于一个良好的转化系统,能有效地将外源基因导入受体细胞,并得以表达。通过农杆菌介导的马铃薯遗传转化体系主要受基因型、预培养、菌液浓度及侵染时间、共培养等因素的影响,由于转化受体的异质性,有必要根据实际情况进行验证和改进,以获得最适转化条件。本研究以马铃薯无菌苗的叶片、茎段为外植体,通过农杆菌介导法,将抗马铃薯X病毒和Y病毒的RNA干扰型基因结构转入马铃薯。通过研究外植体预培养、菌液浓度及侵染时间、共培养等不同转化条件及影响因素对马铃薯遗传转化的影响,建立一种高效的马铃薯遗传转化体系,试验得出最佳转化条件为外植体预培养2 d,然后用OD600=0.5的农杆菌液侵染10 min,共培养2 d。本研究为下一步的对PVX和PVY双抗的马铃薯无标记转基因研究提供技术参考。     

Enhanced regeneration of tomato and pepper seedling explants for Agrobacterium-mediated transformation

Seedling explants of three tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) and four bell pepper (Capsicum annuum) cultivars consisting of the radicle, the hypocotyl and one cotyledon were obtained after removing the primary and axillary meristems. After 14 days of incubation on solid Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium without growth regulators, explants of both species regenerated multiple shoots on the cut surface (2.9–5.3 shoots per explant for tomato and 1.2–2.2 for bell pepper cultivars). After excision, the shoots were rooted on solid MS medium and acclimated to the greenhouse. This method was highly efficient in tomato and, particularly, in bell pepper, where plant regeneration is especially difficult. We used these explants to transform tomato with Agrobacterium tumefaciens containing a 35S-GUS-intron binary vector. As shown by GUS expression, 47% of the tomato explants produced transformed meristems, which differentiated into plants that exhibited a low (3%) tetraploidy ratio. Southern blots and analysis of inheritance of the foreign genes indicated that T-DNA was stably integrated into the plant genome. The use of this technique opens new prospects for plant transformation in other dicotyledoneous plants in which genetic engineering has been limited, to date, due to the difficulties in developing an efficient in vitro regeneration system.     

Effects of explant age, germination medium, pre-culture parameters, inoculation medium, pH, washing medium, and selection regime on Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of tomato

An efficient protocol was developed for Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) cultivars using cotyledon explants. The transformation frequency was assessed in response to several different factors, including seed germination medium, seedling age, pre-culture duration, pre-culture and co-cultivation media, inoculation medium, medium pH, washing medium, and kanamycin concentration in initial selection medium. Cotyledons excised from 6-d-old seedlings germinated on half-strength Murashige and Skoog??s (MS) basal medium containing 8.9???M benzyladenine (BA) produced the most suitable explant material. Six?days of explant pre-culture and 5?min inoculation with Agrobacterium culture in MS medium, containing 8.9???M BA, 9.3???M kinetin, and 0.4?mg?l^?1 thiamine at pH?5.0, significantly improved the transformation frequency. The addition of a tobacco feeder cell layer, however, did not lead to any significant improvement in the transformation rate. Kanamycin at 20?mg?l^?1 in the selection medium for the initial 10?d resulted in the highest transformation frequency. Combining the best conditions for each parameter resulted in an overall transformation efficiency of 44.3?%. Gene transfer was confirmed through PCR and Southern blot analyses. Mendelian inheritance ratios were found in 71.5?% of the independent transgenic lines from self-fertilized T₁ progeny. The optimized transformation procedure showed high transformation frequencies for all three tomato cultivars tested, namely, Kashi Vishesh (H-86), Hisar Anmol (H-24), and Kashi Amrit (DVRT-1), and is also expected to give reproducible results with other tomato cultivars.     

Efficient and genotype-independent Agrobacterium--mediated tomato transformation

An efficient method to transform five cultivars of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum), Micro-Tom, Red Cherry, Rubion, Piedmont, and E6203 is reported. A comparison was made of leaf, cotyledon, and hypocotyl explants on 7 different regeneration media without Agrobacterium tumefaciens cocultivation and on 11 different media with cocultivation. Although all cultivars and explants formed callus and regenerated on the initial 7 media, cocultivation with A. tumefaciens significantly reduced the callus induction and regeneration. From these experiments, a transformation methodology using either hypocotyls or cotyledons cultured for one day on BA 1 mgL-1, NAA 0.1 mgL-1 and 3 days cocultivation with the Agrobacterium on this same medium followed by a transfer to a medium with zeatin 2 mgL-1 and IAA 0.1 mgL-1 for 4-6 weeks resulted in a greater than 20% transformation frequency for all five cultivars tested. In this transformation method, no feeder layers of tobacco, petunia or tomato suspension cultures were used, and the subculture media was minimal. Stable integration and transmission of the transgene in T1 generation plants were confirmed by Southern blot analysis. This procedure represents a simple, efficient and general means of transforming tomato.     

The ploidy level of transgenic plants in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Agrobacterium</Emphasis>-mediated transformation of tomato cotyledons (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Lycopersicon esculentum</Emphasis> L.Mill.) is genotype and procedure dependent

A protocol avoiding the feeder-layer cell system was optimized for Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of tomato cotyledonary explants. Over 500 transgenic plants from five tomato cultivars were regenerated in 15 independent experiments. Depending on both genotype and procedure, transformation frequencies ranged from 1.8% to 11.3%. The optimal transformation rate was obtained by inoculating explants with a bacterial suspension in exponential growth ( D(600) = 10(2)-10(3) cells/ml) and transferring cotyledon explants to fresh selective regeneration medium every 3 weeks. The ploidy level of both tomato genotypes used as explant source and primary transformants, was studied by flow cytometry. The inbred lines and cultivars were diploid but a polysomatic pattern in the cotyledon explant was confirmed. The rate of tetraploid transgenic plants ranged from 24.5% to 80% and depended on both the genotype and the transformation procedure. Surprisingly, the percentages of transformed plants with higher ploidy levels were not related to the proportion of 4C and 8C nuclei in the cotyledonary tissue. For some genotypes the optimisation of the transformation rate resulted in an increase of tetraploid transgenic plants. Results obtained in this work indicate the convenience of checking the ploidy level of the primary transformants before performing basic studies or introducing tomato transgenic material in a breeding program.     

An experimental assessment of the factors influencing Agrobacterium-mediated transformation in tomato

Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain LBA4404 carrying a binary vector pTOK233, which contained the GUS reporter gene and a kanamycin-resistance gene nptII, was employed for optimizing the transformation efficiency evaluated by a GUS gene transient expression level. Eight factors including explant types, explant size and source, the concentration of cytokinin, inoculation time, pH of inoculation and cocultivation media, bacterial concentration, acetosyringone concentration, and cocultivation duration were investigated in detail. This optimized protocol was then adopted to obtain transgenic tomato plants resistant to cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) mediated by Agrobacterium tumefaciens, strain LBA4404, carrying a binary vector pR-ΔGDD containing the kanamy cin-resistance gene and CMV replicase gene with GDD deletion. The presence of the CMV-RNA2 gene was confirmed by genomic DNA Southern blot analysis in all transformants analyzed. Field spray test showed that the transgenic tomato plants were resistant to 100 mg/l kanamycin. Published in Russian in Fiziologiya Rastenii, 2006, Vol. 53, No. 2, pp. 280–284. The text was submitted by the authors in English.     

Highly efficient Agrobacterium-mediated transformation and plant regeneration system for genome engineering in tomato

Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) is an important vegetable and nutritious crop plant worldwide. They are rich sources of several indispensable compounds such as lycopene, minerals, vitamins, carotenoids, essential amino acids, and bioactive polyphenols. Plant regeneration and Agrobacterium-mediated genetic transformation system from different explants in various genotypes of tomato are necessary for genetic improvement. Among diverse plant growth regulator (PGR) combinations and concentrations tested, Zeatin (ZEA) at 2.0 mg l^?1 in combination with 0.1 mg l^?1 indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) generated the most shoots/explant from the cotyledon of Arka Vikas (36.48 shoots/explant) and PED (24.68 shoots/explant), respectively. The hypocotyl explant produced 28.76 shoots/explant in Arka Vikas and 19.44 shoots/explant in PED. In contrast, leaf explant induced 23.54 shoots/explant in Arka Vikas and 17.64 shoots/explant in PED. The obtained multiple shoot buds from three explant types were elongated on a medium fortified with Gibberellic acid (GA₃) (1.0 mg l^?1), IAA (0.5 mg l^?1), and ZEA (0.5 mg l^?1) in both the cultivars. The rooting was observed on a medium amended with 0.5 mg l^?1 indole 3-butyric acid (IBA). The transformation efficiency was significantly improved by optimizing the pre-culture of explants, co-cultivation duration, bacterial density and infection time, and acetosyringone concentration. The presence of transgenes in the plant genome was validated using different methods like histochemical GUS assay, Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR), and Southern blotting. The transformation efficiency was 42.8% in PED and 64.6% in Arka Vikas. A highly repeatable plant regeneration protocol was established by manipulating various plant growth regulators (PGRs) in two tomato cultivars (Arka Vikas and PED). The Agrobacterium-mediated transformation method was optimized using different explants like cotyledon, hypocotyl, and leaf of two tomato genotypes. The present study could be favourable to transferring desirable traits and precise genome editing techniques to develop superior tomato genotypes.